GLIDER READY FOR TAKE OFF—WHOI Research Associate John Lund worked with naval personnel aboard USNS Bruce C. Heezen to deploy one of seven WHOI gliders used in an experiment in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. (Photo by Brett Merrill, 3rd Mate, Bruce C. Heezen)
UNDERWATER RECONNAISSANCE—WHOI Senior Engineering Assistant Greg Packard puts a REMUS 600 autonomous underwater vehicle through a series of pre-launch checks on the WHOI dock before it is tested in the waters near Woods Hole. Crane operator Doug Handy stands by. The REMUS 600 can carry a variety of sensors for underwater surveying and mapping and, not incidentally, can be deployed through submarine torpedo tubes. (Photo by Tom Kleindinst, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
They look like torpedoes, but their mission isn’t destruction.
In the mid-1990s, the Navy began funding research for small, robotic
vehicles to perform unmanned reconnaissance in coastal waters. At WHOI,
that helped spark the development of REMUS (Remote Environmental
Monitoring UnitS), designed and built by Chris von Alt, Ben Allen, and
colleagues in the Oceanographic Systems Laboratory.
Launched
on pre-programmed underwater flight patterns and equipped with a
changeable array of sensors, REMUS can map the seafloor or collect data
on temperature, salinity, currents, phytoplankton abundance, and other
seawater properties. The 5-foot-long, 80-pound vehicle can be launched
and recovered by two people from a small boat, without a crane or
special handling equipment. Easily programmed, REMUS can work alone for
more than 20 hours before its batteries need recharging. It can travel
at speeds up to 2.5 meters per second and to depths of 100 meters.
REMUS has proved a remarkable scientific tool, expanding researchers’
ability to explore previously inaccessible regions. The Navy also
gained a valuable tool: Sailors used several REMUS vehicles to detect
mines in the Persian Gulf harbor of Umm Qasr in 2002. Navy officials
said that each REMUS could do the work of 12 to 16 human divers, and
the vehicles were “undeterred by cold temperatures, murky water,
sharks, or hunger.”
The Office of Naval Research also has
funded Dave Fratantoni and colleagues at WHOI to develop another small,
easy-to-deploy surveying technology—the glider. Gliders employ an
internal displacement piston or an oil bladder to change their
buoyancy. They now sink up to 200 meters (656 feet) in the ocean and
then rise again to the surface, but vehicles under development will be
able to dive ten times deeper.
Gliders fly in a saw-tooth
pattern, measuring ocean properties and surfacing periodically to
transmit data via satellite to scientists on ship or shore. They are
slower than REMUS, but they can remain on the job for several months.
Valuable to the Navy, these new-generation undersea robots are also
having productive non-military careers in the service of scientists
exploring a wide range of ocean phenomena.
