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Ocean Topics

Climate & Weather

The ocean plays a central role in global climate and regional weather patterns.

Explore how the ocean regulates climate by absorbing carbon, the ways a warming ocean impacts the intensity of storms and the height of the sea, and how scientists study the ocean's climate history.

Iron fertilization illustration

Iron Fertilization

Iron fertilization is a technique that would artificially add iron to the ocean's surface, triggering massive blooms of phytoplankton that…

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carbon dioxide removal conceptual graphic

Ocean Alkalinity

When alkalinity reacts with carbon dioxide in the ocean, it converts it to a form that can't readily return to…

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harvesting kelp at an aquaculture farm

Seaweed Cultivation

When seaweed removes carbon dioxide from seawater, it alters the balance of carbon dioxide between water and air, causing the…

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Ocean-Based Climate Solutions

Ocean-based, clean energy technologies hold great potential for ocean-based climate solutions, such as blue carbon, biofuels, and carbon dioxide removal…

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ship and ice

Ocean Warming

Increasing ocean heat is closely linked to increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, making the ocean an excellent indicator of…

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sea washing onto road

Sea Level Rise

Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries and may impact human and the natural environment.

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blue hole in bahamas

Paleoclimatology

Understanding how climate naturally varied over thousands and millions of years teaches us how Earth's climate system works and sheds…

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How the Ocean Works

Understanding how the ocean works is foundational to understanding life on this planet and to the discipline of oceanography.

Get to know the big systems of the ocean: its cycles, circulation, zones, and connection to the atmosphere. Learn about ocean chemistry, life and landscapes on the seafloor, plate movements, shorelines, and icy regions.

The biological carbon pump plays an important role in the removal of atmospheric carbon. (Illustration by Charin Park, © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Biological Carbon Pump

The biological carbon pump moves carbon from the surface ocean to the deep sea, helping store atmospheric CO₂ for hundreds…

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Low-oxygen “dead zones” and phytoplankton blooms

Oxygen Dead Zones

Dead zones occur when the water lacks oxygen. Like us, marine animals require oxygen to breathe, and when oxygen levels…

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Global map of trenches

Hadal Zone

The region extending from 6,000 to 11,000 meters is called the hadal, or hadalpelagic, zone after Hades, the Greek god…

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dragonfish

Midnight Zone

The midnight zone, or bathypelagic, extends to about 4,000 meters (about 13,100 feet), which reaches the ocean floor in many…

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Coral Coring

Sunlit Zone

The upper layer of the ocean is known as the sunlit, or euphotic, zone. Because water strongly absorbs light, sunlight…

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Abyssal Zone

The abyssal zone, or the abyss, is the seafloor and water column from 3,000 to 6,500 meters (9,842 to 21,325…

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ocean zones

Ocean Zones

The ocean water column is made up of five zones: the sunlight (epipelagic), twilight (mesopelagic), midnight (bathypelagic), abyssal (abyssopelagic) and…

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Ocean & Human Lives

The oceans are critical to human flourishing: they feed and sustain billions of people, and make life as we know it possible

Study the entwined life of humanity and the sea—the impacts of natural disasters, pollution, and harmful algal blooms. Learn how scientists locate shipwrecks, lost planes, and other human artifacts to unearth a historical record and study how ocean life colonizes these materials.

ROV inspects a shipwreck in the Stellwagen Bank Marine Sanctuary

Stellwagen Bank

The shallow waters of the Stellwagen Bank create treacherous conditions that change unexpectedly and have led to numerous shipwrecks that…

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An example of a square-rigged tall ship that could be literally taken aback. "The American full-rigger Jeremiah Thompson' at sea," Antonio Jacobsen, 1910.

Ocean Culture & History

The role of the ocean in human culture is profound, as people experience the sea in many ways, and respond…

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Radiation

The background level of radiation in oceans and seas varies around the globe. Measured in atomic disintegrations per second (Becquerels)…

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Natural Disasters

Our ocean planet is dynamic and constantly changing, sometimes resulting in dramatic threats to humans.

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ocean and human lives collage

Ocean & Human Lives

The oceans are critical to human life, and ocean scientists are working to investigate the untapped potential of the sea…

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WHOI virologist Arun Venugopalan extracts blood samples from clams

Watch What You Eat

Harmful algal blooms can taint seafood with toxins, causing illness or even death. Learn how blooms affect human health through…

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Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

Earthquakes release energy as seismic waves, revealing Earth's interior and helping locate quake sources to understand tectonic processes and earthquake…

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Ocean Life

Every drop of ocean water holds living things.

Across Earth’s history, the ocean has nurtured nearly every form of life that has ever existed. Immerse yourself in the diverse ecosystems around coral reefs, the surprising homes of marine microbes, the migrations of giant marine mammals, and the clues embedded in Environmental DNA.

seagrass

Seagrass Meadows

Seagrass meadows are plants adapted to live a completely submerged life in the salty shallows.

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eDNA

Environmental DNA (eDNA)

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is essentially DNA collected from the environment. As animals swim through the ocean, they're constantly releasing DNA…

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Right Whale FAQs

Northern right whales are large baleen whales known for their distinctive callosities and slow-moving nature. Read our FAQ about this…

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A pair of wandering albatrosses with a juvenile ready to fly. (Photo by Henri Weimerskirch)

Seabirds

Seabirds have adapted to life in an ocean environment. There are many species of seabirds, and they vary greatly in…

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Ocean Plants

Ocean plants are critical to marine life—they are an important food source, they provide oxygen to surrounding marine life, and…

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Light micrograph of the benthic foraminifer Nonionella stella, which thrives in anoxic sulfidic sediments far below the euphotic zone. Individuals are ~225 microns in diameter. (Image credit: J.M. Bernhard © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Benthic Life

Benthic animals live on the sea floor and are typically invertebrates, such as sea anemones, sponges, corals, sea stars, sea…

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Great barrier reef queensland

Reef Ecosystems

A healthy reef protects coastlines from wave damage, plays a critical role in providing food, boosts the economy, and provides…

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evidence of coral bleaching

Coral Stressors

Stressors can affect organisms living on the reef or they can affect the corals, themselves. When corals die, other organisms…

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Reef Fish

Fish that inhabit a coral reef play essential roles in the reef ecosystem, and reefs without fish struggle to recover…

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Tubeworms are part of a fascinating deep-sea ecosystem that thrives around hydrothermal vents, where life is powered by chemicals instead of sunlight. Courtesy of Jason Sylvan, Texas A&M Univ./NSF/HOV Alvin/2019/© Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Ecosystems

Ocean ecosystems are found in polar regions, coastal waters, coral reefs, hydrothermal vents, the abyssal plain, and at the bottom…

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emperor penguin

Emperor Penguins

The emperor penguin is the largest living penguin species standing around 115 centimeters tall. Once they have found a partner,…

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right whale permit

Right Whales

The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is one of the most endangered whales in the world—approximately 340 remain—due to…

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Ocean Tech

Studying the ocean is as much a technological challenge as it is a scientific one.

Get to know the underwater vehicles, sensors, imaging, communications systems, and modeling tools scientists use to illuminate this harsh environment.

Plastics Adrift

Ocean Modeling

Ocean models are mathematical models of ocean properties and circulation, which helps us to better understand the ocean's influence on…

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SENTRY meets the submersible ALVIN during a testing expedition off Bermuda in April 2006. SENTRY is a robotic underwater vehicle used for exploring the deep ocean; it will often be used to complement ALVIN by surveying large swaths of ocean floor to determine the best spots for close-up exploration. SENTRY joined the National Deep Submergence Facility in 2008. (Photo by Chris German, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Ocean Tech

Researchers use a variety of instruments and tools to sample and study the ocean.

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Topography of the Havre caldera. Credit: Rebecca Carey, University of Tasmania, Adam Soule, WHOI, © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Acoustics

A strong understanding of how sound behaves in different conditions in the ocean helps scientists answer fundamental questions about the…

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Imaging

Underwater imaging continues to advance in technology, allowing research to be conducted in the pressure-filled, extreme environments of the ocean.

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Sonar Single Beam

Echo sounding uses sound waves bounced off the ocean bottom to calculate depth. The faster the sound waves return, the…

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A Pioneering Vision

Ocean Observatories

Ocean observatories have suites of instruments and sensors with long-term power supplies and permanent communications links that feed data in…

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Sustainable Ocean

The global ocean provides food, minerals, and other valuable resources.

Read up on the science and technological advances that can inform management of the ocean so that fisheries remain stable, ecosystems that support the food web are protected, new ocean-based energy sources do not harm marine life, and humans can continue to live in harmony with the ocean for generations to come.

Offshore Wind

Offshore wind energy generates electricity through wind farms along inshore water areas such as lakes, fjords and sheltered coastal areas,…

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Fisheries

Overfishing and environmental issues have led to a decline in fish populations, creating uncertainty worldwide and threatening global economic and…

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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Seafloor Mining FAQs

Deep-sea mining extracts metals like nickel and cobalt from ocean floors over 200m deep, with potential environmental impacts and global…

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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Who Regulates Seafloor Mining?

The International Seabed Authority regulates deep-sea mining beyond national zones, balancing resource access with environmental protection and global benefits.

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Marine Protected Areas

Marine protected areas refers to any part of the ocean that receives some level of protection under law, protecting about…

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Seafloor Mining

The ocean contains a complex combination of processes that sometimes result in commercially viable forms of a wide range of…

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Fish swim around a coral reef in the Phoenix Islands Marine Protected Area, the largest protected marine area in the world. (Photo by Larry Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Sustainable Ocean

The global ocean provides food, minerals, and other valuable resources for human use.

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