Tables
Table 1. The
percentage of time shells of mussels (Mytilus edulis) remain
open during 24-h periods at different temperatures ranging from 1.0º
to 20ºC (taken from graph in Loosanoff, 1942). The mean rate
of water pumping by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) at four
different temperatures ranging from 1.0º to 20º C (taken
from graph in Loosanoff, 1958)
| Mussel |
| Temperature |
1º |
5º |
10º |
15º |
20º |
| Percentage of Time Open |
83 |
93 |
94 |
94 |
86 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
| Oyster |
| Temperature |
1º |
7º |
13º |
19º |
|
| Liters/hour |
0 |
0.5 |
3.8 |
9.0 |
|
Table 2.
Latitudinal gradients in the incidence of some predator-related
traits of low intertidal rocky-shore snails
| |
|
Percentage of species
with |
| |
Number of species |
Toothed
apertures |
Elongated
apertures |
Inflexible
operculum |
Strong
external sculpture |
|
| Temperate, a1 |
|
b1 |
b2 |
b3 |
b4 |
Vancouver Is.,
British Columbia |
17 |
5.9 |
0 |
0 |
5.9 |
Boothbay Harbor,
Maine |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Plymouth, England |
12 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
0 |
0 |
Isla San Lorenzo,
Peru |
11 |
9.1 |
0 |
9.1 |
0 |
| Montemar, Chile |
20 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
| |
|
Average = 3.58 |
|
|
| Tropical a2 |
|
c1 |
c2 |
c3 |
c4 |
Playa de Panama, Costa Rica |
15 |
40 |
47 |
20 |
20 |
Panama City,
Panama |
20 |
15 |
30 |
25 |
30 |
| Fort Point, Jamaica |
15 |
13 |
20 |
20 |
33 |
Playa Chikitu,
Curacao |
10 |
20 |
10 |
30 |
0 |
| Dakar, Senegal |
13 |
15 |
23 |
7.7 |
7.7 |
| Takorada, Ghana |
7 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
14 |
| |
|
Average = 18.9 |
|
|
|
Taken from Vermeij (1978), p. 60.
Table 3.
Non-migratory species
| Set A |
|
Set B |
| 1. Black-capped chickadee (Poicile atricapillus),
breeding |
 |
|
| |
|
w, single area |
| 2. Black-capped chickadee, non-breeding |
 |
|
| |
|
|
| 3. Carolina chickadee (P. carolinensis), breeding |
|
|
| |
|
x, single area |
| 4. Carolina chickadee non-breeding |
|
|
| |
|
|
| 5. Mexican chickadee (P. sclateri), breeding |
|
|
| |
|
y, single area |
| 6. Mexican chickadee, non-breeding |
|
|
| |
|
|
| 7. Mountain chickadee (P. gambeli), breeding |
|
|
| |
|
z, single area |
| 8. Mountain chickadee non-breeding |
|
|
The black-capped chickadee occurs all the way across northern
U.S.A. and southern Canada. The Carolina chickadee occurs throughout
eastern central and southern U.S.A. The Mexican chickadee occurs
in a narrow band in northern Mexico. The mountain chickadee occurs
in western U.S.A. (from National Geographic, 1999, p. 328).
Table 4.
Migratory species
| Set A |
|
Set B |
| 1. Chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina), breeding |
 |
u, Breeding area |
| 2. Chipping sparrow, non-breeding |
|
v, Non-breeding area |
| 3. Clay-colored sparrow (S. pallida), breeding |
|
w, Breeding area |
| 4. Clay-colored sparrow, non-breeding |
|
x, Non-breeding area |
| 5. Brewer’s sparrow (S. breweri), breeding
|
|
y, Breeding area |
| 6. Brewer’s sparrow, non-breeding |
|
z, Non-breeding area |
The chipping sparrow occurs across most of the U.S.A and southern
Canada (coast to coast) in the spring-summer, breeding season; it
occurs in southernmost U.S.A. and northern Mexico in the winter,
non-breeding season. The clay-colored sparrow occurs in a fairly
wide (east west) band in southern Canada and northernmost U.S.A.
in the spring-summer breeding season; it occurs in northern Mexico
in the winter, non-breeding season. Brewer’s sparrow occurs
in western U.S.A. in the spring-summer breeding season; it occurs
in northern Mexico in the winter, non-breeding season. (from National
Geographic, 1999, p. 404)
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