Scientists Muster to Help Right Whales

It is a sad irony that we have cataloged individual photographs of the remaining North Atlantic right whales and given each of them unique numbers and sometimes names, yet still know too little about their physiology, behavior, and habitats to take effective steps toward ensuring their survival as a species.

Rapaciously hunted by humans over centuries, the North Atlantic right whale has not recovered in the decades after whaling was outlawed. Living near heavily populated coasts, the whales are vulnerable to the high levels of shipping, fishing, noise, and pollution.

At the dawn of the 21^st century, right whales are at a critical time in their long history—pointed dangerously toward extinction by the end of the century. Now, an ambitious program of intensified research has begun finding ways to aid them.

A species on the edge

We now know that the mission is possible. Using extensive right whale data collected by government agencies, researchers, and dedicated private groups, WHOI biologist Hal Caswell and colleagues analyzed the factors contributing to the species’ population decline. Saving just two females per year from untimely death, they concluded, can reverse the downward trend and put the population on a road to recovery.

But despite years of research on right whale habits and habitats we still lack practical ways to reduce deaths or increase births. Learning the secrets of huge and uncooperative animals that can be studied only fleetingly at sea or dead on a beach is a daunting task.

In November 2003, the WHOI Ocean Life Institute (OLI) convened a research forum in Woods Hole, gathering scientists and engineers from several institutions, along with representatives from government and industry, to assess the status of the North Atlantic right whale (https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/right-whales/). Blending a diverse range of complementary expertise, they devised a collaborative research plan to accelerate advances in our knowledge of right whales. The OLI Right Whale Research and Conservation Initiative complements other government and academic programs, supplying essential pieces of the North Atlantic right whale puzzle they don’t address. It will provide a necessary scientific foundation to guide effective conservation efforts.

Joining forces

Over the next several years, scientists from WHOI, the New England Aquarium in Boston, the Center for Coastal Studies in Provincetown, Trent University in Canada, and other institutions will join in the OLI Right Whale Research and Conservation Initiative. They are planning, launching, and seeking funds for a variety of studies aimed at:

• reducing accidental whale deaths caused by ship collisions and fishing gear entanglement
• understanding critical factors affecting right whale habitats, nutrition, reproduction, and health
• monitoring the North Atlantic right whale population to assess its size, present state, and future viability.

Right Whale Initiative strategies include pioneering studies of whale hearing, using CT scans to obtain physiological data on whale ears, and field work to study whales’ response to noise. Other scientists will study whale bone forensics to provide basic information on the speeds and masses of vessels that prove fatal in ship-whale collisions. Another study will explore hydrodynamic forces, caused by ships moving through water, that lead to collisions.

Scientists will also test new types of fishing gear designed to slip off more easily and break when entangled whales try to free themselves. A remote control device is being developed to deliver sedatives and medications to entangled whales, to improve our ability to disentangle them.

A multi-pronged research effort

Over the long term, the critical threat to right whales is their low and inconsistent birth rate, which could be linked to pollutants or to poor nutrition. The latter, in turn, may be caused by shifts in food supplies linked to changing oceanographic or climate conditions. The OLI Initiative includes research to:

• analyze whale fecal samples to get previously unobtainable data on whale genetics, and hormone and contaminant levels
• conduct detailed studies on the effects of chemical pollutants and nutrition on whales’ health and reproduction
• develop new technology to monitor conditions in whale feeding grounds
• learn why whale feeding grounds exist where they do and how they change with changing oceanographic and climatic conditions
• deploy rapid-response expeditions to explore whale feeding and diving behavior.

Tracking the population

To monitor the whale population more effectively, the OLI Right Whale Initiative includes:

• expeditions to recover and analyze fossil whale bones left behind from 16th-century whaling to help determine the North Atlantic right whale population’s pre-whaling size and genetic diversity
• new aerial surveys using high-definition camera systems that provide more detailed information on whale conditions and behaviors
• development of comprehensive databases to share right whale information more widely and quickly
• modeling studies to target critical factors threatening the population and more effective conservation strategies.

Time is running short for the North Atlantic right whale. Now is the time for scientists and supporters to work together to keep this magnificent mammal swimming off our shores.