An Experiment to Dye For

Tracking the motion of the ocean can be tricky. Water sloshes and streams in all directions—pushed and pulled by winds, tidal forces, Earth’s rotation, and differences in heat and salt. To understand the ocean on both global and local scales, researchers strive to sort out the sometimes predictable but often chaotic movements of water. It isn’t easy.

Sometimes oceanographers resort to tagging the water the way ornithologists might tag a bird to see where it travels. They mark parcels of water by releasing harmless dyes or chemicals from ships, taking samples of the water, and using the dyes to trace the flow.

“We let nature diffuse the dye, which amplifies motion so we can watch the patches of water move,” said Miles Sundermeyer, a visiting investigator in the WHOI Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department (AOPE), an assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, and a 1998 graduate of the MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography.

One problem with tracers, however, is that the “tagged” water disperses faster than a ship can survey it. The motion of the ship itself also disturbs the natural movement scientists want to study.

To overcome these limitations—and to better understand the processes responsible for mixing in the upper ocean—scientists Jim Ledwell and Gene Terray in the AOPE Department and Sundermeyer collaborated on a pilot project—literally and figuratively.

The team devised an experiment to map the motion of fluorescent dye in the ocean by surveying it from an airplane equipped with a Light Detection and Ranging instrument. LIDAR uses pulses of laser light and their reflection to detect motion in much the same way radar uses radio signals to detect echoes bouncing off objects.

Working 10 kilometers (5.4 nautical miles) southeast of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Terray, Sundermeyer, and WHOI Summer Student Fellow Sandeep Bohra injected fluorescent rhodamine dye into Atlantic waters from the fantail of Florida Atlantic University’s research vessel Stephan. They streamed the dye continuously in a straight line over 1.5 kilometers (about 1 mile), releasing it at varying depths from the surface to 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet) deep.

Colleagues from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Optech Inc., flew an airplane back and forth over the dye track, pulsing infrared and green laser light into a 100-meter (330-foot) swath of ocean. The laser chemically “excited” the red dye, which emitted flashes of fluorescent yellow-orange light that were recorded by a receiver on the plane.

While the ship made just three surveys of the dye patches, the airborne surveyors made 21 passes in about 1.5 hours (roughly every four minutes). Compared with the few still “snapshots” of water motion taken by the ship, the LIDAR images seemed like a motion picture.

“We couldn’t measure these movements with conventional current-measuring technologies because the velocities are too small,” said Terray. “The combination of the tracer and LIDAR is like having a big pointer that allows us to observe the displacement of the dye. We don’t just want to quantify the mixing and stirring. We want to get at the physics of how it happens.”

The researchers foresee a time when they can look at how individual eddies form, circulate, and dissipate in the ocean. And since the LIDAR technique allows scientists to peek beneath the surface, they also hope to examine the way water mixes from the surface to the depths. A three-dimensional picture of the mixing process is not out of the question. And we wouldn’t need those funny plastic glasses to see it.

This project was funded by the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Technology Innovation Fund, the Rinehart Access to the Sea Initiative, the Office of Naval Research, and the Rinehart Access to the Sea Initiative.