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Why are emperor penguins an indicator of climate change?

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service announced a proposal to list the emperor penguin as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), based on evidence that the animal’s sea ice habitat is shrinking and is likely to continue to do so over the next several decades. Research from penguin scientists is key to informing policy around much-needed protections for the emperor penguin. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s additional collaborative research efforts suggest how conservation actions can help to increase species’ resilience to climate stress, including protecting habitat, increasing habitat connectivity, and reducing non-climate stressors, such as overfishing and ocean pollution.

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A seabird symposium: emperor penguins

WHOI seabird biologist Stephanie Jenouvrier gives a virtual symposium at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography about her work to model and predict the fate of emperor penguins in Antarctica during a time of rapid change

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Are Emperor Penguins Eating Enough?

Are Emperor Penguins Eating Enough?

Scientists are concerned that as climate change progresses, emperor penguins may not find enough food to build up body fat. This is especially important in the winter when they remain…

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Emperor Penguins & Climate Change

Emperor Penguins & Climate Change

At nearly four feet tall, the emperor penguin is Antarctica’s largest sea bird—and one of the continent’s most iconic animals. Unlike other sea birds, emperor penguins breed and raise their…

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March of the Penguins

Emperor penguins are some of the most striking and charismatic animals on Earth, but a new study from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has found that a warming climate may render them extinct by the end of this century. The study, which was part of an international collaboration between scientists, published Nov. 7, 2019, in the journal Global Change Biology.

The fate of the penguins is largely tied to the fate of sea ice, which the animals use as a home base for breeding, feeding and molting, she notes. Emperor penguins tend to build their colonies on ice with extremely specific conditions—it must be locked into the shoreline of the Antarctic continent, but close enough to open seawater to give the birds access to food for themselves and their young. As climate warms, however, that sea ice will gradually disappear, robbing the birds of their habitat, food sources, and ability to raise their chicks.

Jenouvrier and her team conducted the study by combining two existing computer models. The first, a global climate model created by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), offered projections of where and when sea ice would form under different climate scenarios. The second, a model of the penguin population itself, calculated how colonies might react to changes in that ice habitat.

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Emperors in Danger

Emperors in Danger

Since the 1950s, scientists have known that emperor penguins may be threatened by retreating sea ice posed by warming temperatures and other climatic changes. WHOI biologist Stephanie Jenouvrier led a team that modeled…

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Penguins on (Shrinking) Ice

Penguins on (Shrinking) Ice

Four penguins march over a massive cornice on their way to a secluded part of the Cape Crozier colony, on the rim of the Ross Sea in Antarctica. The birds,…

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Oases in Sea Ice Are Essential to Life in Antarctica

This video explains the key physical, biological and ecological processes in oases on the Antarctic icy coast — polynyas. Researchers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the University of Delaware are trying to unveil crucial connections among the physical and biological components in the polynyas and to understand how the Antarctic ecosystem responds to changes in the large-scale environment.

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A tipping point

Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) are the largest species of penguin and one of the most charismatic animals on Earth. Their lifecycle is dependent on sea ice for breeding, feeding and…

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See SPOT Run

See SPOT Run

Diminishing sea ice in the Antarctic will mean fewer fish and squid to eat for emperor penguins—like these at Atka Bay Colony. The Single Penguin Observation and Tracking (SPOT) Observatory…

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Long Walk on Shrinking Ice

Long Walk on Shrinking Ice

Emperor penguins make long treks to reach their foraging grounds, sometimes up to 75 miles during the winter. However, diminishing sea ice means they may have less success in finding…

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What’s New Penguin?

What's New Penguin?

Penguins have been in the news a lot this spring. In March, WHOI seabird ecologist Stephanie Jenouvrier was part of a team of scientists and engineers who discovered of a “supercolony”…

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By Their Chinstraps

By Their Chinstraps

Penguins are like the proverbial canaries in coal mines for the Antarctic region—they are highly sensitive to the impacts of climate change on their food and habitat. Over the past…

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World Penguin Day

World Penguin Day

A trio of Emperor penguins playfully slides into Antarctic water. These iconic birds are threatened by ecosystem shifts, including the melting of sea ice—a solemn reminder of climate change on this World Penguin…

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On Thin Ice

On Thin Ice

Emperor penguins are the only Antarctic birds that exclusively breed and raise their young on sea ice, a fact that could bring about their extinction as glaciers continue to melt,…

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Feeling the Heat

Feeling the Heat

Chinstrap penguins pant on a warm summer day at Orne Harbor, in the western Antarctic Peninsula, during a research expedition led by WHOI post-doctoral scholar Michael Polito and Tom Hart from…

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Kings of the Cold

Kings of the Cold

At nearly four feet tall, the Emperor penguin is Antarctica’s largest sea bird—and thanks to films like “March of the Penguins” and “Happy Feet,” it’s also one of the continent’s…

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Changing landscape

Changing landscape

Emperor penguins, which delighted audiences of the Academy Award-winning documentary March of the Penguins, could be sliding on the path toward extinction—the victims of climate change, according to a study…

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Life on (and under) the ice

Life on (and under) the ice

WHOI marine biogeochemist Mak Saito snapped this image of two Emperor penguins while working in Antarctica in November 2009. Over the past two years, Saito and his colleagues have shared…

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Passing muster

Passing muster

A trio of Emperor penguins appear to inspect a sled full of equipment during an Antarctic expedition in January. The team of researchers, led by Stan Jacobs of Lamont Doherty…

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Marching toward extinction?

Marching toward extinction?

Emperor penguins (popularized by the 2005 movie “March of the Penguins”) depend on sea ice for their daily lives — it’s where they breed, feed, and molt. These young emperor…

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March of the Juveniles

March of the Juveniles

Emperor penguin chicks hatch into the frozen world of Antarctica—one of Earth’s most inhospitable places. A recent study reveals what the juveniles do in the critical early months when they…

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