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Abrupt climate change

Earth's changing climate is raising concerns that it could respond in abrupt and unexpected ways, making it difficult for human society to adapt.

Earth's climate has changed many times and in many different ways over geologic history. These changes have most often played out over many thousands of years.

Today, however, human activity—primarily in the form of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere—is putting slow, inexorable pressure on the planetary system that governs Earth's climate. This is raising concerns that the climate could respond in abrupt and unexpected ways, shifting temperature or precipitation patterns in ways that may make it difficult for human society to adapt.

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The Heat Before the Cold

Global warming may trigger colder winters in the U.S. and Europe by disrupting ocean currents—proof that climate change holds surprising twists.

Did you know?

Are We on the Brink of a ‘New Little Ice Age?’

Evidence for abrupt climate change is readily apparent in ice cores taken from Greenland and Antarctica.

References

From Penguins to Polar Bears: Impacts of Climate Change
Sunday, May 4, 2014 • 6:30 to 8:30 p.m.

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Illustration of ocean alkalinity enhancement monitoring showing a research vessel, autonomous vehicles, moorings, satellites, and biological sampling used to track carbon storage, seawater chemistry, and marine ecosystems.

Ocean-based climate solutions

Ocean-based, clean energy technologies hold great potential for ocean-based climate solutions, such as blue carbon, biofuels, and carbon dioxide removal systems.

The worlds river systems sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide by transporting decaying organic material from land to the ocean. Although river transport of carbon to the ocean is not large enough to bail humans out of our global warming problem, knowing how much carbon rivers transport is important part of understanding the global carbon cycle that regulates Earth's climate. Scientists from WHOI recently calculated the first direct estimate of how much and in what form organic carbon is exported to the ocean by rivers. (Illustration by Eric S. Taylor, WHOI Creative © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Coastal restoration & blue carbon

Blue carbon refers to atmospheric carbon captured and stored by the ocean, which mitigates the effects of climate change by storing carbon for long periods of time.

A large iceberg has broken away from the Helheim Glacier and floats among slabs of pack ice in Sermilik Fjord along the southeastern coast of Greenland. The glacier, about 3 miles wide at its mouth, has been shrinking rapidly in recent years. WHOI researchers are investigating whether changes in the fjords are contributing to the loss of ice. (Photo by Nick Cobbing © Greenpeace International)

Climate change

Scientific observation has shown that the atmosphere near the Earth's surface is warming.

Iron fertilization illustration

Iron fertilization

Iron fertilization is a technique that would artificially add iron to the ocean's surface, triggering massive blooms of phytoplankton that could remove substantial amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

ship and ice

Ocean warming

Increasing ocean heat is closely linked to increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, making the ocean an excellent indicator of how much Earth is warming.

carbon dioxide removal conceptual graphic

Ocean alkalinity

When alkalinity reacts with carbon dioxide in the ocean, it converts it to a form that can't readily return to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas.

blue hole in bahamas

Paleoclimatology

Understanding how climate naturally varied over thousands and millions of years teaches us how Earth's climate system works and sheds light on current, human-induced changes.

sea washing onto road

Sea level rise

Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries and may impact human and the natural environment.

harvesting kelp at an aquaculture farm

Seaweed culture

When seaweed removes carbon dioxide from seawater, it alters the balance of carbon dioxide between water and air, causing the gas to move from the atmosphere into the ocean.

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