Source | vents_InterRidge_2015_active_kml.xlsx
This kml file was produced for the InterRidge Vents Database Version 3.3. For more information about the database, please see: http://vents-data.interridge.org/. Credits for kml file: Stace Beaulieu (stace@whoi.edu), NSF #1202977. Created with Earth Point Excel To KML. www.earthpoint.us

arc

active, confirmed

Aeolian Arc, Tyrrhenian Sea

Palinuro
Vent field: Palinuro
Activity: active, confirmed
Name alias(es): PS, Palinuro Seamount
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: 54
Latitude: 39.55
Longitude: 14.7
Maximum or single reported depth (m): 1000
Ocean: Mediterranean
Tectonic setting category: arc volcano
Region: Aeolian Arc, Tyrrhenian Sea
National Jurisdiction: Italy
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2006 ROV Cherokee; 1968 manganese crust only; 1984 deposits only; 1993 TV profile did not confirm
Link to more information in InterRidge Vents Database
References: (ROV Cherokee) Petersen et al. (2008) Drilling submarine hydrothermal systems in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. InterRidge News 17: 21-23., (manganese crust only) Kidd and Armannson (1979) Manganese and iron micronodules from a volcanic seamount in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 136, 71-76., (deposits only) Minniti, M. and F. Bonavia (1984) Copper-ore grade hydrothermal mineralization discovered in a seamount in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean): Is the mineralization related to porphyry-coppers or to base metal lodes? Marine Geology 59: 271-282., (TV profile) ECKHARDT et al. (1997) Hydrothermal manganese crusts from Enarete and Palinuro Seamounts in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Marine georesources & geotechnology 15: 175-208.

Panarea
Vent field: Panarea
Activity: active, confirmed
Name alias(es): Panarea volcanic complex
Vent site(s): Bollitore, Black Point, Hot Lake
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: 130
Latitude: 38.6356
Longitude: 15.1057
Maximum or single reported depth (m): 200
Ocean: Mediterranean
Tectonic setting category: arc volcano
Region: Aeolian Arc, Tyrrhenian Sea
National Jurisdiction: Italy
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1800's shallow vents; 1995 deeper vents ROV Comex
Link to more information in InterRidge Vents Database
References: References from the 1800's in: Italiano, F. and Nuccio, P.M., 1991. Geochemical investigations of submarine volcanic exhalations to the east of Panarea, Aeolian Islands, Italy. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 46, pp. 125–141, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(91)90079-F, Gamberi F., Marani M., Savelli S. (1997) Tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal features of a submarine portions of the Aeolian Arc, Marine Geology, 140, 167-181, Marani et al., 1997, Shallow-water polymetallic sulfide deposits in the Aeolian island arc, Geology 25 (1997), pp. 815-818.

Enarete Seamount
Vent field: Enarete Seamount
Activity: active, confirmed
Name alias(es): Enareta, Enarato
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: Low
Latitude: 38.625
Longitude: 14
Maximum or single reported depth (m): 600
Ocean: Mediterranean
Tectonic setting category: arc volcano
Region: Aeolian Arc, Tyrrhenian Sea
National Jurisdiction: Italy
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 ROV Hercules; 1976 Fe crusts only; 1997 manganese crust only; 2007 plume only
Link to more information in InterRidge Vents Database
References: (manganese crust only) ECKHARDT et al. (1997) Hydrothermal manganese crusts from Enarete and Palinuro Seamounts in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Marine georesources & geotechnology 15: 175-208., (plume only) Lupton, J. et al. (2008) Submarine Hydrothermal Activity on the Aeolian Arc: New Evidence from Helium Isotopes. Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V11A-2001., Carey, S.N., et al. (2012) Submarine Volcanoes of the Aeolian Arc, Tyrrhenian Sea. Oceanography, 25(1), Suppl. 32-33.

Vulcano
Vent field: Vulcano
Name alias(es): Vulcano Island
Vent site(s): Baia di Levante (= Porto di Levante)
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: Low
Longitude: 15
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1960's shallow vents
References: [Honnorez (1969) La formation actuelle d'un gisement sous-marin de sulphides fumerolliens a Vulcano (Mer Tyrrhenienne), Partie I. Les Mineraux sulfures des tufs immerges a faible profondeur. Miner. Deposita, 4: 114-131.]

Aleutian Arc, western

Piip Submarine Volcano
Vent field: Piip Submarine Volcano
Name alias(es): Piyp
Vent site(s): North Peak, South Peak
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: 133
Longitude: 167.2717
Ocean: N. Pacific
Region: Aleutian Arc, western
National Jurisdiction: Russia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 Mir submersible; 1981 R/V "Vulcanolog" cruise; 1987 (or 1986) echo-sounder fluid discharge
References: Taran et al. (1992) Isotopic composition of mineral precipitates and free gas associated with hydrothermal vents of Piip submarine volcano, Bering Sea. Geochem. J. 26: 291-297.

Kagamil Island
Vent field: Kagamil Island
Longitude: -169.72
Ocean: N. Pacific
Region: Aleutian Arc, western
National Jurisdiction: United States
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 SCUBA
References: Stephens (2008) New discoveries in the Aleutians. Univ. Alaska Fairbanks Aurora

Banda

Sunda Arc

Pulau Weh
Vent field: Pulau Weh
Name alias(es): Banda Aceh, BA
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: Low
Ocean: N. Pacific
Region: Banda/Sunda Arc
National Jurisdiction: Indonesia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1982 or earlier, likely by SCUBA
References: NotProvided

Banda Api
Vent field: Banda Api
Vent site(s): red vent, "clear" vent
Latitude: -4.525
Ocean: S. Pacific
Region: Banda/Sunda Arc
National Jurisdiction: Indonesia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 SCUBA
References: Heikoop et al. (1996) Corals as Proxy Recorders of Volcanic Activity: Evidence from Banda Api, Indonesia. Palaios 11: 286-292.

Manuk Island
Vent field: Manuk Island
Latitude: -5.53
Ocean: S. Pacific
Region: Banda/Sunda Arc
National Jurisdiction: Indonesia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): NotProvided
References: NotProvided

Sangeang Island
Vent field: Sangeang Island
Latitude: -8.13
Ocean: S. Pacific
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1991 or earlier, from beach
References: NotProvided

Bismarck Arc

Matupi Harbour, Rabaul caldera, New Britain Island
Vent field: Matupi Harbour, Rabaul caldera, New Britain Island
Name alias(es): Matupi Harbor, Matupit Bay
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: NotProvided
Region: Bismarck Arc
National Jurisdiction: Papua New Guinea
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1961 or earlier intertidal
References: Studt, F. E. (1961) Preliminary survey of the hydrothermal field at Rabaul, New Britain. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 4:3, 274-282, DOI:10.1080/00288306.1961.10423128., [Ferguson & Lambert, Econ. Geol., 67, 25-37, 1972, Volcanic Exhalations and Metal Enrichments at Matupi Harbor, New Britain, T.P.N.G.]

Costa Rica fore arc

Jaco Scar
Vent field: Jaco Scar
Name alias(es): Jaco Scarp
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: 5Low
Longitude: -84.8397
Region: Costa Rica fore arc
National Jurisdiction: Costa Rica
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 submersible Alvin
References: Levin, L.A. et al. (2010) Hydrothermal seeps: the best of both worlds. Abstract, 12th Deep-Sea Biology Symposium, Reykjavik, Iceland., Levin, L. et al. (2012) A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems. Proc. R. Soc. B, 279, doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0205.

Hellenic Arc, Aegean Sea

Methana
Vent field: Methana
Vent site(s): Thiafi Bay
Region: Hellenic Arc, Aegean Sea
National Jurisdiction: Greece
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): since antiquity

Kos
Vent field: Kos
Vent site(s): Bros Therma, Kephalos Bay, Paradise Beach (= Paradise Bubble Beach)
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: NotProvided
Region: Hellenic Arc, Aegean Sea
National Jurisdiction: Greece
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1983 or earlier, likely by SCUBA
References: C.N. Bianchi and C. Morri, 1983. Note sul benthos marino costiero dell'isola di Kos (Egeo Sud-Orientale), Natura, Milano 74, 96-114. , Varnavas, S.P. and Cronan, D.S., 1991. Hydrothermal metallogenic processes off the islands of Nisiros and Kos in the Hellenic Volcanic Arc. Marine Geology 99, pp. 109–133.

Milos
Vent field: Milos
Vent site(s): Adamas Bay (includes Airport and Cape Boubarda), Rivari , Palaeochori Bay, East of Spathi Point, Voudia Bay, Kiriaki Bay
Region: Hellenic Arc, Aegean Sea
National Jurisdiction: Greece
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 or earlier, likely by SCUBA; 1992 Minirover ROV deeper sites
References: Dando et al., Cont. Shelf Res., 15, 913-929, 1995, Gas venting rates from submarine hydrothermal areas around the island of Milos, Hellenic Volcanic Arc, doi:10.1016/0278-4343(95)80002-U.

Yali
Vent field: Yali
Vent site(s): Yali Bay
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1991 or earlier, from beach
References: Varnavas, S.P. and Cronan, D.S., 1991. Hydrothermal metallogenic processes off the islands of Nisiros and Kos in the Hellenic Volcanic Arc. Marine Geology 99, 109-133.

Nisiros
Vent field: Nisiros
Name alias(es): Nisyros, Nysiros
Vent site(s): Lefkos Bay
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: NotProvided
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 or earlier, likely by SCUBA

Kolumbo
Vent field: Kolumbo
Name alias(es): Columbo, Kolomvos, Koloumbo
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2006 ROV Hercules
References: Sigurdsson et al. (2006) High-Temperature Hydrothermal Vent Field of Kolumbo Submarine Volcano, Aegean Sea: Site of Active Kuroko-Type Mineralization. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #OS34A-03, Sigurdsson et al. (2006) Marine Investigations of Greece’s Santorini Volcanic Field. Eos 87: 337, 342.

Santorini
Vent field: Santorini
Name alias(es): Thera
Vent site(s): Nea Kameni, Palaea (= Palea) Kameni, Santorini Caldera, Kallisti Limnes
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1960's, likely by SCUBA; 2006 deeper vents HOV Thetis and AUV SeaBED
References: [(likely to be first paper for shallow vents at Santorini) Harder, H. (1960) Rezente submarine vulkanische Eisenausscheidungen yon Santorin, Griechenland. Fortschr. Mineral. 38: 187-189, Butuzova, G.Ju, 1969. Recent Volcanic and Sedimentary Processes in the Cauldron of the Santorini Volcano, Aegean Sea, and Its Effect on the Geochemistry of the Sediments. Nauka, Moscow, 112 pp. (in Russian).]

Izu-Bonin Arc

Omuro Hole
Vent field: Omuro Hole
Name alias(es): Omura Hole
Region: Izu-Bonin Arc
National Jurisdiction: Japan
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 ROV Hyper-Dolphin
References: JAMSTEC press release, October 11, 2012, First discovery of submarine volcanic activity at Omurodashi, south of Izu-Oshima, accessed 23 April 2015, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20121011/

Myojin Knoll
Vent field: Myojin Knoll
Name alias(es): Kita-Bayonnaise, Kita Bayonnaise, North-Bayonnaise Knoll
Vent site(s): Sunrise, Daimyojin, MK#10-2
Region: Izu-Bonin Arc
National Jurisdiction: Japan
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 submersible Shinkai 2000
References: [Iizasa, K., et al. 1997. Sulfide chimneys and massive sulfides at Myojin Knoll caldera, Izu-Ogasawara arc. JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res. 13, pp. 443–456 (in Japanese with English abstract)], Iizasa, K et al. (1999) A Kuroko-type polymetallic sulfide deposit in a submarine silicic caldera. Science 283: 975-977.

Sumisu Caldera
Vent field: Sumisu Caldera
Region: Izu-Bonin Arc
National Jurisdiction: Japan
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1998 submersible Shinkai 2000
References: [Iwabushi (1999) Sumisu Caldera. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Res. 15: 83-94 (in Japanese with English abstract)].

Suiyo Seamount
Vent field: Suiyo Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1991 submersible Shinkai 2000
References: [Kasuga and Kato (1992) Discovery of hydrothermal ore deposits in the crater of the Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Ogasawara Arc. Proc. JAMSTEC Symp. Deep-Sea Res. 8: 249-256 (in Japanese with English Abstr.)], [Nagaoka et al. (1992) Geology of Mokuyo Seamount, Doyo Seamount, and Suiyo Seamount in the Sitiyo Seamounts on the Ogasawara arc. Proc. JAMSTEC Symp. Deep-Sea Res. 8: 237-248 (In Japanese with English abstract)].

Mokuyo Seamount
Vent field: Mokuyo Seamount
References: [Hashimoto, J. and Fujikura, K., 1992. Vent communities at the Suiyo Seamount, Mokuyo Seamount and Nikko Seamount. In: Abstract Papers, the 8th symposium of Shinkai 2000 study JAMSTEC, pp. 48–51 (In Japanese).], [Nagaoka et al. (1992) Geology of Mokuyo Seamount, Doyo Seamount, and Suiyo Seamount in the Sitiyo Seamounts on the Ogasawara arc. Proc. JAMSTEC Symp. Deep-Sea Res. 8: 237-248 (In Japanese with English abstract).]

Doyo Seamount
Vent field: Doyo Seamount
References: [Nagaoka et al. (1992) Geology of Mokuyo Seamount, Doyo Seamount, and Suiyo Seamount in the Sitiyo Seamounts on the Ogasawara arc. Proc. JAMSTEC Symp. Deep-Sea Res. 8: 237-248 (In Japanese with English abstract)].

Kaikata Seamount
Vent field: Kaikata Seamount
Name alias(es): Kaikei, Bonin Seamount
Vent site(s): KC
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 submersible Shinkai 2000; 1985 dredge only
References: [Mitsuzawa et al. (1989) Measurements of water temperature and current around the submarine caldera in the KC Kaikata Seamount. JAMSTEC Deep Sea Res. 5: 47-55 (in Japanese with English abstract)], (dredge only) Urabe, T et al. (1987) Hydrothermal sulfides from a submarine caldera in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, northwestern Pacific. Mar Geol 74: 295-299.

Kermadec Arc

Hinepuia volcanic center
Vent field: Hinepuia volcanic center
Vent site(s): HpV
Longitude: -177.26
Region: Kermadec Arc
National Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2013 HOV Shinkai 6500; 2004 plume and dredging NZAPLUME III expedition
References: [de Ronde, C. E. J., I. C. Wright, and shipboard participants (2006), NZAPLUME III New Zealand American PLUme Mapping Expedition, cruise report, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand], Graham et al. (2008) Structure and petrology of newly discovered volcanic centers in the northern Kermadec-southern Tofua arc, South Pacific Ocean. JGR 113(B8): B08S02.1-B08S02.24., Kitazato, H. et al. (2014) Summaries of HOV Shinkai 6500 diving expedition: QUELLE (Quest for Limit of Life) 2013 cruise. INDEEP Deep-Sea Life Newsletter 3, p. 24-27.

Giggenbach volcano
Vent field: Giggenbach volcano
Name alias(es): Giggenbach Seamount, Volcano L, Volcano 'L'
Region: Kermadec Arc
National Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 submersible PISCES V; 2002 plume only
References: (plume only) C. de Ronde et al. 2007, Submarine hydrothermal activity along the mid-Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Large-scale effects on venting. G3, 8(Q07007), doi:10.1029/2006GC001495., New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2005 (NZASRoF'05) Expedition, cruise report posted at: accessed 27 May 2015.

Macauley Caldera
Vent field: Macauley Caldera
Vent site(s): Macauley Cone
Region: Kermadec Arc
National Jurisdiction: New Zealand
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 towed camera TAN0205 cruise
References: Wright, I. C., et al. (2006), New multibeam mapping and geochemistry of the 30°–35°S sector, and overview, of southern Kermadec arc volcanism, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 149, 263–296.

Vulkanolog
Vent field: Vulkanolog
Name alias(es): Curtis volcanic center
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1979 and 1998 (need to check references); 2002 plume not detected NZAPLUME II
References: [Gavrilenko, G. M. (1984), Hydrochemical methods for the discovery and study of submarine volcanic activity (in Russian), Volcanol. Seismol., 5, 40–48].

Havre
Vent field: Havre
Name alias(es): Havre Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2015 ROV Jason II; 2002 plume only
References: (plume only) C. de Ronde et al. 2007, Submarine hydrothermal activity along the mid-Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Large-scale effects on venting. G3, 8(Q07007), doi: 10.1029/2006GC001495, 2015 MESH Expedition website, accessed 13 May 2015, http://web.whoi.edu/mesh/379/

Wright volcanic center
Vent field: Wright volcanic center
Name alias(es): Volcano W
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 submersible PISCES V; 2004 plume NZAPLUME III cruise
References: (plume only) C. de Ronde et al. 2007, Submarine hydrothermal activity along the mid-Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Large-scale effects on venting. G3, 8(Q07007), doi: 10.1029/2006GC001495, New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2005 (NZASRoF'05) Expedition, cruise report posted at:

Brothers volcano
Vent field: Brothers volcano
Name alias(es): Brothers Seamount, Brothers Caldera
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1998 towed camera; 1996 dredging only
References: (dredge samples only) I Wright et al. (1998) Discovery of hydrothermal sulfide mineralization from southern Kermadec arc volcanoes (SW Pacific). Earth Planet Sci Let. 164(1-2): 335-343, Stoffers et al., 1999, Longitudinal transect of the Kermadec-Havre Arc-Back-Arc System: Initial results of R/V Sonne Cruise SO-135, InterRidge News 8(1), 45-50.

Healy volcano
Vent field: Healy volcano
Name alias(es): Healy Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 submersible Pisces V; 1999 plume only
References: (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (1999) First systematic survey of submarine hydrothermal plumes associated with active volcanoes of the southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Initial results from the NZAPLUME cruise. InterRidge News 8(2): 35-39, (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (2001) Intra-oceanic subduction-related hydrothermal venting, Kermadec volcanic arc, New Zealand. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193: 359-369, New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2005 (NZASRoF'05) cruise report:

Rumble III volcano
Vent field: Rumble III volcano
Name alias(es): Rumble III Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 towed camera; 1999 plume only
References: (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (1999) First systematic survey of submarine hydrothermal plumes associated with active volcanoes of the southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Initial results from the NZAPLUME cruise. InterRidge News 8(2): 35-39, (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (2001) Intra-oceanic subduction-related hydrothermal venting, Kermadec volcanic arc, New Zealand. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193: 359-369.

Rumble V volcano
Vent field: Rumble V volcano
Name alias(es): Rumble V Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 towed camera; 1999 plume and dredged mussel shells
References: (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (1999) First systematic survey of submarine hydrothermal plumes associated with active volcanoes of the southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Initial results from the NZAPLUME cruise. InterRidge News 8(2): 35-39, (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (2001) Intra-oceanic subduction-related hydrothermal venting, Kermadec volcanic arc, New Zealand. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193: 359-369.

Tangaroa volcano
Vent field: Tangaroa volcano
Name alias(es): Tangaroa Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 likely towed video or TV grab; 1999 plume only
References: (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (1999) First systematic survey of submarine hydrothermal plumes associated with active volcanoes of the southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Initial results from the NZAPLUME cruise. InterRidge News 8(2): 35-39, (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (2001) Intra-oceanic subduction-related hydrothermal venting, Kermadec volcanic arc, New Zealand. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193: 359-369

Clark volcano
Vent field: Clark volcano
Name alias(es): Clark Seamount
Vent site(s): Twin Towers
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 submersible Pisces V; 1999 plume only
References: (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (2001) Intra-oceanic subduction-related hydrothermal venting, Kermadec volcanic arc, New Zealand. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193: 359-369, New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2005 (NZASRoF'05) cruise report:

Kuril Arc

Kraternaya Bight, Ushishir Volcano
Vent field: Kraternaya Bight, Ushishir Volcano
Name alias(es): Ushisher, Ushishur Volcano
Region: Kuril Arc
National Jurisdiction: Russia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985 SCUBA
References: Zhirmunsky, AV and Tarasov, VG (1990) Unusual marine ecosystem in the flooded crater of Ushisher volcano. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 65: 95-102.

Hot Beach, Mendeleev Volcano
Vent field: Hot Beach, Mendeleev Volcano
Name alias(es): Goriachy Pliazh, Goryachii Plyazh, Cape Goryachii
Region: Kuril Arc
National Jurisdiction: Russia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 or earlier, from the beach

Lesser Antilles Arc

Montserrat Offshore Springs
Vent field: Montserrat Offshore Springs
Name alias(es): Montserrat Springs Offshore Vent Field, Montserrat Volcano
Ocean: N. Atlantic
Region: Lesser Antilles Arc
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : Montserrat
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 or earlier (assume SCUBA)
References: [Johnson et al. (1997) A two year time series analysis of the Montserrat offshore hydrothermal venting. Eos, American Geophysical Union Transactions 78. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #V11G-03.]

Champagne Hot Springs
Vent field: Champagne Hot Springs
Name alias(es): Champagne Reef
Ocean: N. Atlantic
Region: Lesser Antilles Arc
National Jurisdiction: Dominica
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 or earlier (assume SCUBA)
References: [Johnson and Cronan (2001) Hydrothermal metalliferous sediments and waters off the Lesser Antilles. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 19, 65-83.]

Kick'em Jenny submarine volcano
Vent field: Kick'em Jenny submarine volcano
Vent site(s): Champagne
Ocean: N. Atlantic
Region: Lesser Antilles Arc
National Jurisdiction: Grenada
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 ROV Eastern Oceanics; 1989 submersible Johnson-Sea-Link II (did not confirm activity); 2001 plume only
References: Sigurdsson et al., NOAA Cruise Report R/V Ronald Brown RB-03-03, 2003, accessed 28 May 2015., Wishner, K. et al. (2005) Are midwater shrimp trapped in the craters of submarine volcanoes by hydrothermal venting? Deep-Sea Res I 52: 1528-1535.

Mariana Arc

Minami-Hiyoshi submarine volcano
Vent field: Minami-Hiyoshi submarine volcano
Name alias(es): Hiyoshi-okinoba
Region: Mariana Arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 ROV HyperDolphin
References: Watanabe, H., pers. comm., 2009: "R/V Natsushima/ HyperDolphin cruise NT05-16 [2005] by Dr. T. Shimano"

Nikko volcano
Vent field: Nikko volcano
Name alias(es): Nikko Seamount
Vent site(s): Naraku, Varnum
Region: Mariana Arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1992 submersible Shinkai 6500; 1979 first observed discolored water above the seamount
References: [HASHIMOTO J. and K. FUJIKURA (1992) Vent communities at the Suiyo Seamount, Mokuyo Seamount and Nikko Seamount. Abstract Papers, the 8th symposium of Shinkai 2000 study, JAMSTEC, 48-51 (In Japanese)].

Kasuga 2 Seamount
Vent field: Kasuga 2 Seamount
Name alias(es): Minami Kasuga, Daini Kasuga, Dai-ni Kasuga, Kasuga-2
Vent site(s): Barnacle Boulders, Crab Slope, Cracked Vent, Flat Bottom, Hairy Mat, Hairy Rock, Mat Ridge, Pinnacle, SW Eels, Whale Rock, Yellow Overlord
Region: Mariana Arc
National Jurisdiction: United States : Northern Mariana Islands and Guam
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 submersible Alvin
References: McMurtry et al (1993) Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submarine arc volcanoes: Kasuga Seamounts, Northern Mariana Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114: 517-528.

Northwest Eifuku
Vent field: Northwest Eifuku
Name alias(es): NW Eifuku, Northwest Eifuku Seamount
Vent site(s): Champagne, Cliff House, More Mussels, Top Towers, Near Fouling, Fouling Heights, Sulphur Spicules, Bacterial Balls, Floc, Ice Cream, Ice Fall, Ice Sheet, Mussel Mound, Walter Grenade
National Jurisdiction: United States : Northern Mariana Islands and Guam
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 ROV ROPOS; 2003 plume only
References: Lupton, J. et al. (2004) Liquid Carbon Dioxide Venting at the Champagne Hydrothermal Site, NW Eifuku Volcano, Mariana Arc. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2004, abstract #V43F-08, (plume only) Embley, R et al (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40.

Kasuga 3 Seamount
Vent field: Kasuga 3 Seamount
National Jurisdiction: United States : Northern Mariana Islands and Guam
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 submersible Alvin
References: McMurtry et al (1993) Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submarine arc volcanoes: Kasuga Seamounts, Northern Mariana Arc. EPSL 114: 517-528.

Daikoku volcano
Vent field: Daikoku volcano
Vent site(s): Bubble Bath, Cauldron, Fish Spa, AA, Bluff, Bottomless Pit, Cactus Flower, Crater Tuff Luck, Fish Crack
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 ROV ROPOS; 2003 plume only
References: (plume only): Embley, R et al (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40, (ROV) Chadwick, W. et al. (2004) The Geologic Setting of Hydrothermal Vents at Mariana Arc Submarine Volcanoes: High-Resolution Bathymetry and ROV Observations. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2004, abstract #V43F-06.

Maug Caldera
Vent field: Maug Caldera
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 SCUBA shallow vents; 2004 ROV ROPOS deeper vents; 2003 plume only deeper vents
References: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (2010) Coral reef ecosystems of the Mariana Archipelago: a 2003-2007 overview. NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, PIFSC Special Publication, SP-10-002, 38 p. (CRED report 2010), (ROV) Chadwick, W. et al. (2004) The Geologic Setting of Hydrothermal Vents at Mariana Arc Submarine Volcanoes: High-Resolution Bathymetry and ROV Observations. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2004, abstract #V43F-06., (plume only) Embley, R et al (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40.

East Diamante volcano
Vent field: East Diamante volcano
Name alias(es): East Diamante Seamount
Vent site(s): Basket Case, Central Cone [includes Aquarium (non-vent), Boulder vent, Fe-Mn Crust, Floc Storm], Eastern Cone (includes Barnacle Beach, Black Forest), Five Towers, Gnome, Intense Diffuse, Limpets, Snail Flange, Softy
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 ROV ROPOS; 2003 plume only
References: Butterfield, D. et al. (2004) Overview of Vent Fluid Chemistry From the Marianas Volcanic Arc. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2004, abstract #V44A-01, (plume only) Embley, R, et al. (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40.

Ruby
Vent field: Ruby
Vent site(s): Mat, Rua
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2006 ROV Jason II; 2003 plume only
References: Submarine Ring of Fire cruise report (2006): Baker et al. (2008) Hydrothermal activity and volcano distribution along the Mariana arc. JGR, 113, B08S09, doi:10.1029/2007JB005423.

Esmeralda Bank
Vent field: Esmeralda Bank
Name alias(es): Esmeraldo
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 towed video and TV-grab; 1978 hydrothermal deposits only
References: [G.M. Gavrilenko, Esmeraldo submarine volcano and associated Fe-Mn ore formation, Volcanol. Seismol. 1 (1981), pp. 51–55 (In Russian)], Stueben, D. et al. (1992) First results of study of sulphur-rich hydrothermal activity from an island-arc environment: Esmeralda Bank in the Mariana Arc. Mar. Geol., 103, 521-528.

Northwest Rota-1 volcano
Vent field: Northwest Rota-1 volcano
Name alias(es): NW Rota-1
Vent site(s): Brimstone Pit, Iceberg, Cnidaria Area, Dark Sands, Eastern Fault, Fault Shrimp, Flank Vent, Gastros, High Flow, Loose Sands, Pit Edge, Scarp Top, Shimmering Sands, Shrimp's Peak, Snowcone, White Mat, Yellow Top
References: (plume only): Embley, R et al (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40, (ROV) Embley, R et al (2006) Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine arc volcano. Nature 441: 494-497.

West Rota volcano
Vent field: West Rota volcano
Name alias(es): W. Rota
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 ROV Hyper-Dolphin; 2003 plume only; 2004 ROV ROPOS did not observe venting
References: (plume only): Embley, R et al (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40, (ROV) Stern, R et al (2008) Evolution of West Rota Volcano, an extinct submarine volcano in the southern Mariana Arc: Evidence from sea floor morphology, remotely operated vehicle observations and 40Ar–39Ar geochronological studies. Island Arc 17: 70-89.

Forecast
Vent field: Forecast
Vent site(s): Bart, Snail Scrum, Homer, Marge
References: Gamo, T. et al. (1993) Revisits to the mid-Mariana Trough Hydrothermal Site and discovery of new venting in the southern Mariana Region by the Japanese submersible Shinkai 6500. InterRidge News 2(1): 11-14, Johnson, L., et al. (1993) Hydrothermal deposits and two magma sources for volcanoes near 13°20'N in the Mariana backarc: a view from Shinkai 6500. EOS Trans. AGU Fall Meet. Suppl. 74: 681, Gamo, T. et al. (1994) Mariana 1992 Diving Surveys by "Shinkai 6500" JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Res. 10: 153-162 (in Japanese with English abstract).

Seamount X
Vent field: Seamount X
Name alias(es): Seamount "X"
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 or earlier submersible Shinkai 6500
References: [MASUDA H., et al. 1994. Topography and geochemical aspects on the most recent volcanism around the spreading axis of the southern Mariana Trough at 13°N . Proceedings of JAMSTEC Symposium of Deep Sea Research 10, 175–85 (in Japanese)].

TOTO Caldera
Vent field: TOTO Caldera
Name alias(es): Nakayama Field, Toto Caldera
Vent site(s): TOTO (= Toto)
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 deep-tow camera (later, same year - ROV Kaiko); 1998 or earlier hydrothermal deposits dredged; 1998 plume only
References: [Mitsuzawa et al. (2000) Preliminary report of Deep-Tow/Yokosuka Cruise at hydrothermal areas in the Mid and Southern Mariana. JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res. 17: 73-87 (in Japanese with English abstract)], [Harue, M et al (2001) Bathymetry and hydrothermal activities in the southern Mariana Trough. Reconnaissance results of YK-99-11. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research 18: 83-88 (in Japanese with English abstract)], Gamo, T et al (2004) Discovery of a new hydrothermal venting site in the southernmost Mariana Arc: Al-rich hydrothermal plumes and white smoker activity associated with biogenic methane. Geochem Journal 38: 527-534.

New Hebrides Arc

Stanton Seamount
Vent field: Stanton Seamount
Region: New Hebrides Arc
National Jurisdiction: Solomon Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 towed video
References: SOLAVENTS FR03/2002 cruise summary

Epi Caldera
Vent field: Epi Caldera
Name alias(es): Cioan, Volcano C, Epic, Epia, New Hebrides Arc, Volcano A
Region: New Hebrides Arc
National Jurisdiction: Vanuatu
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2013 ROV Kiel6000; 1974 sediment samples only; 2001 plume and camera tow (did not confirm activity)
References: (sediment samples only) Exon & Cronan, Mar. Geol., 52, M43-M52, 1983, Hydrothermal iron deposits and associated sediments from submarine volcanoes off Vanuatu, southwest Pacific, McConachy, T.F., and Binns, R., RV Franklin Cruise Summary FR08/2001, accessed 29 May 2015., R/V Sonne Cruise SO-229, http://epic.awi.de/37102/35/SO229_wr.pdf, accessed 1 June 2015

Ryukyu Arc

Kagoshima Bay
Vent field: Kagoshima Bay
Name alias(es): Kagoshima Bay, Sakura-jima Volcano
Vent site(s): Wakamiko Crater (includes Haorimushi and Tagiri)
Region: Ryukyu Arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 towed TV system (Haorimushi site); 2007 ROV Hyper-dolphin (Tagiri site)
References: Hashimoto et al., Discovery of vestimentiferan tube-worms in the euphotic zone. Zool. Sci., 10, 1063-1067, 1993.

Nagahama Bay, Iwo-dake Volcano
Vent field: Nagahama Bay, Iwo-dake Volcano
Name alias(es): Nagahama-bay, Kito-Iwo-jima, Satsuma Iwo-jima (= Satsuma Iwojima, Tokara-Iwo-Jima)
Region: Ryukyu Arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 or earlier intertidal; 2008 or earlier SCUBA subtidal
References: (intertidal): Hedenquist et al. (1994) Flux of volatiles and ore-forming metals from the magmatic-hydrothermal system of Satsuma Iwojima volcano. Geology 22: 585-588.

Akuseki-jima
Vent field: Akuseki-jima
Region: Ryukyu Arc

Kodakara-jima
Vent field: Kodakara-jima

Taketomi Thermal Area
Vent field: Taketomi Thermal Area
Name alias(es): Taketomi-jima
Vent site(s): Sekisei Lagoon
References: [Oomori T (1987) Chemical compositions of submarine hot spring water and associated bottom sediments near Taketomi-jima at Southern Part of the Ryukyu Island Arc, North-west Pacific. Journal of Earth Science Nagoya University 35:325–340].

Sangihe Arc

Kawio Barat
Vent field: Kawio Barat
Name alias(es): KB
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: High
Region: Sangihe Arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 towed video, CTD/transmissometer, and dredge
References: McConachy, T. F., H. Permana, R. A. Binns, I. Zulkarnain, J. M. Parr, C. J. Yeats, N. D. Hananto, B. Priadi, S. Burhanuddin, and E. P. Utomo (2004) Recent Investigations of Submarine Hydrothermal Activity in Indonesia. PACRIM 2004, Adelaide, SA, 19-22 September 2004, 161- 172.

Banua Wuhu submarine volcano
Vent field: Banua Wuhu submarine volcano
Name alias(es): Mahengetang, BW
Region: Sangihe Arc

Lembeh Strait
Vent field: Lembeh Strait
Name alias(es): Sulawesi Island, Bangka Island
Region: Sangihe Arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): NotProvided

Solomons Arc

Grover Seamount
Vent field: Grover Seamount
Region: Solomons Arc
National Jurisdiction: Solomon Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 towed video
References: SOLAVENTS 2002 cruise report

South Sandwich Arc

Kemp Caldera
Vent field: Kemp Caldera
Name alias(es): McIntosh Caldera
Vent site(s): Great Wall
Ocean: S. Atlantic
Region: South Sandwich Arc
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 ROV Isis; 2009 plume only
References: Cruise report RRS James Cook Cruise JC55

Adventure Caldera
Vent field: Adventure Caldera
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: High
Ocean: S. Atlantic
Region: South Sandwich Arc
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 SHRIMP towed camera system; 2010 high resolution bathymetry only
References: Cruise blog http://www.thesearethevoyages.net/jc55/feb11.html

Tabar-Feni Arc

Luise Harbor, Lihir Island
Vent field: Luise Harbor, Lihir Island
Region: Tabar-Feni Arc
National Jurisdiction: Papua New Guinea
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 or earlier
References: [Moyle A J, Doyle B J, Hoogvliet H, Ware A R, 1990, Ladolam gold deposit, Lihir Island, in Hughes FE (Ed.), 1990 Geology of the Mineral Deposits of Australia & Papua New Guinea The AusIMM, Melbourne Mono 14, v2 pp 1793-1805.]

Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island
Vent field: Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island
Vent site(s): Waramung
Region: Tabar-Feni Arc
National Jurisdiction: Papua New Guinea
References: [Licence et al. (1987) Epithermal gold mineralization, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Rim Congress '87. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Gold Coast, Queensland, pp. 273-278.], Pichler and Dix (1996) Hydrothermal venting within a coral reef ecosystem, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea. Geology 24: 435-438.

Tonga Arc

Mata Fitu
Vent field: Mata Fitu
Vent site(s): ChimE
Region: Tonga Arc
National Jurisdiction: Tonga
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 towed camera
References: Baker, E.T., et al. (2010) Multiple Active Volcanoes in the Northeast Lau Basin. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #T13B-2188.

Mata Tolu
Vent field: Mata Tolu
Name alias(es): NEL9, North Mata
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: 271NotProvided
Region: Tonga Arc
National Jurisdiction: Tonga
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 towed camera; 2009 plume and dredge only
References: Baker, E.T., et al. (2010) Multiple Active Volcanoes in the Northeast Lau Basin. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #T13B-2188., Cruise SS02/2009: Hydrothermal plume and structural geology mapping in the Tonga/Fiji region Crowhurst et al. (2009) Discovery of new hydrothermal venting sites in the Lau Basin, Tonga Back-Arc. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS13A-1180.

Mata Ua
Vent field: Mata Ua
Vent site(s): Flashing Chimney
Region: Tonga Arc
National Jurisdiction: Tonga
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 ROV Quest 4000; 2010 plume only (towed camera did not confirm)
References: Baker, E.T., et al. (2010) Multiple Active Volcanoes in the Northeast Lau Basin. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #T13B-2188; 2012 cruise report, accessed 6 May 2015:

Niua North
Vent field: Niua North
Vent site(s): Hellow, Mussel Mania
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 ROV Quest 4000; 2008 plume only
References: Merle, S., et al. (2008) Northeast Lau Basin, R/V Thompson Expedition TN227, November 13-28, 2008, Apia to Apia, Western Samoa. Cruise report. Accessed 8 May 2015,

West Mata submarine volcano
Vent field: West Mata submarine volcano
Vent site(s): Akel'sAfi, Creamsicle, Epsilon, Hades, Kohu, Luo, MatMeadow, Prometheus, RedRockRidge, ShrimpCity, SmokeArea, WhiteMat
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 ROV Jason II; 2008 eruption plume detected
References: Embley et al. (2009) Extensive and Diverse Submarine Volcanism and Hydrothermal Activity in the NE Lau Basin. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #V51D-1719., Resing, J., et al. (2011) Active submarine eruption of boninite in the northeastern Lau Basin. Nature Geoscience, 4, 799-806, doi:10.1038/ngeo1275.

Niua South
Vent field: Niua South
Name alias(es): Niua, Volcano "P", Tonga Arc, Volcano P
Vent site(s): Niua 2, Niua 3 (= Adelaide Spires)
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 commercial ROV
References: SRK Consulting report for Nautilus Minerals

Tonga Arc, Volcano 1
Vent field: Tonga Arc, Volcano 1
Vent site(s): Super Cool, Bubbles, Barracuda
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 with submersibles PISCES IV and PISCES V and ROV RCV-150; 2003 plume and dredge only
References: Stoffers, P. et al. (2006) Submarine volcanoes and high-temperature hydrothermal venting on the Tonga arc, southwest Pacific. Geology 34: 453-456, (plume only) G. Massoth et al. G3 8, Q11008, doi:10.1029/2007GC001675, 2007, Multiple hydrothermal sources along the south Tonga arc and Valu Fa Ridge, (plume and dredge only) cruise SS02/2003 summary

Tonga Arc, Volcano 18
Vent field: Tonga Arc, Volcano 18
Name alias(es): TA25
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 ROV MAGNUM; 2003 plume and dredge only
References: (plume only) G. Massoth et al. G3 8, Q11008, doi:10.1029/2007GC001675, 2007, Multiple hydrothermal sources along the south Tonga arc and Valu Fa Ridge, (plume and dredge only) cruise SS02/2003 summary Kim, Jonguk (2011) Exploration activities of KORDI for deep sea minerals development in the Pacific region. Presentation online, accessed 31 Oct. 2014:

Tonga Arc, Volcano 19
Vent field: Tonga Arc, Volcano 19
Name alias(es): TA26
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 with submersibles PISCES IV and PISCES V and ROV RCV-150; 2003 plume and dredge only
References: Stoffers, P. et al. (2006) Submarine volcanoes and high-temperature hydrothermal venting on the Tonga arc, southwest Pacific. Geology 34: 453-456, (plume only) G. Massoth et al. G3 8, Q11008, doi:10.1029/2007GC001675, 2007, Multiple hydrothermal sources along the south Tonga arc and Valu Fa Ridge, (plume and dredge only) cruise SS02/2003 summary

Monowai Caldera
Vent field: Monowai Caldera
Name alias(es): Orion Seamount Caldera
Vent site(s): MoC2, Mussel Ridge
National Jurisdiction: high seas
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 with submersibles PISCES IV and PISCES V and ROV RCV-150; 2004 plume only
References: New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2005 Kermadec Arc Submarine Volcanoes, NOAA VENTS Cruise Report compiled by Merle, Embley and Chadwick.

active, inferred

Stromboli
Vent field: Stromboli
Activity: active, inferred
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1969 Fe crusts only
References: (deposits only) BONATTI et al. (1972) Submarine iron deposits from the Mediterranean Sea. In: The Mediterranean Sea: a natural sedimentation laboratory, D. J. STANLEY, editor, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsberg, Penn., pp. 701-710.

Sisifo
Vent field: Sisifo
Activity: active, inferred
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 plume only
References: (plume only) Lupton, J. et al. (2011) Active hydrothermal discharge on the submarine Aeolian Arc. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116, B02102, 22 PP., doi:10.1029/2010JB007738.

Secca del Capo
Vent field: Secca del Capo
Activity: active, inferred
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1995 ROV Comex deposits only; 2007 plume only
References: (deposits only) Gamberi, F. et al. (1997) Tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal features of a submarine portion of the Aeolian arc (Tyrrhenian Sea). Marine Geology 140: 167-181., (plume only) Lupton, J. et al. (2011) Active hydrothermal discharge on the submarine Aeolian Arc. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116, B02102, 22 PP., doi:10.1029/2010JB007738.

Eolo Seamount
Vent field: Eolo Seamount
Name alias(es): Eolio, Eolo Volcano
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1976 Fe crusts only; 2007 plume only; 2011 ROV Hercules but can not confirm based on Carey et al. (2012)
References: (plume only) Lupton, J. et al. (2008) Submarine Hydrothermal Activity on the Aeolian Arc: New Evidence from Helium Isotopes. Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V11A-2001.

Krakatau
Vent field: Krakatau
Name alias(es): Sunda Strait, SS/KR, Sunda Strait/Krakatau
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 CTD/transmissometer and dredge only
References: (plume and dredge only) McConachy, T. F., H. Permana, R. A. Binns, I. Zulkarnain, J. M. Parr, C. J. Yeats, N. D. Hananto, B. Priadi, S. Burhanuddin, and E. P. Utomo (2004) Recent Investigations of Submarine Hydrothermal Activity in Indonesia. PACRIM 2004, Adelaide, SA, 19-22 September 2004, 161- 172.

Komba-ridge
Vent field: Komba-ridge
Name alias(es): Komba, KO
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 CTD temperature anomaly and dredged sulfides
References: BANDAMIN I cruise

Kos, south
Vent field: Kos, south
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1997 plume only
References: (plume only) Dando et al. (2000) Hydrothermal studies in the aegean sea. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 25: 1-8, doi:10.1016/S1464-1909(99)00112-4 .

Vent field: VC7
Name alias(es): Cone7
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 ROV Hercules
References: Nomikou, P. et al. (2012) Submarine Volcanoes of the Kolumbo volcanic zone NE of Santorini Caldera, Greece. Global and Planetary Change, 90, 135-151, doi:10.1016j.gloplacha.2012.01.001.

Myojinsho Caldera
Vent field: Myojinsho Caldera
Name alias(es): Myojinsho Knoll, Myojin-sho Caldera
Vent site(s): RisingStar
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 deposits only; 2005 plume only
References: (deposits only) Iizasa, K., et al., Mineralogy and geochemistry of volcanogenic sulfides from the Myojinsho submarine caldera, the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Izu-Ogasawara Arc, northwestern Pacific. Mar. Geol., 108, 39-58, 1992, (plume only) Okamura, K., et al (2005) Hydrothermal plumes at the Myojinsho submarine caldera, the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Izu-Bonin Arc. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #V51C-1499, Watanabe, H., pers. comm., 2009: "Dr. K. Iizasa in AIST conducted a cruise of R/V Natsushima and ROV HyperDolphin"

Nishinoshima Island
Vent field: Nishinoshima Island
Name alias(es): Nishino-shima Shintoh

Rakahore volcanic center
Vent field: Rakahore volcanic center
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 plume and dredging NZAPLUME III expedition
References: [de Ronde, C. E. J., I. C. Wright, and shipboard participants (2006), NZAPLUME III New Zealand American PLUme Mapping Expedition, cruise report, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand], Graham et al. (2008) Structure and petrology of newly discovered volcanic centers in the northern Kermadec-southern Tofua arc, South Pacific Ocean. JGR 113(B8): B08S02.1-B08S02.24.

Gamble volcanic center
Vent field: Gamble volcanic center
Vent site(s): GaV
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 plume and dredging NZAPLUME III expedition
References: [de Ronde, C. E. J., I. C. Wright, and shipboard participants (2006), NZAPLUME III New Zealand American PLUme Mapping Expedition, cruise report, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand], Graham et al. (2008) Structure and petrology of newly discovered volcanic centers in the northern Kermadec-southern Tofua arc, South Pacific Ocean. JGR 113(B8): B08S02.1-B08S02.24.

Putoto volcanic center
Vent field: Putoto volcanic center
Vent site(s): PuR1, PuC2
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 plume and dredging NZAPLUME III expedition
References: [de Ronde, C. E. J., I. C. Wright, and shipboard participants (2006), NZAPLUME III New Zealand American PLUme Mapping Expedition, cruise report, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand], Graham et al. (2008) Structure and petrology of newly discovered volcanic centers in the northern Kermadec-southern Tofua arc, South Pacific Ocean. JGR 113(B8): B08S02.1-B08S02.24.

Hinetapeka volcanic center
Vent field: Hinetapeka volcanic center
Vent site(s): HtR2, HtC3

Haungaroa
Vent field: Haungaroa
Name alias(es): Hungaroa
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 plume only
References: (plume only) C. de Ronde et al. 2007, Submarine hydrothermal activity along the mid-Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Large-scale effects on venting. G3, 8(Q07007), doi: 10.1029/2006GC001495

Kuiwai
Vent field: Kuiwai
References: (plume only) C. de Ronde et al. 2007, Submarine hydrothermal activity along the mid-Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Large-scale effects on venting. G3, 8(Q07007), doi: 10.1029/2006GC001495

Ngatoroirangi
Vent field: Ngatoroirangi
References: (plume only) C. de Ronde et al. 2007, Submarine hydrothermal activity along the mid-Kermadec Arc, New Zealand: Large-scale effects on venting. G3, 8(Q07007), doi: 10.1029/2006GC001495

Sonne
Vent field: Sonne

Kibblewhite
Vent field: Kibblewhite

Rumble II West
Vent field: Rumble II West
Name alias(es): Rumble II volcanic center, Rumble II West
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 dredging only; 1999 plume only
References: (dredge samples) I Wright et al. (1998) Discovery of hydrothermal sulfide mineralization from southern Kermadec arc volcanoes (SW Pacific). Earth Planet Sci Let. 164(1-2): 335-343, (plume only) de Ronde, CEJ et al. (2001) Intra-oceanic subduction-related hydrothermal venting, Kermadec volcanic arc, New Zealand. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193: 359-369.

Montserrat-Marie Galante fault
Vent field: Montserrat-Marie Galante fault
National Jurisdiction: France : Guadeloupe
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 plume and deposits
References: Polyak, B.G., et al. (1992) Evidence of submarine hydrothermal discharge to the northwest of Guadeloupe Island (Lesser Antilles island arc). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 54, 81-105, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90116-U.

Luzon

Bicol Arc

Bataan
Vent field: Bataan
Name alias(es): Batan
Latitude: 20
Longitude: 122
Maximum or single reported depth (m): NotProvided
Region: Luzon/Bicol Arc
National Jurisdiction: Philippines
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 or earlier some indications of activity

Leyte
Vent field: Leyte
Maximum or single reported depth (m): NotProvided
Region: Luzon/Bicol Arc
National Jurisdiction: Philippines
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 or earlier some indications of activity

W Syoyo
Vent field: W Syoyo
References: (plume only) Baker et al. (2008) Hydrothermal activity and volcano distribution along the Mariana arc, JGR, 113, B08S09, doi:10.1029/2007JB005423.

SW Syoyo
Vent field: SW Syoyo
References: (plume only) Baker et al. (2008) Hydrothermal activity and volcano distribution along the Mariana arc, JGR, 113, B08S09, doi:10.1029/2007JB005423.

Fukujin volcano
Vent field: Fukujin volcano
Name alias(es): Fukujin Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 deposits only
References: (dredge only) McMurtry, G.M., et al., Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submarine arc volcanoes: Kasuga Seamounts, Northern Mariana Arc, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 114, 517-528, 1993.

Chamorro volcano
Vent field: Chamorro volcano
Name alias(es): Chammoro, Chamorro Seamount
References: (plume only) Baker et al. (2008) Hydrothermal activity and volcano distribution along the Mariana arc, JGR, 113, B08S09, doi:10.1029/2007JB005423.

Makhahnas
Vent field: Makhahnas
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 no plume detected
References: (No plume detected) Embley, R et al (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40.

Ahyi
Vent field: Ahyi
References: (plume only): Embley, R et al (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40.

Zealandia
Vent field: Zealandia
Name alias(es): Sarigan-Zealandia Bank Multi-Volcano Complex
Vent site(s): Zealandia Bank, North Zealandia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 plume only; 2009 or earlier ROV did not confirm activity
References: (plume only) Embley, R et al (2004) Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems. EOS, Trans. AGU 85(4): 37, 40, (plume only) Baker et al. (2008) Hydrothermal activity and volcano distribution along the Mariana arc, JGR, 113, B08S09, doi:10.1029/2007JB005423.

South Sarigan Seamount
Vent field: South Sarigan Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2013 ROV HyperDolphin (did not confirm activity)
References: Tamura, Y., et al. (2013) ROV Hyper-Dolphin Survey at the May 2010 Eruption Site on South Sarigan Seamount, Mariana Arc. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2013, abstract #V31G-02., Embley, R.W., et al. 2014. Eruption of South Sarigan Seamount, Northern Mariana Islands: Insights into hazards from submarine volcanic eruptions. Oceanography 27(2):24-31, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2014.37.

NE Anatahan submarine volcano
Vent field: NE Anatahan submarine volcano
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 multibeam and sidescan sonar only
References: (Not studied for hydrothermal activity) Chadwick, W. et al. (2005) The submarine flanks of Anatahan Volcano, commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 146: 8-25.

Starfish Seamount
Vent field: Starfish Seamount
Name alias(es): Jean-Charcot Troughs, JCT, Northern Backarc Troughs, New Hebrides backarc troughs, NHBAT
Region: New Hebrides Arc
National Jurisdiction: Solomon Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 plume only; 1989 towed camera survey did not confirm activity; 2002 plume and dredge only
References: Nakada et al. (1994) High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Mar. Geol. 116: 197-213, Maillet et al., 1995. Tectonics, magmatism, and evolution of the New Hebrides backarc troughs (Southwest Pacific). pp.177-235, in Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, ed. Taylor, B., Plenum Press, New York, SOLAVENTS FR03/2002 cruise summary

seamount, Tikopia area
Vent field: seamount, Tikopia area
Name alias(es): Jean-Charcot Troughs, JCT, Northern Backarc Troughs, New Hebrides backarc troughs, NHBAT
National Jurisdiction: Vanuatu
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1991 submersible Cyana
References: Nakada et al. (1994) High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Mar. Geol. 116: 197-213, Maillet et al., 1995. Tectonics, magmatism, and evolution of the New Hebrides backarc troughs (Southwest Pacific). pp.177-235, in Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, ed. Taylor, B., Plenum Press, New York.

Kuwae submarine caldera
Vent field: Kuwae submarine caldera
National Jurisdiction: Vanuatu
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 plume and inconclusive grab samples
References: McConachy, T.F., and Binns, R., RV Franklin Cruise Summary FR08/2001, accessed 29 May 2015., [McConachy et al., CSIRO Exploration and Mining Report 881F, Final cruise report FR08-2001, 318 pp., 2001].

Gemini-Oscostar Volcanic Complex
Vent field: Gemini-Oscostar Volcanic Complex
Vent site(s): Gemini South, Oscostar (= Eastern Gemini)
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 deposits and plume; 2004 plume and sulfide samples
References: McConachy, T.F., and Binns, R., RV Franklin Cruise Summary FR08/2001, accessed 1 June 2015., Arculus, R., et al. cruise report COTROVE-2004, SS06/2004

Eva
Vent field: Eva
Name alias(es): Eva Seamount
Latitude: -22
National Jurisdiction: France : New Caledonia
References: (plume only) Arculus et al. (2008) cruise report

Daiichi-Amami knoll
Vent field: Daiichi-Amami knoll
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2013 multibeam echo sounder on S/V Takuyo and AUV Gondo
References: Minami, H. and Ohara, Y. (2014) Bathymetric survey and discovery of hydrothermal plume in the Daiichi-Amami Knoll using autonomous underwater vehicle. Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2014, abstract SCG67-P08.

Naung
Vent field: Naung
Name alias(es): Awu volcano, N
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 dredge only, 2003 CTD only
References: (dredge only) McConachy, T. et al. (2001) First Survey For Submarine Hydrothermal Vents In NE Sulawesi, Indonesia. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2001, abstract #T52A-0923., (dredge and CTD) McConachy, T. F., H. Permana, R. A. Binns, I. Zulkarnain, J. M. Parr, C. J. Yeats, N. D. Hananto, B. Priadi, S. Burhanuddin, and E. P. Utomo (2004) Recent Investigations of Submarine Hydrothermal Activity in Indonesia. PACRIM 2004, Adelaide, SA, 19-22 September 2004, 161- 172.

Kana Keoki seamount
Vent field: Kana Keoki seamount
Region: Solomons Arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 observations did not confirm activity
References: Hosoi (1994) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OCEAN RESOURCES INVESTIGATION IN THE SEA AREA OF SOPAC REPORT ON THE JOINT BASIC STUDY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES VOLUME 4, PHASE II: SEA AREA OF SOLOMON ISLANDS AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA. SOPAC Technical Report 209 (http://www.sopac.org/data/virlib/TR/TR0209.pdf)

Kavachi submarine volcano
Vent field: Kavachi submarine volcano
Region: Solomons Arc
References: (plume only) Baker et al. (2002) Observations and sampling of an ongoing subsurface eruption of Kavachi volcano, Solomon Islands, May 2000, Geology, 30 (11), 975-978.

San Cristobal arc, Target M
Vent field: San Cristobal arc, Target M
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 plume and dredge only
References: SOLAVENTS 2002 cruise report

San Cristobal arc, Target N
Vent field: San Cristobal arc, Target N
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 dredge only
References: SOLAVENTS 2002 cruise report

Douglas Strait caldera, Thule Island, South Sandwich Islands
Vent field: Douglas Strait caldera, Thule Island, South Sandwich Islands
Ocean: S. Atlantic
Region: South Sandwich Arc
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 plume only; 2008 or earlier high resolution bathymetry only
References: (plume only) JR224 cruise on RRS James Clark Ross (http://www.classroomatsea.net/JR224/diary/08-02-09.html), (high resolution bathymetry) Allen, C.S. and Smellie, J.L. (2008) Volcanic features and the hydrological setting of Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands. Antarctic Science 20:301-308, doi:10.1017/S0954102008001156.

New World Seamount
Vent field: New World Seamount
Region: Tabar-Feni Arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 or earlier (cruise FR04/00 implies that they already suspected hydrothermal activity); 1994 seamount discovered

Edison Seamount
Vent field: Edison Seamount
Vent site(s): Mussel Cliff, North Field Clam Bed, South Field Clam Bed
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 and 1998 TV grab sampling did not confirm hydrothermal activity
References: [Herzig, P.M. and M. D. Hannington (1995) Hydrothermal activity, vent fauna, and submarine gold mineralization at alkaline fore-arc seamounts near Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. Proceedings Pacific Rim Congress 1995, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 279-284].

Mata Ono
Vent field: Mata Ono
References: Baker, E.T., et al. (2010) Multiple Active Volcanoes in the Northeast Lau Basin. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #T13B-2188.

Mata Fa
Vent field: Mata Fa
References: Baker, E.T., et al. (2010) Multiple Active Volcanoes in the Northeast Lau Basin. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #T13B-2188.

Mata Taha
Vent field: Mata Taha

East Mata submarine volcano
Vent field: East Mata submarine volcano
Name alias(es): NEL10
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 plume only; 2009 plume only
References: Merle, S., et al. (2008) Northeast Lau Basin, R/V Thompson Expedition TN227, November 13-28, 2008, Apia to Apia, Western Samoa. Cruise report. Accessed 8 May 2015,

Tonga Arc, Volcano J1
Vent field: Tonga Arc, Volcano J1
References: cruise report SS11/2004

Tonga Arc, Volcano D
Vent field: Tonga Arc, Volcano D
Name alias(es): Target D
References: cruise report SS11/2004

Tonga Arc, Volcano C
Vent field: Tonga Arc, Volcano C
Name alias(es): Target C
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 SS11/2004 cruise did not detect hydrothermal activity

Tonga Arc, Volcano A
Vent field: Tonga Arc, Volcano A
Name alias(es): Target A
References: cruise report SS11/2004

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 plume and dredge only
References: (plume and dredge only) cruise SS02/2003 summary

Vent site(s): Pelorus Reef
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 plume and dredge only
References: (plume only) G. Massoth et al. G3 8, Q11008, doi:10.1029/2007GC001675, 2007, Multiple hydrothermal sources along the south Tonga arc and Valu Fa Ridge, (plume and dredge only) cruise SS02/2003 summary

Name alias(es): Twin caldera, Volcano B
References: (plume only) G. Massoth et al. G3 8, Q11008, doi:10.1029/2007GC001675, 2007, Multiple hydrothermal sources along the south Tonga arc and Valu Fa Ridge, (plume and dredge only) cruise SS02/2003 summary

References: (plume only) G. Massoth et al. G3 8, Q11008, doi:10.1029/2007GC001675, 2007, Multiple hydrothermal sources along the south Tonga arc and Valu Fa Ridge.

References: (plume only) G. Massoth et al. G3 8, Q11008, doi:10.1029/2007GC001675, 2007, Multiple hydrothermal sources along the south Tonga arc and Valu Fa Ridge, (plume and dredge only) cruise SS02/2003 summary

Monowai Cone
Vent field: Monowai Cone
Name alias(es): Orion Seamount Cone
Vent site(s): MoV
National Jurisdiction: high seas
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1998 R/V Sonne SO-135; 2004 plume only
References: Stoffers, P., et al. (1999) Cruise report Sonne 135, Havre Trough-Taupo Volcanic Zone: Tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes, Sept. 9 - Oct. 15, 1998: Berichte-Reports, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Kiel, v. Nr. 1, p. 77.

back-arc

Bransfield Strait

Hook Ridge
Vent field: Hook Ridge
Name alias(es): HR, Bransfield Strait, 62 11'S
Ocean: Southern
Tectonic setting category: back-arc spreading center
Region: Bransfield Strait
National Jurisdiction: Antarctica
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1997 hot sediment; 1995 plume only; 1999 even hotter sediment
References: (plume only) C.S. Chin, et al., Hydrothermal activity in a nascent backarc basin: the Bransfield Strait. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 77 (1996), p. F413, Klinkhammer et al. (1996) Hydrothermal and hydrographic surveys of the Bransfield Strait: Results from cruise NBP95-07. ANTARCTIC JOURNAL — REVIEW 1996: 92-94, G.P. Klinkhammer, et al., Discovery of hydrothermal vent-sites in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 80 (1999), p. F1174, Bohrmann et al. (1999) Hydrothermal activity at Hook Ridge in the Central Bransfield Basin, Antarctica. Geo-Marine Letters 18: 277-284, DOI 10.1007/s003670050080, Klinkhammer, GP et al. (2001) Discovery of new hydrothermal vent sites in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. EPSL 193(3): 395-407.

Deception Island
Vent field: Deception Island
Name alias(es): Port Foster
Vent site(s): Fumarole Bay, Telefon Bay, Pendulum Cove, Mound Zone, Stanley Patch (= Neptune submarine volcano)
Ocean: Southern
Tectonic setting category: back-arc spreading center
Region: Bransfield Strait
National Jurisdiction: Antarctica
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1995 or earlier intertidal
References: (does not confirm subtidal activity) Rey, J. et al., 1995. Tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal event sequence on Deception Island (Antarctica). Geo-Mar. Lett. 15: 1-8, doi:10.1007/BF01204491.

East Scotia Ridge

ESR, E2
Vent field: ESR, E2
Vent site(s): Anemone Field, Crab City, Dogs Head
Tectonic setting category: back-arc spreading center
Region: East Scotia Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 towed video; 1999 plume only; 2010 ROV Isis
References: (plume only) Livermore et al. (1999) JR39b: Deep-towed sonar and seismic survey on the East Scotia Ridge. InterRidge News 8(1): 34-37, (plume only) German et al, Earth and Planetary Sci. Lett., 184, 241-250, 2000, Hydrothermal plumes above the East Scotia Ridge: an isolated high-latitude back-arc spreading centre

ESR, E9
Vent field: ESR, E9
Vent site(s): Black and White, Carwash, Marshland, Marsh Towers, Twin Peaks, Windsor Castle
Ocean: Southern
Region: East Scotia Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 towed video; 1999 plume only; 2010 ROV Isis
References: (plume only) Livermore et al. (1999) JR39b: Deep-towed sonar and seismic survey on the East Scotia Ridge. InterRidge News 8(1): 34-37, (plume only) German et al, Earth and Planetary Sci. Lett., 184, 241-250, 2000, Hydrothermal plumes above the East Scotia Ridge: an isolated high-latitude back-arc spreading centre

Lau Basin

Kulo Lasi
Vent field: Kulo Lasi
Name alias(es): Kulolasi
Region: Lau Basin
National Jurisdiction: France : Wallis and Futuna
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 submersible Nautile
References: Charlou, et al. (2011) H2-rich fluids issued from the Kulo Lasi volcano, a new active hydrothermal field recently discovered in the South-West Pacific. Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract #4394., Konn et al. (2011) Discovery of new hydrothermal active fields in the South-West Pacific. Organic geochemistry of the fluids. Goldschmidt Conference 2011, abstract #4140.

Volcano O
Vent field: Volcano O
Name alias(es): Niuatahi, Niua Tahi, Caldera "O", Target "O", Tunu-Sosisi, NEL6, NELCO, Northeast Caldera, North East Lau Caldera, MTJ-1 caldera
Vent site(s): Pia, Sosisi, Tunu, Motutahi
Max. Temp. (C) or High/Low: High
Region: Lau Basin
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 ROV Jason II; 2003 plume only; 2004 dredging (SS11/2004 cruise); 2005 plume only; 2008 commercial ROV (report does not confirm activity)
References: cruise report NoToVE-2004, SS11/2004, accessed 28 May 2015, (plume only) Kim, J. et al. (2009) Venting sites along the Fonualei and Northeast Lau Spreading Centers and evidence of hydrothermal activity at an off-axis caldera in the northeastern Lau Basin. Geochemical Journal 43: 1-13, (deposits only) accessed 28 May 2015: Tunu-Sosisi SMS, SRK Consulting report for Nautilus Minerals, accessed 28 May 2015, Resing, J. A., et al. (2010) Hydrothermal Activity and its Chemical Characteristics in the NE Lau Basin. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #T13B-2187.

Tafu
Vent field: Tafu
Region: Lau Basin
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 or 2009 commercial ROV; 2008 plume only; 2009 ROV Jason II
References: Merle, S., et al. (2008) Northeast Lau Basin, R/V Thompson Expedition TN227, November 13-28, 2008, Apia to Apia, Western Samoa. Cruise report. Accessed 8 May 2015, Resing, J. et al. (2010) Hydrothermal Activity and its Chemical Characteristics in the NE Lau Basin. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #T13B-2187.

Maka
Vent field: Maka
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 commercial ROV; 2004 plume only; 2006 plume and chimney samples
References: SRK Consulting report for Nautilus Minerals (plume only): German, C. et al. (2006) Hydrothermal exploration of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center and the Northeast Lau Spreading Center. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, 2006GC001324, (plume and chimney samples) Kim, J. et al. (2009) Venting sites along the Fonualei and Northeast Lau Spreading Centers and evidence of hydrothermal activity at an off-axis caldera in the northeastern Lau Basin. Geochemical Journal 43: 1-13.

FRSC, Fonualei South
Vent field: FRSC, Fonualei South
Name alias(es): Fonualei South, South Fonualei
Vent site(s): Laloa Kakai (= Loloa Kakai)
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 ROV Quest 4000
References: 2012 cruise report, accessed 6 May 2015:

CLSC, A3
Vent field: CLSC, A3
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 submersible Mir
References: [Lisitsyn et al., International Geology Review, 34, 828-847, 1992, HYDROTHERMAL FORMATIONS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE LAU BASIN, PACIFIC OCEAN, Falloon et al. (1992) Petrology and geochemistry of back-arc basin basalts from Lau Basin spreading ridges at 15°, 18° and 19°S. Mineralogy and Petrology 47: 1-35.]

Kilo Moana
Vent field: Kilo Moana
Name alias(es): plume 24, N-ELSC
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 AUV ABE; 2004 plume only on previous cruise
References: Wiens, D., et al. (2005) Status report on the Lau Basin ISS. Ridge 2000 Newsletter, Spring 2005: 11-13, (plume only): Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin, German, CR et al. (2008) Hydrothermal exploration with the Autonomous Benthic Explorer. DSR I 55: 203-219.

Tow Cam
Vent field: Tow Cam
Name alias(es): TowCam, plume 23, N-ELSC
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 AUV ABE; 2004 plume only on previous cruise
References: Wiens, D., et al. (2005) Status report on the Lau Basin ISS. Ridge 2000 Newsletter, Spring 2005: 11-13, (plume only): Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

CDE
Vent field: CDE
Name alias(es): COMRA Discovery Expedition, Tahi Moana 1, CELSC Plume 12, plume 21, C-ELSC
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 towed video camera; 2004 plume only; 2008 commercial ROV
References: Zhou and Yang (2008) Microbiological Oxidation Of Sulfide Chimney Promoted By Warm Diffusing Flow In CDE Hydrothermal Field In Eastern Lau Spreading Center. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008, abstract #B51D-0405, Zhou, H. (2008) Discovery of new hydrothermal fields in Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Lau Basin. Ridge 2000 Program Abstract Volume, Portland Workshop, March 2008, (plume only): Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

ABE
Vent field: ABE
Name alias(es): Abe, plume 20, C-ELSC
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 AUV ABE; 2004 plume only on previous cruise
References: Wiens, D., et al. (2005) Status report on the Lau Basin ISS. Ridge 2000 Newsletter, Spring 2005: 11-13, (plume only) Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

Tahi Moana 2
Vent field: Tahi Moana 2
Name alias(es): plume 11, VFR
Vent site(s): North Valu Fa Ridge Site 2 (= NVFR_2), North Valu Fa Ridge Site 3 (= NVFR_3)
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 submersible Nautile (need reference to check if activity confirmed); 2004 plume only; 2008 commercial ROV (report does not confirm activity)
References: (plume only) Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

White Church
Vent field: White Church
Name alias(es): North Valu Fa Ridge Site 1, plume 10, VFR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 submersible Nautile; 2004 plume survey
References: Fouquet, Y., et al. (1991) Hydrothermal activity in the Lau back-arc basin: sulfides and water chemistry. Geology 19: 303-306.

Tu'i Malila
Vent field: Tu'i Malila
Name alias(es): Tui Malila
Vent site(s): Mothership, St. James Spire
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 ROV Jason II; 2004 plume only
References: Tivey, M. K., et al., and the TUIM05MV Scientific Party (2005), Characterization of six vent fields within the Lau Basin, Eos Trans. AGU, 86(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T31A-0477.

TELVE
Vent field: TELVE
Name alias(es): Telve, Tahi Moana 4, plume 8, VFR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 commercial ROV; 2003 plume only
References: SRK Consulting report for Nautilus Minerals (plume only) Baker, E.T. et al. (2005) Hydrothermal activity on near-arc sections of back-arc ridges: results from the Mariana Trough and Lau Basin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6: Q09001, doi:10.1029/2005GC000948, (plume only) cruise SS02/2003 summary

Mariner
Vent field: Mariner
Name alias(es): plume 7, VFR
Vent site(s): Pisa Chimney, Snow Chimney, Crab Restaurant Chimney
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 plume and camera tow; 2004 submersible Shinkai 6500
References: cruise SS02/2003 summary Ishibashi et al. (2006) Expedition reveals changes in Lau Basin hydrothermal system, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(2), 13, doi:10.1029/2006EO020001.

Vai Lili
Vent field: Vai Lili
Name alias(es): plume 6, VFR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 submersible Nautile
References: JL Charlou et al. (1990) Hydrothermal activity in the Lau back arc basin: Plumes and hot fluids chemistry. AAPG Bulletin (American Association of Petroleum Geologists) 74: 6, Fouquet et al., Nature, 349, 778-781, 1991, Hydrothermal activity and metallogenesis in the Lau back-arc basin, Fouquet, Y., et al. (1991) Hydrothermal activity in the Lau back-arc basin: sulfides and water chemistry. Geology 19: 303-306.

Si'iSi'i
Vent field: Si'iSi'i
Name alias(es): Si'i Si'i, Tahi Moana 6, plume 5, VFR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 commercial ROV; 2003 plume only
References: SRK Consulting report for Nautilus Minerals Nautilus Minerals press release Feb. 2009 (plume only) Baker, E.T. et al. (2005) Hydrothermal activity on near-arc sections of back-arc ridges: results from the Mariana Trough and Lau Basin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6: Q09001, doi:10.1029/2005GC000948.

Misiteli
Vent field: Misiteli
Name alias(es): Misitelli, Tahi Moana 5, VFR Plume 042, plume 2, VFR
Vent site(s): Tahi Moana 3, Tahi Moana 5
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 commercial ROV; 2003 plume only
References: SRK Consulting report for Nautilus Minerals (plume only) Baker, E.T. et al. (2005) Hydrothermal activity on near-arc sections of back-arc ridges: results from the Mariana Trough and Lau Basin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6: Q09001, doi:10.1029/2005GC000948.

Hine Hina
Vent field: Hine Hina
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 submersible Nautile
References: Fouquet, Y., et al. (1991) Hydrothermal activity in the Lau back-arc basin: sulfides and water chemistry. Geology 19: 303-306.

Manus Basin

Solwara 17
Vent field: Solwara 17
Region: Manus Basin
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 commercial ROV Fugro FV300; 2008 plumes with some sites subsequently observed with ROV
References: Nautilus Minerals press release, January 14, 2010., (plumes and unspecified sites observed with ROV): Massoth, G. et al. (2008) Regional Venting in the Manus Basin, New Britain Back Arc. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract V41B-2074.

Solwara 11
Vent field: Solwara 11
Region: Manus Basin
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 commercial ROV; 2000 submersible Nautile did not confirm activity
References: Nautilus Minerals press release (2008), (plumes and unspecified sites observed with ROV): Massoth, G. et al. (2008) Regional Venting in the Manus Basin, New Britain Back Arc. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract V41B-2074., (inactive only) Auzende et al. (2000) The eastern and western tips of Manus Basin (Papua, New Guinea) explored by submersible MANAUTE cruise. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Series IIA Earth and Planetary Science, Volume 331, Number 2, pp. 119-126.

Vienna Woods
Vent field: Vienna Woods
Name alias(es): Solwara 2
Vent site(s): Tufar 2 (= Solwara 2), Tufar 3 (= Solwara 3)
Region: Manus Basin
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 TV-grab (also same year, sampled by submersible Mir); 1985 (or 1986) camera tow vent fauna and inactive chimneys
References: [Note: Both et al. (1986) often cited as first discovery of active hydrothermalism in western Pacific back-arc basins] Both et al. (1986) Hydrothermal chimneys and associated fauna in the Manus back-arc basin, papua New Guinea. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 67: 489-490, Tufar et al. (1990) Modern Hydrothermal Activity, Formation of Complex Massive Sulfide Deposits and Associated Vent Communities in the Manus Back-Arc Basin (Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea). Mitt, österr. geol. Ges. 82: 183-210.

Vienna Woods, Hydrothermal Field 4
Vent field: Vienna Woods, Hydrothermal Field 4
Name alias(es): Solwara 15
Vent site(s): Tufar 4, Solwara 10, Solwara 14, Solwara 15
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 TV-grab
References: Tufar et al. (1990) Modern Hydrothermal Activity, Formation of Complex Massive Sulfide Deposits and Associated Vent Communities in the Manus Back-Arc Basin (Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea). Mitt, österr. geol. Ges. 82: 183-210.

NE Pual
Vent field: NE Pual
Name alias(es): Northeast Pual
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2006 ROV Jason II
References: cruise report:

DESMOS Cauldron
Vent field: DESMOS Cauldron
Name alias(es): Desmos, Desmos Cauldron
Vent site(s): Genge-ba, Onsen
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 deep-sea monitoring system (DESMOS) video and still cameras
References: Gamo et al., Hydrothermal plumes in the eastern Manus Basin, Bismarck Sea: CH4, Mn, Al, and pH anomalies, Deep-Sea Res., 40, 2335-2349, 1993.

PACMANUS field
Vent field: PACMANUS field
Name alias(es): Pacmanus, Solwara 4
Vent site(s): Field D (contains Kai Kai and Mont Blanc), Field E, Field F (contains Chimney Forest), Field G [contains Solwara 4f (= Tsukushi)], Solwara 4a (= Rogers Ruins), Solwara 4b (= Roman Ruins), Solwara 4c (= Satanic Mills), Solwara 4d (= Snowcap), Solwara 4e (= Fenway), Solwara 6, Solwara 7, Solwara 8
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1991 deep-tow camera and video; 1995 submersible Shinkai 6500
References: [BINNS R. A., et al. (1991) Discovery of active hydrothermal sulfide deposition associated with submarine felsic volcanism, Pual Ridge, Eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Abstract for 11AGC], G. Wheller et al. (1992) The PACMANUS/PACLARK Program: Search for modern “Kuroko-Typeâ€ analogues in the SW Pacific. InterRidge News 1: 7-9.

Solwara 13
Vent field: Solwara 13
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 commercial ROV Fugro FV300; 1993 plume only
References: Nautilus Minerals press release Nov. 2009 (plume only) 1993 PACMANUS II cruise

SuSu Knolls
Vent field: SuSu Knolls
Name alias(es): Susu Knolls, Solwara 1
Vent site(s): North Su, South Su, Suzette (= Solwara 1), Solwara 5, Solwara 9a, Solwara 9b, Sulfur Candles (at North Su)
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 towed camera/video; 1993 plume only
References: PACMANUS III cruise summary [Binns, R.A., et al. (1997) The SuSu Knolls hydrothermal field, eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Eos, 78: F772].

Mariana Trough

Alice Springs Field
Vent field: Alice Springs Field
Vent site(s): Anemone Heaven, Snail Pits
Region: Mariana Trough
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 submersible Alvin; 1982 plume only
References: [Craig, H. et al. (1987) Hydrothermal vents in the Mariana Trough: results of the first Alvin dives. EOS Trans. AGU 68: 1531 (AGU Fall Meeting abstract)].

Mariana Trough, unnamed
Vent field: Mariana Trough, unnamed
Region: Mariana Trough
References: Hawkins et al., Earth Plant. Sci. Lett., 100, 226-250, 1990, Petrology of the axial ridge of the Mariana Trough backarc spreading center.

Mariana Mounds
Vent field: Mariana Mounds
Name alias(es): Marianas Mounds
Region: Mariana Trough
References: [Leinen et al. (1987) Off-axis hydrothermal activity in the Mariana Mounds field, EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 68 (1987), p. 1531].

13 N Ridge Site
Vent field: 13 N Ridge Site
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 deep-tow camera
References: [Mitsuzawa et al. (2000) Preliminary report of Deep-Tow/Yokosuka Cruise at hydrothermal areas in the Mid and Southern Mariana. JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res. 17: 73-87 (in Japanese with English abstract)].

Snail
Vent field: Snail
Name alias(es): Fryer, South Backarc
Vent site(s): Snail (= Fryer), Y (= Yamanaka)
References: Wheat, C. G., et al. (2003), Hydrothermal venting in the southernmost portion of the Mariana backarc spreading center at 12°57′N, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V32A-0920, (plume only) Baker, E.T. et al. (2005) Hydrothermal activity on near-arc sections of back-arc ridges: results from the Mariana Trough and Lau Basin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6: Q09001, doi:10.1029/2005GC000948.

Pika
Vent field: Pika
Vent site(s): Archaean (= Archean), Pika, Urashima
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 submersible Shinkai 6500; 2003 plume only
References: Ishibashi, et al. (2004) Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids in South Mariana Backarc Spreading Center. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #V44A-05, (plume only) Baker, E.T. et al. (2005) Hydrothermal activity on near-arc sections of back-arc ridges: results from the Mariana Trough and Lau Basin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6: Q09001, doi:10.1029/2005GC000948.

New Hebrides back-arc

Temakons
Vent field: Temakons
Name alias(es): 94SO1
Region: New Hebrides back-arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 towed camera with temperature
References: [JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), MMAJ (Metal Mining Agency of Japan), and SOPAC (South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission), 1995, South Pacific seafloor atlas: Japan-SOPAC cooperative study on deep sea mineral resources in the southwest Pacific 1985–1994: JICA Report no. 95-063, 24 p.], Iizasa et al., 1998, Hydrothermal sulfide-bearing Fe-Si oxyhydroxide deposits from the Coriolis Troughs, Vanuatu backarc, southwestern Pacific: Marine Geology, 145: 1-21.

Nifonea Ridge
Vent field: Nifonea Ridge
Region: New Hebrides back-arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 towed video; 2013 ROV Kiel 6000 black smokers
References: McConachy, T.F., et al., 2001, Final cruise report FR08-2001, in Yeats, C.J., ed., VAVE-2001, Vanuatu Australia Vents Expedition aboard the RV Franklin 5–25 September 2001: Sydney, Australia, CSIRO Exploration and Mining Report, v. 881Fp. 318., McConacchy et al., Geology, 33, 61-64, 2005, New hydrothermal activity and alkalic volcanism in the backarc Coriolis Troughs, Vanuatu.

North Fiji Basin

Sonne 99
Vent field: Sonne 99
Name alias(es): SONNE 99, Sonne99, SO-99, SO99, SO 99, Station 4, Triple Junction
Vent site(s): Corner Mound, Yogi Mound
Region: North Fiji Basin
National Jurisdiction: Fiji
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1995 deep tow video and TV-grab
References: P Halbach et al., HYFIFLUX Cruise: German-French cooperation for the study of hydrothermalism and related tectonism, magmatism and biology of the active ridges of the North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific) InterRidge News, 4(1), 37-43, 1995.

White Lady
Vent field: White Lady
Name alias(es): 17 S active site, Station 4, Triple Junction
Vent site(s): Kaiyo, LHOS, Mussel Hill (= MH), STARMER II, White Lady
Region: North Fiji Basin
National Jurisdiction: Fiji
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 towed camera and plume; 1989 submersible Nautile
References: J-M Auzende et al. (1991) In situ geological and geochemical study of an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geol. 98: 259-269.

Mussel Valley
Vent field: Mussel Valley
Name alias(es): Station 14, 1987 megaplume
Region: North Fiji Basin
National Jurisdiction: Fiji
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 submersible Nautile; 1987 plume; 1988 towed camera did not confirm activity
References: (Plume only) Nojiri, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kawai, T., Otsuki, A. and Sakai, H., 1989. Hydrothermal plumes along the North-Fiji Basin spreading axis. Nature, 342(6250): 667-670, J-M Auzende et al. (1991) In situ geological and geochemical study of an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geol. 98: 259-269.

Okinawa Trough

Minami-Ensei Knoll
Vent field: Minami-Ensei Knoll
Name alias(es): Minami-Ensei Knolls
Vent site(s): Taimatsu Chimney, Yajiri Chimney, Yunoi Chimney
Region: Okinawa Trough
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 deep tow TV surveys followed by submersible Shinkai 2000; 1986 dredged Calyptogena shells
References: [Chiba, et al. (1992) Chemistry and isotopic composition of bubbles emerging from the seafloor at the Minami-Ensei Knoll, Okinawa Trough. JAMSTECTR Deepsea Res., 8, 81-87 (in Japanese with English abst.)].

North Knoll, Iheya Ridge
Vent field: North Knoll, Iheya Ridge
Name alias(es): North Iheya Ridge, Iheya North, North-Iheya, Kita-Iheya, Iheya North Original
Vent site(s): Iheya North Original [contains North Big Chimney (= NBC, C0016), South Big Chimney (= SBC)], Iheya North Natsu (contains Yarigatake Chimney), Iheya North Aki (contains Ikinari Chimney, Furikaeri Chimney, Table Mountain, Kagamimochi)
Region: Okinawa Trough
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1995 deep tow survey
References: [Chiba et al. (1996) Seafloor hydrothermal systems at North Knoll, Iheya Ridge, Okinawa Trough. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research 12: 211-219].

Natsushima 84-1 Knoll
Vent field: Natsushima 84-1 Knoll
Region: Okinawa Trough
References: [Kimura, et al. (1987) Submersible SHINKAI 2000 study on the central rift in the middle Okinawa Trough. JAMSTEC Tech. Rep. Spec. Issue 165-196 (in Japanese with English abstract), Kimura et al. (1988) Active hydrothermal mounds in the Okinawa Trough backarc basin, Japan. Tectonophysics 145: 319-324].

Iheya Ridge
Vent field: Iheya Ridge
Name alias(es): Iheya Small Ridge
Vent site(s): Clam field (= Clam Site) (includes Calyptogena site and Pyramid chimney)
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 submersible Shinkai 2000; 1987 plume only
References: [Tanaka et al. (1989) Shinkai 2000 diving surveys in the east of Iheya Small Ridge of the central Okinawa Trough. JAMSTECR Deep-Sea Res. 267-281 (in Japanese with English abstract)], (plume only) Ishibashi et al. (1988) Geochemical evidence for hydrothermal activity in the Okinawa Trough. Geochemical Journal 22: 107-114.

Yoron Hole
Vent field: Yoron Hole
Name alias(es): Yoron Knoll, NE-Izena
Vent site(s): Achijah, Heajah, Deeji
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 ROV Hyperdolphin
References: Fukuba, T., et al. (2015) The Yoron Hole: The Shallowest Hydrothermal System in the Okinawa Trough. pp. 489-492 in Ishibashi, J. et al. (eds) Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_38.

Izena Cauldron
Vent field: Izena Cauldron
Name alias(es): Izena Hole
Vent site(s): Jade (includes TBS Chimney), Hakurei (includes Dragon Chimney)
References: Halbach et al. (1989) Probable modern analogue of Kuroko-type massive sulphide deposits in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin. Nature 338: 496-499.

Irabu Knoll
Vent field: Irabu Knoll
Name alias(es): Yaeyama Graben, East Yaeyama Graben
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 submersible Shinkai 6500; 1986 seafloor photos did not confirm activity
References: Matsumoto et al. (2001) Volcanic and hydrothermal activities and possible "segmentation" of the axial rifting in the westernmost part of the Okinawa Trough. Preliminary results from the YOKOSUKA/SHINKAI 6500 Lequios Cruise. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research 19: 95-107, (photos only) [KATSURA T., et al. (1986) Geological and geophysical characteristics of the southwestern Okinawa Trough and adjacent area. Report of Hydrographic Researches, 21, 21-47 (In Japanese with English abstract)].

Tarama Knoll
Vent field: Tarama Knoll
Vent site(s): Fox site
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 ROV HyperDolphin
References: Yamanaka, T., et al. (2015) The Tarama Knoll: Geochemical and Biological Profiles of Hydrothermal Activity. pp. 497-504 in Ishibashi, J. et al. (eds) Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems. Springer Japan. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_40.

SPOT, Hatoma Knoll
Vent field: SPOT, Hatoma Knoll
Vent site(s): Big Chimney, Blue Smoker
References: [K. Fujikura et al. (2001) Report on the investigation of hydrothermal vent ecosystems by the crewed submersible ‘Shinkai 2000’ on the Dai-yon (No. 4) Yonaguni Knoll and the Hatoma Knoll, the Okinawa Trough. JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res. 19: 141-154 (in Japanese with English abstract)], Lee, C.-S. (1999) Active collision and backarc extension in the southernmost part of the Okinawa Trough. EOS, American Geophysical Union Transactions, 80, 46, AGU Fall Meeting abstract #T51B-06.

SPOT, Yonaguni Knoll IV
Vent field: SPOT, Yonaguni Knoll IV
Name alias(es): Dai-Yon no. 4
Vent site(s): Lion, Crystal, Tiger, Mosquito
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 submersibles Shinkai 2000 and Shinkai 6500
References: [Fujikura, K. et al., Report on the investigation of hydrothermal vent ecosystems by the crewed submersible ‘Shinkai 2000’ on the Dai-yon (No. 4) Yonaguni Knoll and the Hatoma Knoll, the Okinawa Trough. JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res. 19 (2001), pp. 141-154 (in Japanese with English abstract)], Matsumoto et al. (2001) Volcanic and hydrothermal activities and possible "segmentation" of the axial rifting in the westernmost part of the Okinawa Trough. Preliminary results from the YOKOSUKA/SHINKAI 6500 Lequios Cruise. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research 19: 95-107., Lee, C.-S. (1999) Active collision and backarc extension in the southernmost part of the Okinawa Trough. EOS, American Geophysical Union Transactions, 80, 46, AGU Fall Meeting abstract #T51B-06.

Kueishan Island
Vent field: Kueishan Island
Name alias(es): Kueishantao islet, Turtle Island, Tashi fishing grounds, Gueishandao, Gueshandao Island
National Jurisdiction: Taiwan
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1999, likely by SCUBA
References: [Jeng, M. S. (2000) Nat. World 68, 38-45 (in Chinese), Song, S. R., & Yang, C. Y. (2000) Nat. World 68, 14-19]

Kueishan Island, offshore
Vent field: Kueishan Island, offshore
Name alias(es): Gueishandao
National Jurisdiction: Taiwan
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 or earlier

Taupo Volcanic Zone

White Island
Vent field: White Island
Region: Taupo Volcanic Zone
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 or earlier, likely SCUBA

Calypso Vents
Vent field: Calypso Vents
Vent site(s): Calypso Vents (= Northern Vent Area), Whakatane Graben
Region: Taupo Volcanic Zone
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 submersible Soucoup
References: (bubbles only) Duncan and Pantin (1969) EVIDENCE FOR SUBMARINE GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN THE BAY OF PLENTY. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res. 3: 602-6, Sarano, P., et al., 1989, Preliminary observations of submarine geothermal activity in the vicinity of White Island volcano, Taupo Volcanic zone: New Zealand: Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, v. 19, p. 449–459, Stoffers et al., 1999, Longitudinal transect of the Kermadec-Havre Arc-Back-Arc System: Initial results of R/V Sonne Cruise SO-135, InterRidge News 8(1), 45-50.

Whale Island
Vent field: Whale Island
Name alias(es): Moutohora Island
Vent site(s): MacEwans Bight (= McEwans Bay), Sulphur Bay (= Sulfur Bight)
Region: Taupo Volcanic Zone
References: (bubbles only) Duncan and Pantin (1969) EVIDENCE FOR SUBMARINE GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN THE BAY OF PLENTY. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res. 3: 602-6.

Tyrrhenian Back-Arc Basin, Tyrrhenian Sea

Marsili
Vent field: Marsili
Name alias(es): Marsili volcanic complex, Marsili Seamount
Region: Tyrrhenian Back-Arc Basin, Tyrrhenian Sea
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2006 ROV Cherokee; 1989 shimmering water but did not confirm activity
References: Petersen et al. (2008) Drilling submarine hydrothermal systems in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. InterRidge News 17: 21-23., Uchupi & Ballard (1989) Evidence of hydrothermal activity on Marsili Seamount, Tyrrhenian Basin. Deep Sea Research Part A 36: 1443-1448., [Savelli, 1992, Il rifting del vulcano Marsili (Mar Tirreno): aspetti morfo-tettonici osservati da bordo del sottomarino ‘MIR 2’, G. Geol. 54 (1992), pp. 215–227.]

Woodlark Basin

Franklin Seamount
Vent field: Franklin Seamount
Vent site(s): Beaujolais, Chablis
Region: Woodlark Basin
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 submersible Mir
References: [Lisitsyn et al. (1991) ACTIVE HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY AT FRANKLIN SEAMOUNT, WESTERN WOODLARK SEA (PAPUA NEW GUINEA). International Geology Review 33: 914 - 929, Binns et al., Econ. Geol., 88, 2122-2153, 1993, Hydrothermal oxide and gold-rich sulfate deposits of Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea].

Andaman Basin

Central Andaman Trough, rift valley, dredges 9 and 10
Vent field: Central Andaman Trough, rift valley, dredges 9 and 10
Ocean: Indian
Region: Andaman Basin
National Jurisdiction: India : Andaman and Nicobar
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 deposits only
References: (deposits only) P S Rao, K A K Raju, T Ramprasad, B N Nath, B R Rao, C M Rao, R R Nair (1996) Evidence for hydrothermal activity in the Andaman Backarc Basin. Current Science 70: 379-385.

Central Andaman Trough, seamount crater, dredge 6
Vent field: Central Andaman Trough, seamount crater, dredge 6
Latitude: 10
Ocean: Indian
Region: Andaman Basin
National Jurisdiction: India : Andaman and Nicobar
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 deposits only
References: (deposits only) P S Rao, K A K Raju, T Ramprasad, B N Nath, B R Rao, C M Rao, R R Nair (1996) Evidence for hydrothermal activity in the Andaman Backarc Basin. Current Science 70: 379-385.

Three Sisters, Middle Sister
Vent field: Three Sisters, Middle Sister
Name alias(es): Middle Sister Ridge, MS
Region: Bransfield Strait
National Jurisdiction: Antarctica
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1995 plume only; 1999 still had no visual confirmation
References: (plume only) C.S. Chin, et al., Hydrothermal activity in a nascent backarc basin: the Bransfield Strait. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 77 (1996), p. F413, Klinkhammer et al. (1996) Hydrothermal and hydrographic surveys of the Bransfield Strait: Results from cruise NBP95-07. ANTARCTIC JOURNAL — REVIEW 1996: 92-94, G.P. Klinkhammer, et al., Discovery of hydrothermal vent-sites in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 80 (1999), p. F1174, Klinkhammer, GP et al. (2001) Discovery of new hydrothermal vent sites in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. EPSL 193(3): 395-407.

Little Volcano
Vent field: Little Volcano
References: Klinkhammer et al. (1996) Hydrothermal and hydrographic surveys of the Bransfield Strait: Results from cruise NBP95-07. ANTARCTIC JOURNAL — REVIEW 1996: 92-94.

ESR, E5
Vent field: ESR, E5
Region: East Scotia Ridge
References: (plume only) Livermore et al. (1999) JR39b: Deep-towed sonar and seismic survey on the East Scotia Ridge. InterRidge News 8(1): 34-37.

Izu-Bonin back-arc

Bayonnaise Knoll caldera
Vent field: Bayonnaise Knoll caldera
Vent site(s): Hakurei ore deposit (= Hakurei site)
Region: Izu-Bonin back-arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 temperature anomalies, but camera survey observed inactive vent deposits
References: [Iizasa, K et al (2004) A first extensive hydrothermal field associated with Kuroko-type deposit in a Silicic Submarine caldera in a Nascent Rift Zone, Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) arc, Japan. OCEANS'04 MTTS/IEEE: 991-996], [Tomizawa, N et al (2004) Exploration for a hydrothermal sulfide deposit in a submarine caldera, Izu-Ogasawara arc. OCEANS'04 MTTS/IEEE: 997-1003], [Tanahashi, M et al (2006) A large hydrothermal sulfide deposit discovered in the Bayonnaise knoll, Izu-Bonin back-arc rift. Shigen Chishitsu 56: 185-196 (Japanese)], Watanabe, H., pers. comm., 2009: "Dr. K. Iizasa in AIST conducted a cruise of R/V Natsushima and ROV HyperDolphin"

Sumisu Rift
Vent field: Sumisu Rift
Name alias(es): Sumizu Rift
Region: Izu-Bonin back-arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 submersible Alvin inactive chimneys only
References: (inactive chimneys only): Urabe & Kusakabe, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 100, 283-290, 1990, Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc: possible analog to hematitic chert associated with Kuroko deposits, Taylor et al. (1990) Alvin-SeaBeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 100: 127-147.

NELSC, t08c12
Vent field: NELSC, t08c12
References: Merle, S., et al. (2008) Northeast Lau Basin, R/V Thompson Expedition TN227, November 13-28, 2008, Apia to Apia, Western Samoa. Cruise report. Accessed 8 May 2015,

Tahi Moana 7
Vent field: Tahi Moana 7
Name alias(es): North East Lau 5 Target, NEL5
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 plume only; 2008 plume only; 2009 video camera tow (activity not confirmed)
References: (plume only - associated with Maka) German, C. et al. (2006) Hydrothermal exploration of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center and the Northeast Lau Spreading Center. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, 2006GC001324, Crowhurst et al. (2009) Discovery of new hydrothermal venting sites in the Lau Basin, Tonga Back-Arc. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS13A-1180.

Lobster
Vent field: Lobster
Name alias(es): Rochambeau Rifts, RR, Niuafo’ou Spreading Center, NSC, Lobster Caldera
References: Arculus et al. (2008) cruise SS07/2008 report, accessed 27 May 2015, Lupton, J. E., R. J. Arculus, J. Resing, G. J. Massoth, R. R. Greene, L. J. Evans, and N. Buck (2012), Hydrothermal activity in the Northwest Lau Backarc Basin: Evidence from water column measurements, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q0AF04, doi:10.1029/2011GC003891.

MTJ, PAPATUA
Vent field: MTJ, PAPATUA
Name alias(es): Mangatolu Triple Junction, Kings Triple Junction
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 PAPATUA Expedition deposits only; 2008 plume only
References: Hawkins, J. (1986) "Black smoker" vent chimneys. Eos, Trans. AGU, 67(17): 430, accessed 5 May 2015: [Lisitsyn et al., International Geology Review, 34, 828-847, 1992, HYDROTHERMAL FORMATIONS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE LAU BASIN, PACIFIC OCEAN.]

Dugong submarine volcano
Vent field: Dugong submarine volcano
References: Arculus et al. (2008) cruise SS07/2008 report, accessed 27 May 2015., Lupton, J. E., R. J. Arculus, J. Resing, G. J. Massoth, R. R. Greene, L. J. Evans, and N. Buck (2012), Hydrothermal activity in the Northwest Lau Backarc Basin: Evidence from water column measurements, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q0AF04, doi:10.1029/2011GC003891.

MTJ, t08c05
Vent field: MTJ, t08c05

Vent field: MTJ, t08c03, 15.63 S

Vent field: MTJ, t08c03, 15.72 S

Vent field: MTJ, t08c03, 15.78 S

NWLSC, Central Caldera
Vent field: NWLSC, Central Caldera
Name alias(es): Northwest Lau Spreading Center, northern caldera, NWLSC
References: Arculus et al. (2008) cruise report Lupton, J. E., R. J. Arculus, J. Resing, G. J. Massoth, R. R. Greene, L. J. Evans, and N. Buck (2012), Hydrothermal activity in the Northwest Lau Backarc Basin: Evidence from water column measurements, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q0AF04, doi:10.1029/2011GC003891.

MTJ, t08c02
Vent field: MTJ, t08c02

NWLSC, Southern Caldera
Vent field: NWLSC, Southern Caldera
National Jurisdiction: France : Wallis and Futuna
References: Lupton, J. E., R. J. Arculus, J. Resing, G. J. Massoth, R. R. Greene, L. J. Evans, and N. Buck (2012), Hydrothermal activity in the Northwest Lau Backarc Basin: Evidence from water column measurements, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q0AF04, doi:10.1029/2011GC003891.

MTJ, t08c01
Vent field: MTJ, t08c01

FRSC, Central
Vent field: FRSC, Central
Name alias(es): Central Fonualei plume region, DR59
References: (plume only) German, C. et al. (2006) Hydrothermal exploration of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center and the Northeast Lau Spreading Center. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, 2006GC001324.

FRSC, South Central
Vent field: FRSC, South Central
Name alias(es): South Central Fonualei, FRSC_2, FRSC02
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 plume only; 2006 plume and chimney samples; 2009 camera tow and sampling (activity not confirmed)
References: (plume only) German, C. et al. (2006) Hydrothermal exploration of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center and the Northeast Lau Spreading Center. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, 2006GC001324, (plume and chimney samples) Kim, J. et al. (2009) Venting sites along the Fonualei and Northeast Lau Spreading Centers and evidence of hydrothermal activity at an off-axis caldera in the northeastern Lau Basin. Geochemical Journal 43: 1-13, cruise SS02/2009 summary

Peggy Ridge
Vent field: Peggy Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1975 or earlier rock samples only; inactive in systematic survey on Arculus cruise SS07/2008
References: [(deposit only) Bertine & Keene, Science, 188, 150-152, 1975].

FRSC, RC 129 and CTD 24 plume sites
Vent field: FRSC, RC 129 and CTD 24 plume sites
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 plume only; 2004 dredging
References: (plume only) German, C. et al. (2006) Hydrothermal exploration of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center and the Northeast Lau Spreading Center. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, 2006GC001324, (plume and dredging only) cruise report NoToVE-2004, SS11/2004

CLSC, plumes on CL1
Vent field: CLSC, plumes on CL1
References: Cruise SS02/2009: Hydrothermal plume and structural geology mapping in the Tonga/Fiji region Crowhurst et al. (2009) Discovery of new hydrothermal venting sites in the Lau Basin, Tonga Back-Arc. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS13A-1180.

CLSC, CL_8
Vent field: CLSC, CL_8
References: Cruise SS02/2009: Hydrothermal plume and structural geology mapping in the Tonga/Fiji region Crowhurst et al. (2009) Discovery of new hydrothermal venting sites in the Lau Basin, Tonga Back-Arc. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS13A-1180.

CLSC, CL_7
Vent field: CLSC, CL_7
References: Cruise SS02/2009: Hydrothermal plume and structural geology mapping in the Tonga/Fiji region Crowhurst et al. (2009) Discovery of new hydrothermal venting sites in the Lau Basin, Tonga Back-Arc. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS13A-1180.

CLSC, northern plumes on CL6
Vent field: CLSC, northern plumes on CL6

CLSC, southern plumes on CL6
Vent field: CLSC, southern plumes on CL6

N-ELSC, plume 29
Vent field: N-ELSC, plume 29
References: (plume only) Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

N-ELSC, plume 28
Vent field: N-ELSC, plume 28
References: (plume only) Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

N-ELSC, plume 27
Vent field: N-ELSC, plume 27
Name alias(es): ELSC1
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 plume only; 2009 plume only
References: (plume only) Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin, (plume only) Cruise SS02/2009: Hydrothermal plume and structural geology mapping in the Tonga/Fiji region (plume only) Crowhurst et al. (2009) Discovery of new hydrothermal venting sites in the Lau Basin, Tonga Back-Arc. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS13A-1180.

C-ELSC, plume 19
Vent field: C-ELSC, plume 19
References: (plume only): Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

C-ELSC, plume 18
Vent field: C-ELSC, plume 18
References: (plume only): Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

C-ELSC, plume 17
Vent field: C-ELSC, plume 17
References: (plume only): Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

C-ELSC, unnamed
Vent field: C-ELSC, unnamed
Name alias(es): plume 16, C-ELSC
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2004 (assume submersible Shinkai 6500); 2004 plume only on previous cruise
References: (mentioned, but not named in) Wiens, D., et al. (2005) Status report on the Lau Basin ISS. Ridge 2000 Newsletter, Spring 2005: 11-13, (plume only): Baker et al., GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, L07308, doi:10.1029/2005GL025283, 2006, Abundant hydrothermal venting along melt-rich and melt-free ridge segments in the Lau back-arc basin.

Vent field: ELSC3

VFR, plume 12
Vent field: VFR, plume 12

VFR, plume 4
Vent field: VFR, plume 4

VFR, plume 3
Vent field: VFR, plume 3

VFR, unnamed
Vent field: VFR, unnamed

Momoko
Vent field: Momoko
References: Desbruyeres, D. et al. (1994) Deep-sea hydrothermal communities in Southwestern Pacific back-arc basins (the North Fiji and Lau Basins): Composition, microdistribution and food web. Marine Geology 116: 227-242.

VFR, ELSC7
Vent field: VFR, ELSC7

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 plumes with some sites subsequently observed with ROV; 2009 commercial ROV Fugro FV300 (activity not confirmed)
References: Nautilus Minerals press release, January 14, 2010., (plumes and unspecified sites observed with ROV): Massoth, G. et al. (2008) Regional Venting in the Manus Basin, New Britain Back Arc. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract V41B-2074.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 commercial ROV Fugro FV300 (activity not confirmed)
References: Nautilus Minerals press release, January 14, 2010.

Mariana Trough, plume 2
Vent field: Mariana Trough, plume 2
References: (plume only) Baker, E.T. et al. (2005) Hydrothermal activity on near-arc sections of back-arc ridges: results from the Mariana Trough and Lau Basin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6: Q09001, doi:10.1029/2005GC000948.

Vent field: 94SO2
Region: New Hebrides back-arc
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 towed camera with temperature did not confirm activity
References: [JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), MMAJ (Metal Mining Agency of Japan), and SOPAC (South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission), 1995, South Pacific seafloor atlas: Japan-SOPAC cooperative study on deep sea mineral resources in the southwest Pacific 1985–1994: JICA Report no. 95-063, 24 p.], Iizasa et al., 1998, Hydrothermal sulfide-bearing Fe-Si oxyhydroxide deposits from the Coriolis Troughs, Vanuatu backarc, southwestern Pacific: Marine Geology, 145: 1-21.

Extensional Relay Zone A
Vent field: Extensional Relay Zone A
Name alias(es): ERZA, North Fiji Fracture Zone, North Fiji spreading center
Vent site(s): Central Hill, Seahorse
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1999 towed camera did not confirm activity
References: [Von Stackelberg et al., Geologisches Jahrbuch, Reihe D, 92, 7-36 & 547 613, 1990], (seafloor observations with towed camera did not confirm active) Kojima (1999) PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF THE JAPAN/SOPAC DEEPSEA MINERAL RESOURCES SURVEY IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE FIJI ISLANDS WATERS. SOPAC Preliminary Report 117.

Station 58, N160 Axis
Vent field: Station 58, N160 Axis
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985 plume only; 1991 temperature anomalies but submersible Shinkai 6500 did not confirm activity
References: [(plume only) Auzende, J.M., et al. (1988) Seafloor spreading in the North Fiji Basin (Southwest Pacific). Tectonophysics, 146: 3 17-351], (temperature anomalies) Gracia et al. (1994) Multi-scale morphologic variability of the North Fiji Basin ridge (Southwest Pacific). Mar. Geol. 116: 133-151.

West Fiji Ridge
Vent field: West Fiji Ridge
Latitude: -17
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1995 deep tow
References: (temperature anomaly only) P Halbach et al., HYFIFLUX Cruise: German-French cooperation for the study of hydrothermalism and related tectonism, magmatism and biology of the active ridges of the North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific) InterRidge News, 4(1), 37-43, 1995.

Central Spreading Ridge, Station 19 S
Vent field: Central Spreading Ridge, Station 19 S
Latitude: -19
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1991 submersible Shinkai 6500 did not confirm activity
References: Gracia et al. (1994) Multi-scale morphologic variability of the North Fiji Basin ridge (Southwest Pacific). Mar. Geol. 116: 133-151.

Okinawa Trough, Site ES1
Vent field: Okinawa Trough, Site ES1
National Jurisdiction: Joint Regime: Japan - Korea
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1992 dredge only
References: (shells only): Shikui, Z. et al. (2001) Two possible hydrothermal vents in the northern Okinawa Trough. Chinese Science Bulletin 46: 943-945.

Okinawa Trough, Site ES2
Vent field: Okinawa Trough, Site ES2
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1992 dredge only
References: (shells only): Shikui, Z. et al. (2001) Two possible hydrothermal vents in the northern Okinawa Trough. Chinese Science Bulletin 46: 943-945.

Woodlark Basin, Segment 5B
Vent field: Woodlark Basin, Segment 5B
Region: Woodlark Basin
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 plume only; 2000 plume only
References: (plume only) H. Craig and R. Poreda, UCAL/SIO, Data Report, 1 June 1987, SIO Ref. 87-14, (plume only) G. J. Massoth, GNS New Zealand, pers. comm., 2000, and cruise report:

Woodlark Basin, Segment 3B
Vent field: Woodlark Basin, Segment 3B
Region: Woodlark Basin
References: Devey, C., pers. comm., 2010, and cruise report SO203: WOODLARK Magma genesis, tectonics and hydrothermalism in the Woodlark Basin

intra-plate

Central Pacific

Loihi Seamount
Vent field: Loihi Seamount
Name alias(es): Lo'ihi
Vent site(s): Pele's Vents, Kaupo's Vents, Ikaika, Mir Vents
Tectonic setting category: intra-plate volcano
Region: Central Pacific
National Jurisdiction: United States : Hawaii
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985 bottom photography R/V Hakuho Maru; 1987 submersible Alvin
References: [Malahoff et al. (1982) Geology and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from active submarine volcano Loihi, Hawaii. Nature 298: 234-239, doi:10.1038/298234a0], [Horibe et al (1983) Off-ridge submarine hydrothermal vents: Back-arc spreading centers and hotspot seamounts. Eos 64: 724], Sakai et al., Geochem. J., 21, 11-21, 1987, Hydrothermal activity on the summit of Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, Karl, D. et al. (1989) Hydrothermal and microbial processes at Loihi Seamount, a mid-plate hot-spot volcano. Deep-Sea Res. A 36: 1655-1673.

Vailulu'u Seamount
Vent field: Vailulu'u Seamount
Vent site(s): Nafanua volcanic cone (= Eel City), North Moat Hydrothermal Complex, South Wall Hydrothermal Complex, "Moat of Death"
Tectonic setting category: intra-plate volcano
Region: Central Pacific
National Jurisdiction: United States : American Samoa
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 submersible Pisces V; 2000 plume only
References: (plume only) Hart, S. et al. (2000) Vailulu'u undersea volcano: The New Samoa. GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 12, doi:10.1029/2000GC000108, Staudigel, H. et al. (2006) Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa: Life and death on an active submarine volcano. PNAS 103(17): 6448-6453.

Teahitia seamount
Vent field: Teahitia seamount
Name alias(es): Teahitia vents
Vent site(s): TH1, TH2
Tectonic setting category: intra-plate volcano
Region: Central Pacific
National Jurisdiction: France : French Polynesia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1983 submersible Cyana
References: [Hoffert et al., C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 304, 14, 829-832, 1987, Depot hydrothermal associe au volcanisme sous-matin intraplaque prelevements effectues avec la Cyana sur le vulcan actif de Teahitia (Polynesie Francaise)].

Bounty Seamount
Vent field: Bounty Seamount
Name alias(es): Volcano 2
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : Pitcairn
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1999 submersible Nautile; 1989 plume only
References: Stoffers, P. et al. (1990) Active Pitcairn hotspot found. Marine Geology 95: 51-55., Scholten et al. (2004) Hydrothermal Iron and Manganese Crusts from the Pitcairn Hotspot Region, pp. 375-405 in Hékinian et al. (eds) Oceanic hotspots: intraplate submarine magmatism and tectonism. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Macdonald Seamount
Vent field: Macdonald Seamount
Name alias(es): McDonald Seamount
National Jurisdiction: France : French Polynesia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 submersible Cyana
References: Cheminee et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 107, 318-327, 1991, Gas-rich submarine exhalation during the 1989 eruption of Macdonald Seamount.

NotProvided

Espalamaca
Vent field: Espalamaca
Region: NotProvided
National Jurisdiction: Portugal : Azores
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 or earlier likely SCUBA
References: Munaro et al. (2010) Azores FREEsubNET Workshop: Habitat Mapping of Espalamaca Vents and Monte da Guia, accessed 4 June 2015.

El Hierro
Vent field: El Hierro
Region: NotProvided
National Jurisdiction: Spain : Canary Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 water column sampling
References: Ferrera I, ArÃstegui J, González JM, Montero MF, Fraile-Nuez E, Gasol JM (2015) Transient Changes in Bacterioplankton Communities Induced by the Submarine Volcanic Eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands). PLoS ONE 10(2): e0118136. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118136.

MOR

Aden Ridge

Aden
Vent field: Aden
Ocean: Indian
Tectonic setting category: mid-ocean ridge
Region: Aden Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Djibouti
References: [Choukroune et al. (1986) Tectonics of the westernmost Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Tadjoura from submersible observations. Nature 319: 396-399, doi:10.1038/319396a0, Choukroune et al. (1988) Tectonics of an incipient oceanic rift. Marine Geophysical Researches 9: 147-163, DOI 10.1007/BF00369246.]

CIR

Dodo Field
Vent field: Dodo Field
Name alias(es): Great Dodo Lava Plain, Dodo Great Lava Plain, DODO
Vent site(s): Potsunen, Tsukushi-1, Tsukushi-2
Tectonic setting category: mid-ocean ridge
Region: CIR
National Jurisdiction: Mauritius
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 submersible Shinkai 6500; 2006 plume only
References: Tamaki, K. (2010) Dodo Field and Solitaire Field: Newly Discovered Hydrothermal Fields at the Central Indian Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS21A-1468., (plume only) Okamura et al. (2007) Discovery of hydrothermal plumes at the Rodriguez segment, Mid-Indian Ridge. Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V21B-0604., (plume only) Kawagucci et al., 2008, Methane, manganese, and helium-3 in newly discovered hydrothermal plumes over the Central Indian Ridge, 18°-20°S, G3, 9, Q10002, doi:10.1029/2008GC002082., (plume only) Tamaki and Ura (2008) Rodriguez Segment of the Central Indian Ridge: Hotspot-ridge interaction and hydrothermal activity. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract T43B-2010.

Solitaire Field
Vent field: Solitaire Field
Name alias(es): Roger Plateau
Vent site(s): Toukon-3, Tenkoji, Liger
Tectonic setting category: mid-ocean ridge
Region: CIR
National Jurisdiction: Mauritius
References: Tamaki, K. (2010) Dodo Field and Solitaire Field: Newly Discovered Hydrothermal Fields at the Central Indian Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS21A-1468., (plume only) Okamura et al. (2007) Discovery of hydrothermal plumes at the Rodoriguez segment, Mid-Indian Ridge. Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V21B-0604., (plume only) Kawagucci et al., 2008, Methane, manganese, and helium-3 in newly discovered hydrothermal plumes over the Central Indian Ridge, 18°-20°S, G3, 9, Q10002, doi:10.1029/2008GC002082., (plume only) Tamaki and Ura (2008) Rodriguez Segment of the Central Indian Ridge: Hotspot-ridge interaction and hydrothermal activity. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract T43B-2010.

Edmond Field
Vent field: Edmond Field
Region: CIR
National Jurisdiction: high seas
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 ROV Jason
References: [W. L. Plueger, et al., Mar. Min. 9, 73 (1990) Discovery of hydrothermal fields at the Central Indian Ridge.], CL Van Dover et al. 2001, Biogeography and Ecological Setting of Indian Ocean Hydrothermal Vents. Science 294(5543): 818-823., Von Damm et al., (2001) The Edmond Hydrothermal Field, Central Indian Ridge: Pushing the Envelope on MOR Brines. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS32C-02.

Kairei Field
Vent field: Kairei Field
Name alias(es): KHF
Vent site(s): Kali chimney, Fugen chimney
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 ROV Kaiko; 1993 plume only
References: (plume only) Tamaki and Fujimoto (1994) Summary and preliminary results of the R/V Hakuho-maru KH93-3 Rodriguez Triple Junction cruise. InterRidge News 3(1): 66-8, (plume only) Gamo et al. (1996) Hydrothermal plumes at the Rodriguez triple junction, Indian ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142: 261-270, (plume only) Fujimoto et al., InterRidge News 8(1), 22-24, 1999, First submersible investigations of mid-ocean ridges in the Indian Ocean, Gamo, T et al. (2001) Chemical characteristics of newly discovered black smoker fluids and associated hydrothermal plumes at the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Central Indian Ridge. EPSL 193(3-4): 371-379, J. Hashimoto et al. (2001) Hydrothermal vents and associated biological communities in the Indian Ocean. InterRidge News 10(1): 21-22, J. Hashimoto, et al., First hydrothermal vent communities from the Indian Ocean discovered. Zool. Sci. 18 (2001), pp. 717–721.

Explorer Ridge

Magic Mountain
Vent field: Magic Mountain
Name alias(es): southern Explorer Ridge, 49 45'N
Vent site(s): Majestic Chimney Field (Anhydrite 1-4, Magestic, Obelisk, Digit Field), Merlin Chimney Field (Stump, Tubeworm, Beercan, Limpet, Anhydrite), Mystic Chimney Field (Einstein, Eastern Island, Ridge Top), Zoo Chimney Field (Zooarium, Dead Chimney, Recordbreaker, Zeus)
Region: Explorer Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Canada
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 submersible Pisces IV
References: Tunnicliffe et al., Deep Sea. Res. A, 33, 401-412, 1986, Hydrothermal vents of Explorer Ridge, northeast Pacific.

Gakkel Ridge

Aurora
Vent field: Aurora
Name alias(es): Site 1, Gakkel Ridge
Ocean: Arctic
Region: Gakkel Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Denmark : Greenland
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 shimmering water in camera tow and sulfide chimney in dredge
References: Michael et al (2001) The Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition -AMORE 2001- Seafloor Spreading at the Top of the World. AGU Fall Meeting 2001, Abstract T11B-0853, Edmonds, H.N. et al. (2003) Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Nature 421: 252-256.

Galapagos Rift

Navidad
Vent field: Navidad
Name alias(es): 94 W, Galapagos Rift
Vent site(s): Central Elf, East Elf, East Santa's Chimney, West Elf, West Santa's Chimney
Region: Galapagos Rift
National Jurisdiction: Ecuador : Galapagos Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 towed video Medea
References: Haymon R.M., et al., High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Gálapagos Spreading Center: 3. Black smoker discoveries and the implications for geological controls on hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9: Q12006, 2008, DOI 10.1029/2008GC002114, Anderson, P et al. (2006) Visual Observations and Geologic Settings of the Newly-Discovered Black Smoker Vent Sites Across the Galapagos Ridge-Hotspot Intersection. AGU Fall Meeting 2006, abstract V23A-0592, (plume only) E. Baker et al., Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V14A-06, 2006, Hydrothermal Plume Mapping Along the Hotspot-affected Galapagos Spreading Center Finds High-Temperature Vent Sites are Anomalously Scarce, Baker, E. T., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Galápagos Spreading Center: 1. Distribution of hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q09003, doi:10.1029/2008GC002028.

Iguanas-Pinguinos
Vent field: Iguanas-Pinguinos
Name alias(es): 92 W, Galapagos Rift
Vent site(s): East Pinguinos, Plumeria, Iguanas, Tortuga, West Pinguinos
Region: Galapagos Rift
National Jurisdiction: Ecuador : Galapagos Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 towed video Medea
References: Haymon R. M., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Gálapagos Spreading Center: 3. Black smoker discoveries and the implications for geological controls on hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q12006, doi:10.1029/2008GC002114, Anderson, P et al. (2006) Visual Observations and Geologic Settings of the Newly-Discovered Black Smoker Vent Sites Across the Galapagos Ridge-Hotspot Intersection. AGU Fall Meeting 2006, abstract V23A-0592, (plume only) E. Baker et al., Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V14A-06, 2006, Hydrothermal Plume Mapping Along the Hotspot-affected Galapagos Spreading Center Finds High-Temperature Vent Sites are Anomalously Scarce, Baker, E. T., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Galápagos Spreading Center: 1. Distribution of hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q09003, doi:10.1029/2008GC002028.

Galapagos Mounds
Vent field: Galapagos Mounds
Region: Galapagos Rift
References: Corliss et al., Science, 203, 1073-1083, 1979, Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift, Corliss, JB et al. (1978) The chemistry of hydrothermal mounds near the Galapagos rift. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 40, 12–24, [Williams et al. (1979) The hydrothermal mounds of the Galapagos Rift: Observations with DSRV Alvin and detailed heat flow studies. Journal of Geophysical Research 84(B13): 7467-7484.]

Precious Stone Mountain
Vent field: Precious Stone Mountain
Name alias(es): PSMHF
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 deep-tow video and TV grab
References: Tao, C., et al. (2011) First hydrothermal active vent discovered on the Galapagos Microplate. Abstract OS11B-1488 presented at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 5-9 Dec.

Calyfield
Vent field: Calyfield
Name alias(es): 89.5 W, Galapagos Rift
National Jurisdiction: Ecuador : Galapagos Islands
References: Fornari, D et al. (2002) High Resolution Mapping and Near-Bottom Investigations of the Galapagos Rift Between 86W and 89.5W Using ABE, Alvin and a new Towed Digital Camera. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2002, abstract #T11C-1256, Shank, T et al. (2002) Time-Series Exploration and Biological, Geological, and Geochemical Characterization of the Rosebud and Calyfield Hydrothermal Vent Fields at 86W and 89.5W on the Galapagos Rift. Eos Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T11C-1257.

Rose Garden
Vent field: Rose Garden
Name alias(es): 86 W, Galapagos Rift
Vent site(s): Clambake I, Clambake II, Dandelions, Garden of Eden, Mussel Bed, Oyster Bed, Rose Garden, Rosebud
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1977 submersible Alvin; 1976 plume and photographs of clam shells did not confirm activity (note: Rose Garden is used here as the name of the vent field, but Rose Garden vent site itself not discovered until 1979)
References: Corliss et al., Science, 203, 1073-1083, 1979, Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift, (Deep Tow photographs in 1976) Lonsdale, P. (1977) Clustering of suspension-feeding macrobenthos near abyssal hydrothermal vents at oceanic spreading centers. Deep-Sea Research 24: 857-863, (Rose Garden) Grassle et al. (1979) Galápagos ‘79: Initial Findings of a Deep-Sea Biological Quest. Oceanus 22: 1-10, (Rose Garden) Ballard et al., J. Geophys. Res., 87, B2, 1149-1161, 1982, doi:10.1029/JB087iB02p01149, THE GALAPAGOS RIFT AT 86°W 5. VARIATIONS IN VOLCANISM, STRUCTURE, AND HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY ALONG A 30-KILOMETER SEGMENT OF THE RIFT VALLEY.

Uka Pacha
Vent field: Uka Pacha
Name alias(es): Area 2A plume target
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 ROV Little Hercules
References: Shank, T., et al. (2011) Discovery of Nascent Vents and Recent Colonization Associated with (Re)activated Hydrothermal Vent Fields by the GALREX 2011 Expedition on the Galápagos Rift. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, abstract #OS22A-07., Baker, E., et al. (2011) GALREX 2011: Extensive hydrothermal venting discovered along the eastern Galapagos Rift. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, abstract #OS22A-08.

Tempus Fugit
Vent field: Tempus Fugit
Name alias(es): Site 4A West plume target
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 ROV Little Hercules
References: Shank, T., et al. (2011) Discovery of Nascent Vents and Recent Colonization Associated with(Re)activated Hydrothermal Vent Fields by the GALREX 2011 Expedition on the Galápagos Rift. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, abstract #OS22A-07; Shank, T., et al. (2012) Exploration of the deepwater Galapagos region. Oceanography, 25(1), Suppl. 50-51., Baker, E., et al. (2011) GALREX 2011: Extensive hydrothermal venting discovered along the eastern Galapagos Rift. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, abstract #OS22A-08.

Pegasus
Vent field: Pegasus
Name alias(es): Area 2A plume target
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 ROV Little Hercules
References: Shank, T., et al. (2011) Discovery of Nascent Vents and Recent Colonization Associated with (Re)activated Hydrothermal Vent Fields by the GALREX 2011 Expedition on the Galápagos Rift. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, abstract #OS22A-07., Baker, E., et al. (2011) GALREX 2011: Extensive hydrothermal venting discovered along the eastern Galapagos Rift. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, abstract #OS22A-08.

Gorda Ridge

Sea Cliff
Vent field: Sea Cliff
Name alias(es): GR-14, GR14, G14, North Gorda
Region: Gorda Ridge
National Jurisdiction: United States
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 submersible Sea Cliff; 1985 plume only; 1986 dredge and camera tow did not confirm activity
References: (submersible Sea Cliff) Rona et al., Geology 18, 493-496, 1990, Major off-axis hydrothermal activity on the northern Gorda Ridge, (plume only) Baker et al., Deep Sea Res. 34, 1461-1476, 1987, Evidence for high-temperature hydrothermal venting on the Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean, (dredge and camera tow did not visually confirm activity) Howard and Fisk (1988) Hydrothermal alumina-rich clays and boehmite on the Gorda Ridge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52: 2269-2279, (dredge and camera tow did not visually confirm activity) Rona & Clague (1989) Geologic controls of hydrothermal discharge on the northern Gorda Ridge. Geology 17: 1097-1101.

NESCA
Vent field: NESCA
Name alias(es): northern Escanaba Trough, GR-10, Escanaba Trough, 41 N
Vent site(s): Central Hill
Latitude: 41
Region: Gorda Ridge
National Jurisdiction: United States
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 submersible Alvin; 1986 dredge and photographs did not confirm activity
References: JL Morton et al. (1987) Geophys Res Lett Volume 14, Issue 7, p. 769-772, Volcanism and massive sulfide formation at a sedimented spreading center, Escanaba trough, Gorda ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean.

Gulf of California

Guaymas Basin, Southern Trough
Vent field: Guaymas Basin, Southern Trough
Name alias(es): Guaymas Basin, Southern Guaymas vent field
Vent site(s): Everest Mound, Orpheus
Region: Gulf of California
National Jurisdiction: Mexico
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1982 submersible Alvin; 1980 DeepTow CTD and dredging
References: Lonsdale and Becker (1985) Hydrothermal plumes, hot springs, and conductive heat flow in the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 73: 211-225, [Hein & Yeh, Geol. Assoc. Canada Program with Abstracts, 11, 442, 1979], [Simoneit & Lonsdale (1982) Hydrothermal petroleum in mineralized mounds at the seabed of Guaymas Basin. Nature 295: 198 - 202.]

Pescadero Basin, Auka
Vent field: Pescadero Basin, Auka
Region: Gulf of California
National Jurisdiction: Mexico
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2015 ROV Doc Ricketts
References: MBARI website, accessed 11 May 2015, http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/GOC15/Leg5/April12.html

Alarcon Rise, Ja Sit
Vent field: Alarcon Rise, Ja Sit
Region: Gulf of California
National Jurisdiction: Mexico
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 ROV Doc Ricketts
References: Clague, D., et al. (2012) Geology of the Alarcon Rise Based on 1-m Resolution Bathymetry and ROV Observations and Sampling. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract #T44A-04.

Alarcon Rise, Meyibo
Vent field: Alarcon Rise, Meyibo
Vent site(s): Meyibo S, Meyibo N, Pericu
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 ROV Doc Ricketts
References: Clague, D., et al. (2012) Geology of the Alarcon Rise Based on 1-m Resolution Bathymetry and ROV Observations and Sampling. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract #T44A-04.

Alarcon Rise, Tzab-ek
Vent field: Alarcon Rise, Tzab-ek
References: MBARI website, accessed 11 May 2015, http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/GOC15/Leg5/April9.html.

JdF Ridge

Middle Valley, Dead Dog Vent Field
Vent field: Middle Valley, Dead Dog Vent Field
Name alias(es): Site 858, Middle Valley
Vent site(s): Heineken Hollow, Inspired Mounds, Chowder Hill, Puppy Dog
Region: JdF Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Canada
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1992 or earlier towed video
References: [Ames, D.E., et al., 1993. Mineralogy and geochemistry of active and inactive chimneys and massive sulfide, Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: an evolving hydrothermal system. Can. Mineral., 31:997-1024], (Middle Valley SMS deposits only) EE Davis et al. (1987) Massive sulfides in a sedimented rift valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Earth Planet Sci Let 82: 49–61, [Goodfellow & Blaise, Can. Mineral., 26, 675-696, 1988, Sulfide formation and hydrothermal alteration of hemipelagic sediment in Middle Valley, northern Juan De Fuca Ridge].

Middle Valley, ODP Mound
Vent field: Middle Valley, ODP Mound
Name alias(es): Site 856, Middle Valley
Vent site(s): Lone Star, Shiner Bock, Spire
Region: JdF Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Canada
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1992 or earlier towed video
References: [Ames, D.E., et al., 1993. Mineralogy and geochemistry of active and inactive chimneys and massive sulfide, Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: an evolving hydrothermal system. Can. Mineral., 31:997-1024], (Middle Valley SMS deposits only) EE Davis et al. (1987) Massive sulfides in a sedimented rift valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Earth Planet Sci Let 82: 49–61.

Sasquatch Field
Vent field: Sasquatch Field
Vent site(s): Christmas Tree, Marker C, Pico
Region: JdF Ridge
References: Kelley, D. et al. (2001) Vent Field Distribution and Evolution Along the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2001, abstract #OS21B-0439.

Salty Dawg Field
Vent field: Salty Dawg Field
Name alias(es): SD
Vent site(s): Salty Dawg, Grendl, Cirque, Dune
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1995 submersible Alvin, followed by ROV ROPOS
References: Delaney, J.R., et al., 1997, The Endeavour Hydrothermal System I: Cellular circulation above an active cracking front yields large sulfide structures, "fresh" vent water, and hyperthermophilic archae, RIDGE Events, vol. 8, No. 2, 11-19.

High-Rise Field
Vent field: High-Rise Field
Name alias(es): High Rise, HR, Endeavour Segment, 47 58'N, HRF
Vent site(s): Baltic, Bambi, Blue_Moon, Boardwalk, Clam_Bed, Fairy_Castle, Godzilla, Knight, Park_Place, Ventnor
References: Delaney et al., J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19663-19683, 1992, Geology of a vigorous Hydrothermal System on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Robigou et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1887-1890, 1993, Large massive sulfide deposits in a newly discovered active hydrothermal system, The High-Rise Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan De Fuca Ridge.

Main Endeavour Field
Vent field: Main Endeavour Field
Name alias(es): Main Field, MEF, ME, Endeavour Segment, 47 57'N, Endeavour
Vent site(s): Bastille, Crypto, Dante, Dudley, Easter_Island, Grotto, Hulk, Lobo, MilliQ, Peanut, Puffer, Salut, Smoke & Mirrors, Sully, TP, Quebec
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 submersible Alvin; 1982 dredge only
References: [Karsten, J. et al. EOS 65, 1111 (1984)], Tivey & Delaney, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 77, 303-317, 1986, Growth of large sulfide structures on the endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge.

Mothra Field
Vent field: Mothra Field
Name alias(es): MO
Vent site(s): Bat_Tower, Boomerang, Brigid, Cauldron, Faulty_Towers (includes Giraffe Chimney), Gwenen, Hot_Harold, Pinocchio, Spikes, Tower
References: Juniper et al. (1996) Report on ROPOS submersible observations on the R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise: 12-27 August 1996. InterRidge News 5(2): 25-26, Delaney, J.R., et al., 1997, The Endeavour Hydrothermal System I: Cellular circulation above an active cracking front yields large sulfide structures, "fresh" vent water, and hyperthermophilic archae, RIDGE Events, vol. 8, No. 2, 11-19.

Baby Bare Seamount
Vent field: Baby Bare Seamount
Name alias(es): Baby Bare outcrop
References: [Wheat et al., JGR 102: 15433-15446, 1997, Chemical plumes from low-temperature hydrothermal venting on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge], Mottl, et al., (1998) Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Geology 26: 51–54.

Not Dead Yet
Vent field: Not Dead Yet
Name alias(es): NotDeadYet, NDY
Vent site(s): Hogwarts (includes Harry and Hermione), Not Dead Yet
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 ROV Jason II; 1991 camera tow did not confirm activity
References: Cruise AT15-21, Chief Sci Chadwick, dive J2-295 (plume only) Baker and Hammond (1992) Hydrothermal Venting and the Apparent Magmatic Budget of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. J. Geophys. Res. 97(B3): 3443-3456.

Flow
Vent field: Flow
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 ROV ROPOS
References: Embley et al., Geophys. Res. Letts., 22, 143-146, 1995, Initial results of the rapid response to the 1993 CoAxial event: Relationships between hydrothermal and volcanic processes.

Floc
Vent field: Floc
Vent site(s): HDV (= High Diffuse Venting), Snowblower
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 DEEPTOW and submersible Alvin
References: Embley et al., Geophys. Res. Letts., 22, 143-146, 1995, Initial results of the rapid response to the 1993 CoAxial event: Relationships between hydrothermal and volcanic processes.

Source
Vent field: Source
Name alias(es): CoAxial Segment, 46 10'N
Vent site(s): Beard, Church, Mongo, Twin Spires

Axial Seamount, CASM
Vent field: Axial Seamount, CASM
Name alias(es): Axial Volcano, CASM, CHASM, Area 2B
Vent site(s): Lamphere Chimneys, Shepherd, T&S Spires
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1983 submersible Pisces IV
References: [CASM (Canadian American Seamount) expedition (1985) Hydrothermal vents on an axis seamount of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Nature 313: 212-214.]

Axial Seamount, ASHES
Vent field: Axial Seamount, ASHES
Name alias(es): Axial Volcano, ASHES
Vent site(s): Anemone, Crack, Daves, Fuzzy Tubeworm Bush, Gollum, Hell Vent, Inferno Vent, Marshmallow, Medusa, Mushroom, Phoenix (= Hillock), ROPOS, Styx, Virgin, Virgins daughter
References: [Malahoff, A., et al., (1984) High temperature hydrothermal fields - Juan de Fuca Ridge Axial Volcano, Eos Trans. AGU, 65, 1112.], [ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emissions Studies) Expedition (1986) Pisces submersible exploration of a high-temperature vent field in the caldera of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Eos Trans. AGU, 67, 1027.]

Axial Seamount, International District
Vent field: Axial Seamount, International District
Name alias(es): Axial Volcano, South Rift Zone, SRZ, Axial Gardens, Sonne, Lava Flow 98
Vent site(s): 9m Chimney, Castle, Diva, El Abuelo, El Antiguo, El Gordo, El Guapo, Escargot, Flattop, Hermosa, Tiny Towers, Top Gun, Village, 2011LavaFlow sites (Bag-1, Bag-2, Boca, Cottonball, MBARI-1, MBARI-2, MBARI-3, MBARI-4, Skadi-1, Skadi-2, Skadi-3, Skadi-4, Skadi-5, Snow Globe, Subway, Subway-1, Subway-2, Subway-3), Marker 33 (buried in 2011, but there is a vent in the same location in 2011 lava), Marker N3 (buried in 2011, but there is a vent in the same location in 2011 lava), Spanish Steps (N of International District), Trevi (N of International District), Marker 113 (SW of International District), Bag City (SW of International District), Coquille (SW of International District and includes vent sites Casper and Vixen)
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 submersible Pisces IV
References: [ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal Emissions Studies) Expedition (1986) Pisces submersible exploration of a high-temperature vent field in the caldera of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Eos Trans. AGU, 67, 1027.]

North Cleft, high temperature
Vent field: North Cleft, high temperature
Name alias(es): northern Cleft segment, northern Rift A
Vent site(s): Monolith, Aquarius, Cavern, Fountain, Pipe Organ
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 camera/CTD tows discovered low-temperature vents; 1988 submersible Alvin sampled low-temperature vents; 1990 submersible Alvin discovered black smoker
References: Embley et al., Geology, 19, 771-775, 1991, Geology of the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Recent lava flows, sea-floor spreading, and the formation of megaplumes.

North Cleft, low temperature
Vent field: North Cleft, low temperature
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987-1989 camera/CTD tows
References: Embley et al., Geology, 19, 771-775, 1991, Geology of the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Recent lava flows, sea-floor spreading, and the formation of megaplumes.

Central Cleft, off-axis
Vent field: Central Cleft, off-axis
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 ROV Tiburon
References: Stakes, D. S.; Perfit, M.; Wheat, G.; Delong, E.; Tivey, M. A.; Ramirez, T. M. (2002) Evidence of Volcanism and Extensive Low-Temperature Off-Axis Hydrothermal Venting along the Cleft Segment of the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR). American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting abstract #V61B-1366., Stakes, D. S., M. R. Perfit, M. A. Tivey, D. W. Caress, T. M. Ramirez, and N. Maher (2006), The Cleft revealed: Geologic, magnetic, and morphologic evidence for construction of upper oceanic crust along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q04003, doi:10.1029/2005GC001038.

South Cleft
Vent field: South Cleft
Name alias(es): southern Cleft segment, southern Rift A, southern Area 1
Vent site(s): Plume, Vent 1, Vent 3
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1981 deep-tow photographs; 1984 submersible Alvin
References: (camera tow) Normark, WR et al. (1983) Active hydrothermal vents and sulfide deposits on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geology 11: 158-163, USGS Juan de Fuca Study Group, Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin, Geology, 14, 823-827, 1986, Normark, W.R. et al. (1987) Submersible Observations Along the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin Program. Journal Geophysical Res. 92(B11): 11283-11290.

East Blanco Depression
Vent field: East Blanco Depression
Name alias(es): EBD
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 ROV U.S. Navy's Advanced Tethered Vehicle
References: Dziak et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 873-876, 1996, Detection of and response to a probable volcanogenic T-wave event swarm on the Western Blanco Transform Fault Zone, doi:10.1029/96GL00240.

Kolbeinsey Ridge

Kolbeinsey Field
Vent field: Kolbeinsey Field
Name alias(es): KHF, 67 N, Kolbeinsey Ridge
Ocean: Arctic
Region: Kolbeinsey Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Iceland
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 submersible GEO
References: Olafsson, J. et al., Initial observation, bathymetry and photography of a geothermal site on the Kolbeinsey Ridge. In: Ayala-Castanares, A. et al., Editors, Oceanography 1988, UNAM Press, Mexico (1989), pp. 121–127, Olafsson et al. EOS, AGU Trans. 71, 1650, 1990, Geochemical observations from a boiling hydrothermal site on the Kolbeinsey Ridge (abs).

Grimsey Field
Vent field: Grimsey Field
Name alias(es): GHF, Grimsey Submarine Hot Springs
Ocean: Arctic
Region: Kolbeinsey Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Iceland
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1997 submersible Jago
References: Stoffers, P., Shipboard Scientific Party, 1997. Cruise Report of R/V Poseidon 229 Institute of Geosciences, Departments of Geophysics and Geology–Paleontology, University of Kiel, 58 pp., Hannington, et al. (2001), First observations of high-temperature submarine vents and massive anhydrite deposits off the north coast of Iceland, Mar. Geol. 177, 199– 220.

Eyjafjördur
Vent field: Eyjafjördur
Name alias(es): Eyjafjordur
Vent site(s): Arnarnesstrytur, Ystuvikurstrytur
Region: Kolbeinsey Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Iceland
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1997, likely by SCUBA
References: Gautason, B., et al. (2005) Arnarnesstrytur: A Recently Discovered Active Shallow Marine Hydrothermal System in Eyjafjördur, Iceland. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #OS21C-02.

Mid-Cayman Rise

Beebe
Vent field: Beebe
Name alias(es): BVF, Piccard, PHF
Vent site(s): Beebe Sea, Beebe Vents, Beebe Woods
Region: Mid-Cayman Rise
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : Cayman Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 AUV Autosub6000 and HyBIS TVG; 2009 plume only
References: Connelly D.P. et al. (2012) Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world's deepest seafloor spreading centre. Nature Communications 3, No. 620, doi: 10.1038/ncomms1636; German, C. et al. (2010) Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultra-slow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107 No. 32 August 2010, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009205107.

Von Damm
Vent field: Von Damm
Name alias(es): VDVF
Vent site(s): Bartizan, East Summit, Twin Peaks
Region: Mid-Cayman Rise
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : Cayman Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 AUV Autosub6000 and HyBIS TVG; 2009 plume only
References: Connelly, D.P. et al. (2012) Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world's deepest seafloor spreading centre. Nature Communications 3, No. 620, doi: 10.1038/ncomms1636; Murton, B.J. et al. (2010) Hydrothermal Vents at 5000m on the Mid-Cayman Rise: The Deepest and Hottest Hydrothermal Systems Yet Discovered! American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #OS33F-05., German, C. et al. (2010) Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultra-slow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107 No. 32 August 2010, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009205107.

Mohns Ridge

Loki's Castle
Vent field: Loki's Castle
Name alias(es): Lokeslottet, LCHF
Region: Mohns Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Norway : Svalbard
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 ROV Bathysaurus
References: Rolf Pedersen press release 12 July 2008 (http://www.interridge.org/node/5581)., Pedersen, R. B. et al. Discovery of a black smoker vent field and vent fauna at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. Nat. Commun.. 1, 126 (2010).

Troll Wall
Vent field: Troll Wall
Name alias(es): Trollveggen, Jan Mayen Vent Fields, JMVFs
Vent site(s): Gallionella Garden, Perle og Bruse (= Perle & Bruse)
Region: Mohns Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Norway : Jan Mayen
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 ROV BIODEEP-05 cruise
References: Pedersen, RB et al. (2005) Two Vent Fields Discovered at the Ultraslow Spreading Arctic Ridge System. AGU Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #OS21C-01.

Soria Moria
Vent field: Soria Moria
Name alias(es): Jan Mayen Vent Fields, JMVFs, Jan Mayen VF
Vent site(s): Soria Moria I, Soria Moria II
Region: Mohns Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Norway : Jan Mayen
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 ROV BIODEEP-05 cruise
References: Pedersen, RB et al. (2005) Two Vent Fields Discovered at the Ultraslow Spreading Arctic Ridge System. AGU Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #OS21C-01.

N EPR

EPR, 21 N
Vent field: EPR, 21 N
Vent site(s): Clam Acres
Region: N EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1979 submersible Alvin; 1978 submersible Cyana discovered mineral deposits only
References: (first observations of SMS) Francheteau, J. et al (1979) Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise. Nature 277: 523-528, (first discovery of "black smoker" vents) Spiess, F.N., et al. (1980) East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments. Science 207(4438): 1421-1433.

Red Seamount
Vent field: Red Seamount
Name alias(es): Larson Seamounts, Volcano "E"
Region: N EPR
References: [Lonsdale et al., Mar. Tech. J., 16, 54-61, 1982, Metallogenesis at Seamounts on the East Pacific Rise], Alt et al., Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 98, 157-168, 1987, Hydrothermal sulfide and oxide deposits on seamounts near 21°N, East Pacific Rise, Alt, J. Mar. Geol., 81, 227-239, 1988, Hydrothermal oxide and nontronite deposits on seamounts in the eastern Pacific.

Teotihuacan
Vent field: Teotihuacan
Name alias(es): EPR, mid 16 N segment
Vent site(s): Quetzalcoatl, Tlaloc, Huehueteotl, Xochiquetzal
Region: N EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 submersible Nautile; 1997 plume only
References: Gente, P., et al. (2010) Cruise PARISUB on EPR 16 deg N: magmatism and hydrothermalism over a ridge-hotspot interaction. InterRidge News 19: 17-20., (plume only) Baker et al., 2001, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, doi:10.1029/2000GC000165, Hydrothermal plumes along segments of contrasting magmatic influence, 15°20′-18°30′N, East Pacific Rise: Influence of axial faulting.

EPR, 13 N
Vent field: EPR, 13 N
Name alias(es): 12 50'N, EPR, Zone A
Vent site(s): Actinoir, Bryce Canyon, Chandelier, Cathedrales, Chain, Elsa, Genesis, Grandbonum, Pogonord, Pogosud, Totem, Tour de Pise, Dorian, Jumeaux
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1982 submersible Cyana; 1981 towed camera, dredging, and plume did not confirm activity
References: [Desbruyeres et al. (1982) Donnees ecologiques sur un nouveau site d'hydrothermalisme actif de la ride du Pacifique oriental. C. R. Acad. Sci. 295: 489-494], Hekinian, R. et al. (1983) East Pacific Rise near 13 N: geology of new hydrothermal fields. Science 219: 1321-1324.

EPR, 13 N, Marginal High
Vent field: EPR, 13 N, Marginal High
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 submersible Cyana; 1981 towed camera, dredging, and plume did not confirm activity
References: Y Fouquet et al., Mar. Geol., 84, 145-178, 1988, Geological setting and mineralogical and geochemical investigations on sulfide deposits near 13 N on the East Pacific Rise, (did not confirm activity) Hekinian, R. et al. (1983) East Pacific Rise near 13 N: geology of new hydrothermal fields. Science 219: 1321-1324.

Vent field: EPR, 11 42'N
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 Angus camera (or 1985 Argo video) tow with temperature
References: ARGO-RISE Group, Can. Mineral. 26, 467-486, 1988, Geological mapping of the East Pacific Rise axis (10 degrees 19' - 11 degrees 53'N) using the ARGO and ANGUS imaging systems.

Vent field: EPR, 11 24'N
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 submersible Alvin; 1988 submersible Alvin dive #1994 (need reference to confirm activity)
References: (plume only) Baker et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128, 1-17, 1994, Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8°40' to 11°50'N: Plume distribution and relationship to the apparent magmatic budget, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90022-1.

Vent field: EPR, 11 17'N
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 Angus camera (or 1985 Argo video) tow with temperature
References: ARGO-RISE Group, Can. Mineral. 26, 467-486, 1988, Geological mapping of the East Pacific Rise axis (10 degrees 19' - 11 degrees 53'N) using the ARGO and ANGUS imaging systems.

Feather Duster
Vent field: Feather Duster
Name alias(es): 11 N, EPR, 10 55.75'N, EPR
Vent site(s): Zone 1, Zone 2
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 towed camera and submersible Alvin
References: McConachy et al., Geology, 14, 295-298, 1986, Geologic form and setting of a hydrothermal vent field at lat 10°56′N, East Pacific Rise: A detailed study using Angus and Alvin.

Vent field: EPR, 10 44.6'N
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985 Argo video tow with temperature
References: ARGO-RISE Group, Can. Mineral. 26, 467-486, 1988, Geological mapping of the East Pacific Rise axis (10 degrees 19' - 11 degrees 53'N) using the ARGO and ANGUS imaging systems.

Name alias(es): Venture Hydrothermal Field, 9 N, 9-10 N, Nine North
Vent site(s): Alvinellid_Pillar, Bio9, BioVent, Choo_Choo, East Wall, Io, M, Mussel Bed, P, Q, Riftia Field, Tevnia Hole, Tica, Tubeworm_Pillar, Ty
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 Argo I towed video
References: Haymon, R. M., et al., 1991, Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9 09'-54'N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 513-534, (submersible observations prior to Haymon et al. 1991 did not confirm activity) D.J. Fornari, et al., Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont seamounts: seamounts as indicators of mantle processes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 89, 63-83, 1988.

Vent site(s): A, L, T, V
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 Argo I towed video; 1991 submersible Alvin
References: Haymon, R. M., et al., 1991, Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9 09'-54'N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 513-534.

Vent site(s): B, C, H
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 Argo I towed video; 1991 submersible Alvin
References: Haymon, R. M., et al., 1991, Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9 09'-54'N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 513-534.

Vent site(s): D, E
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 Argo I towed video; 1991 submersible Alvin
References: Haymon, R. M., et al., 1991, Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9 09'-54'N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 513-534.

Vent site(s): K, PBR600
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 Argo I towed video

Mounds and Microbes
Vent field: Mounds and Microbes
Name alias(es): MM, Macrobes, 9 27'N, EPR, off-axis
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 submersible Alvin; 1994 submersible Alvin did not confirm activity
References: Haymon, R. et al. (2004) Evidence for Pulsed Hydrothermal Venting from Young Abyssal Hills on the EPR Flank Suggests Frequent Seismic Pumping of Ridge Flank Fluid Flow. Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B13A-0173, Haymon et al. (2005) Manifestations of hydrothermal discharge from young abyssal hills on the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise flank. Geology 33: 153-156, doi: 10.1130/G21058.1.

Vent site(s): F
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 Argo I towed video

Medusa
Vent field: Medusa
Name alias(es): 9 N, OSC, EPR
References: Klein, E. et al. (2007) Detailed investigation of the overlapping spreading center and 9 degrees north on the East Pacific Rise: overview of the Medusa 2007 cruise activities. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract #T32B-03, (plume only) Baker et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128, 1-17, 1994, Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8°40′ to 11°50′N: Plume distribution and relationship to the apparent magmatic budget, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90022-1.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 submersible Alvin; 1989 dredge only; 2002 plume only
References: Bohnenstiehl et al., RIDGE 2000 Events, 1, 18-20, 2003, Anomalous Seismic Activity at 8° 37-42' N on the East Pacific Rise: Hydroacoustic Detection and Site Investigation.

EPR, 3.9 N offset
Vent field: EPR, 3.9 N offset
Name alias(es): 3 55'N, EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1989 or earlier Deep Tow photographs (cruise RIFTS or PAPATUA)
References: Lonsdale, The Rise Flank Trails Left by Migrating Offsets of the Equatorial East Pacific Rise Axis, J. Geophys. Res., 94(B1), 713-743, 1989, doi:10.1029/JB094iB01p00713.

AHA Field
Vent field: AHA Field
Name alias(es): 1 44'N, EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 towed imaging ARGO-II
References: Shank et al., Biology of Newly-Discovered "AHA" Hydrothermal Vent Fields Near 1 44'N on the East Pacific Rise Axis, EOS Trans. AGU, 81 (48), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T51D-15, 2000.

N MAR

Moytirra
Vent field: Moytirra
Name alias(es): MAR, 45 N
Vent site(s): Balor, Dian Cecht, The Fomorians
Region: N MAR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 ROV Holland 1; 2008 plume only MAPRs, ROV Isis buoyant plume, but no visual confirmation
References: Wheeler, A. J., et al. (2013), Moytirra: Discovery of the first known deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Azores, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 4170–4184, doi:10.1002/ggge.20243., (plume only) Searle et al. (2008) Structure and development of the axial volcanic ridge: Cruise JC24 to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 45°N. InterRidge News 17: 11-15., [vents database version 1 had locations near this site as "Fe & Mn enriched sediments", citing Cronan, Can. J. Earth Sci., 9, 319- 323, 1972, and Grousset & Donard, Enrichments in Hg, Cd, As, and Sb in recent sediments of Azores-Iceland Ridge, Geo-Marine Letters, 4, 117-124, 1984].

Menez Gwen
Vent field: Menez Gwen
Name alias(es): Rifted Mountain
Vent site(s): D9, F11, F12, Homem em Pe, PP10, PP11, PP30, PP31, PP32, PP33
Region: N MAR
National Jurisdiction: Portugal : Azores
References: Y Fouquet et al., InterRidge News 3(2), 1994, A detailed study of the Lucky Strike Hydrothermal Site and discovery of a new hydrothermal site: Menez Gwen, preliminary results of the DIVA1 Cruise (5-29 May, 1994), p. 14-17, [Fouquet et al., 1995, Nature, 377, 201, Atlantic lava lakes and hot vents], (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

Bubbylon
Vent field: Bubbylon
Region: N MAR
National Jurisdiction: Portugal : Azores
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 ROV MARUM-QUEST, same cruise as plume discovered by multibeam echosounder
References: press release, 7 October 2010, Max Planck Society (http://www.mpg.de/617026/pressRelease201010071)

Lucky Strike
Vent field: Lucky Strike
Vent site(s): 2607Vent, 2608Vent, Bairro-Alto, Crystal, Eiffel Tower, Elisabeth, Fantome, Helene, Isabel, JasonVent, Marker4, Marker6, Marker7, Montsegur, Nuno, Petit Chimiste, Pico, PPS, Sintra, Statue of Liberty, White Castle, Y3
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 submersible Alvin; 1992 dredge and plume only
References: Langmuir, et al. (1993) Geological setting and characteristics of the Lucky Strike vent field at 37°17′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, EOS Trans. AGU 74: 99 (AGU Fall Meeting 1993), C Langmuir et al. (1997) Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: the Lucky Strike vent field at 37°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Earth Plan Sci Lett 148: 69-91, (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

Evan
Vent field: Evan
Name alias(es): Ewan
References: Graviluck 2006 cruise blog: J. Escartin, pers. comm. 2009.

Menez Hom
Vent field: Menez Hom
Name alias(es): Menez Horn
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 ROV Victor 6000
References: [(plume only) Y. Fouquet and IRIS Scientific Party, IRIS Cruise Report, IFREMER (2001)], Michel et al. (2003) Victor 6000: Design, Utilization and First Improvements. Proceedings of The Thirteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, May 25–30, 2003.

Saldanha
Vent field: Saldanha
Name alias(es): Mount Saldanha, Mt Saldanha, Saldanha Mound, Saldanha Massif, NTO5, South FAMOUS, 36 34'N, MAR
References: (plume only) German et al, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 138, 93-104, 1996, Hydrothermal exploration near the Azores Triple Junction: tectonic control of venting at slow-spreading ridges?, Barriga, et al., (1998) Discovery of the Saldanha hydrothermal field on the FAMOUS segment of the MAR (36° 30′N), AGU-Fall Meeting, Eos. Trans vol. 79 (45), p. F67, (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

Rainbow
Vent field: Rainbow
Name alias(es): NTO6
Vent site(s): AMKII, PP26, PP28, PP35, PP36, PP37, PP39, Jean-Luc, Caroline, Thermitiere, Magali, Hisako, Thin Chimney
References: (Plume only) CR German et al. (1996) The Rainbow hydrothermal plume, 36°15'N, MAR. Geophys Res Lett 23(21): 2979-2982, (plume only) German et al, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 138, 93-104, 1996, Hydrothermal exploration near the Azores Triple Junction: tectonic control of venting at slow-spreading ridges?, (Visual Confirmation) Y Fouquet, et al., 1997. Discovery and first submersible investigations on the Rainbow hydrothermal field on the MAR (36°14 N). Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 78 (46): 832, Fouquet et al. (1998) FLORES diving cruise with the Nautile near the Azores – First dives on the Rainbow field: hydrothermal seawater/mantle interaction. InterRidge News 7(1), p. 24-28, (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

Lost City
Vent field: Lost City
Vent site(s): IMAX, Poseidon, Seeps, Nature
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 towed video ARGO-II and submersible Alvin
References: Kelley, DS et al. (2001) An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30° N. Nature 412: 145-149, Blackman et al. (2001) Seafloor Mapping and Sampling of the MAR 30°N Oceanic Core Complex-MARVEL (Mid-Atlantic Ridge Vents in Extending Lithosphere) 2000. InterRidge News 10(1): 33-36.

Broken Spur
Vent field: Broken Spur
Vent site(s): Bogdanov, Saracen’s Head, Spire, Wasp’s Nest, White Mushroom
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 submersible Alvin; earlier in 1993, water column anomalies and towed camera did not confirm activity
References: B.J. Murton et al., (1994) Direct evidence for the Distribution and Occurrence of Hydrothermal Activity Between 27 and 30 degrees north on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 125, pp. 119–128.

TAG
Vent field: TAG
Name alias(es): Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse, TAG Mound, 26 N, MAR
Vent site(s): Alvin zone, Daibutsu, Kremlin, Mir zone, ODP 957M, ODP 957D, Shimmering Mound
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985 towed camera and temperature anomaly; 1986 submersible Alvin
References: Rona, P.A. et al (1986) Black smokers, massive sulphides and vent biota at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature 321: 33-37, Klinkhammer et al. (1986) Manganese geochemistry near high-temperature vents in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 80: 230-240, Rona, PA and Speer, KG (1989) An Atlantic hydrothermal plume: Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) area, mid-Atlantic ridge crest near 26°N. Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 94, Issue B10, p. 13879-13893.

Snake Pit
Vent field: Snake Pit
Name alias(es): Snakepit, MARK, Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of Kane, 23 N, MAR
Vent site(s): Moose, Beehive, Fir Tree, Nail
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985 real-time TV and imaging sonar; earlier in 1985 seafloor photographs did not confirm activity
References: Kong et al., 1985, Bare-rock drill sites, ODP Legs 106 and 109: Evidence for Hydrothermal Activity at 23°N in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. EOS Trans. AGU, 66, 936, Detrick and ODP Leg 106 Scientific Party (1986) Drilling the Snake Pit hydrothermal sulfide deposit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, lat 23 22'N. Geology 14: 3739-3762.

Logatchev
Vent field: Logatchev
Name alias(es): Logatchev 1, 14 45 site, Logachev
Vent site(s): Anna-Louise, Anya's Garden, Candelabra, Irina I, Irina II, Quest, Main Mound, Site "A", Site "B", Site "F"
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993-1994 TV grab and towed photo system; 1995 submersible Mir followed by submersible Nautile
References: B.N. Batuyev et al., (1994) Massive sulfide deposits discovered at 14°45′N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, BRIDGE Newsletter 6 (1994), pp. 6–10, Krasnov et al., Detailed geographical studies of hydrothermal fields in the North Atlantic. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub. 87, Hydrothermal vents and processes, 43-64, 1995, AV Gebruk et al. (1997) Hydrothermal vent fauna of the Logatchev area (14 45’N, MAR): preliminary results from the first Mir and Nautile dives in 1995. InterRidge News Vol. 6(2), p. 10-14.

Logatchev 2
Vent field: Logatchev 2
Name alias(es): 14 43'N, MAR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 ROV VICTOR 6000; 1993-1994 TV grab and towed photo system did not confirm activity; 1996-1998 video imaging and sampling did not confirm activity
References: [Krasnov et al. (1994)], [Krasnov et al. (1995)], [Bogdanov et al. (1997)], [Bortnikov et al. (1997)], Fouquet et al. (2008) Serpentine cruise - ultramafic hosted hydrothermal deposits on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: First submersible studies on Ashadze 1 and 2, Logatchev 2 and Krasnov vent fields. InterRidge News 17: 15-19.

Semyenov
Vent field: Semyenov
Name alias(es): 13 30'N OCC, MAR, Semyonov, Semenov
Vent site(s): Site 2
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 TV grab and photo-TV profiling; 2007 deposits only
References: (deposits only) Beltenev et al. (2007) A NEW HYDROTHERMAL FIELD AT 13 30’N ON THE MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE. InterRidge News 16: 9-10, (deposits only) Cherkashov et al. (2008) New important discoveries of hydrothermal deposits at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (geological setting, composition and resources). IGC Oslo abstracts, session MRD-03 Recent developments on marine mineral deposits, Beltenev et al. (2009) New data about hydrothermal fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 11- 14 N: 32nd Cruise R/V Professor Logatchev. InterRidge News 18: 13-17.

Ashadze 2
Vent field: Ashadze 2
Name alias(es): Ashadze-2, A2
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 ROV Victor 6000; 2005 TV profiling, plume, and dredge did not confirm activity
References: (did not confirm activity) Beltenev, V et al (2005) New hydrothermal sites at 13 N, Mid Atlantic Ridge. InterRidge News 14: 14-16, Fouquet, Y et al. (2007) Diversity of Ultramafic Hosted Hydrothermal Deposits on the Mid Atlantic Ridge: First Submersible Studies on Ashadze, Logatchev 2 and Krasnov Vent Fields During the Serpentine Cruise. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract #T51F-03, Fouquet et al. (2008) Serpentine cruise - ultramafic hosted hydrothermal deposits on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: First submersible studies on Ashadze 1 and 2, Logatchev 2 and Krasnov vent fields. InterRidge News 17: 15-19.

Ashadze
Vent field: Ashadze
Name alias(es): Ashadze-1, Achadze 1, A1, "near Marathon Fault", 12 58 N, MAR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2003 TV profiling; 2007 ROV Victor 6000
References: Beltenev, V., et al., New discoveries at 12°58'N, 44°52'W, MAR: Professor Logatchev-22 cruise, initial results, InterRidge News 12, 13-14, 2003, Fouquet et al. (2008) Serpentine cruise - ultramafic hosted hydrothermal deposits on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: First submersible studies on Ashadze 1 and 2, Logatchev 2 and Krasnov vent fields. InterRidge News 17: 15-19.

Pacific-Antarctic Ridge

EPR, 37 40'S Axial Dome
Vent field: EPR, 37 40'S Axial Dome
Name alias(es): N. German Flats, Foundation Seamount, 37 40'S, southern EPR
Vent site(s): Serpulid City
Region: Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1997 video survey L'Atalante (do not know if activity confirmed); 1995 TV survey did not confirm activity; 2001 towed video and TV-grab definitely confirmed
References: Hekinian et al. (1997) Intraplate versus ridge volcanism on the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge near 37°S -111°W. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 102(B6): 12265-12286, Devey et al. (1997) The Foundation Seamount chain: a first survey and sampling. Marine Geology 137: 191-200, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00104-1.

EPR, 37 48'S Axial Dome
Vent field: EPR, 37 48'S Axial Dome
Name alias(es): German Flats, 37 48'S, southern EPR, 38 S, northern Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
Vent site(s): Annie's Anthill, Pale Etoile, Sebastian's Steamer
Region: Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 towed video and TV-grab
References: Stoffers et al., InterRidge News, 11(1), 30-32, 2002, Widespread Silicic Volcanism and Hydrothermal Activity on the Northern Pacific-Antarctic Ridge.

Reykjanes Ridge

Steinaholl Vent Field
Vent field: Steinaholl Vent Field
Name alias(es): Steinaholl, 63 06'N, Reykjanes Ridge, Reykjanes
Region: Reykjanes Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 plume, echosounding, and towed video; 1993 plume only (included echosounding for more precise location)
References: Olafsson et al., A sudden cruise off Iceland, RIDGE Events Newsletter, 2(2), 35-38, 1991., (plume only) German, C.R. et al., Hydrothermal activity on the Reykjanes Ridge: the Steinaholl vent field at 63°06′N. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 121 (1994), pp. 647–654.

S EPR

EPR, 1.4 S, off-axis
Vent field: EPR, 1.4 S, off-axis
Region: S EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 towed video
References: Tao, C. et al. (2008) First Active Hydrothermal Vent Fields Discovered at the Equatorial Southern East Pacific Rise, AGU Fall Meeting, abstract #V41B-2081.

EPR, 2 S
Vent field: EPR, 2 S
Region: S EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 towed video and AUV ABE
References: Tao, C. et al. (2008) First Active Hydrothermal Vent Fields Discovered at the Equatorial Southern East Pacific Rise, AGU Fall Meeting, abstract #V41B-2081.

Vent field: EPR, 7 25'S
Name alias(es): 7.4 S, EPR, 7 30'S, EPR, 7 S, EPR
Vent site(s): Last Hope, Petite cheminee, Sarah's Spring, White Christmas
Region: S EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab (need to check references to confirm activity); 1998 submersible Alvin
References: [(TV grab) Holler (1993) Erscheinungsformen hydrothermaler Aktivität am Ostpazifischen Rücken zwischen 6° und 30° Süd. University of Göltingen. Verlag Shaker, 226 pp. (German dissertation)], [(TV grab) Marchig et al., 1997, Massive sulfide chimneys from the East Pacific Rise at 7 24'S and 16 43'S. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 15: 49-66], (submersible observations) Lupton, J., et al., Gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids along the East Pacific Rise, 5°S to 32°S, Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46) Fall Meet. Suppl., F1099, 1999.

Vent field: EPR, 11 18'S
Name alias(es): 11.3 S, EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab (need to check references to confirm activity); 1998 submersible Alvin
References: [(TV grab) Holler (1993) Erscheinungsformen hydrothermaler Aktivität am Ostpazifischen Rücken zwischen 6° und 30° Süd. University of Göltingen. Verlag Shaker, 226 pp. (German dissertation)], (submersible observations) Lupton, J., et al., Gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids along the East Pacific Rise, 5°S to 32°S, Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46) Fall Meet. Suppl., F1099, 1999.

EPR, 14 S
Vent field: EPR, 14 S
Name alias(es): RM04, 13 59'S, EPR
Vent site(s): Alvinella chimney, Lucky Eric, Pagoda, Shirakaba, Smokin'Shank
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab (need to check references to confirm activity); 1993 plume only; 1994 submersible Shinkai 6500
References: [(TV grab) Holler (1993) Erscheinungsformen hydrothermaler Aktivität am Ostpazifischen Rücken zwischen 6° und 30° Süd. University of Göltingen. Verlag Shaker, 226 pp. (German dissertation)], Fujioka et al. (1995) Active hydrothermal systems of a super-fast spreading ridge, Southern East Pacific Rise (13 58'S to 18 26'S). InterRidge News 4(1): 7-10, (plume only) Baker, E., and T. Urabe (1996) Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13°30′-18°40′S, J. Geophys. Res., 101(B4), 8685-8695.

Vent field: EPR, 17 12'S
References: Auzende et al. (1996) Recent tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17°S and 19°S: Submersible observations. J Geophys Res 101(B8): 17995-18010, doi:10.1029/96JB01209.

Rehu-Marka
Vent field: Rehu-Marka
Name alias(es): 17 30'S, EPR, 17 25'S, EPR, 17.5 S, EPR, RM24
Vent site(s): Aldo, Chimney US#1, Kihi, Moxa, Nadir, Oasis, Rehu-Marka, Robbie'Roost, Soupape, Stanley, S-vent, Tanio
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 submersible Nautile; 1984 submersible Cyana - Auzende et al. (1996) says that no active black smokers were discovered but Krasnov et al. (1997) says one black smoker observed
References: Renard, V. et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 339-353, 1985, Submersible observations at the axis of the ultra-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (17°30' to 21°30'S), Auzende et al. (1994) Activite magmatique, tectonique et hydrothermale actuelle sur la dorsale est Pacifique entre 17 et 19 S (campagne NAUDUR). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. 2, 319: 811-818, JM Auzende et al. (1996) Recent tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17°S and 19°S: Submersible observations. J Geophys Res 101(B8): 17995-18010, doi:10.1029/96JB01209.

Name alias(es): Mk 4, RM23
Vent site(s): Calvin, Hobbes, Suzie, Miss Wormwood, Pit, Spike
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 submersible Shinkai 6500; 1996 Argo II towed video
References: Fujioka et al. (1995) Active hydrothermal systems of a super-fast spreading ridge, Southern East Pacific Rise (13 58'S to 18 26'S). InterRidge News 4(1): 7-10.

Stealth
Vent field: Stealth
Name alias(es): 17 37'S, EPR
Vent site(s): Homer, Marge, Bart, Stealth Smokers, Wally
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 Argo II towed video; 1993 plume only; 1998 submersible Alvin
References: Haymon, R. M., et al., Distribution of fine-scale hydrothermal, volcanic, and tectonic features along the EPR crest, 17°15´–18°30´S: Results of near-bottom acoustic and optical surveys (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 78(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F705, 1997, O'Neill, J. H., Hydrothermal vents at 17° 25´S and 17° 37´S on the superfast-spreading EPR (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 79(45), Fall Meet. Suppl., F817, 1998.

Vent site(s): Eckles, Minnow
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1998 submersible Alvin; 1993 plume only; not explored by Nautile in 1993 or Shinkai 6500 in 1994

Name alias(es): Akorta, RM29
Vent site(s): Akorta
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 submersible Nautile; 1983 temperature and light attenuation anomalies
References: (temperature anomalies) Backer et al., Hydrothermal activity and sulphide formation in axial valleys of the East Pacific Rise crest between 18 and 22°S, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 72, 9-22, 1985, JM Auzende et al. (1996) Recent tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17°S and 19°S: Submersible observations. J Geophys Res 101(B8): 17995-18010.

Name alias(es): Tumex
Vent site(s): Tchao
References: JM Auzende et al. (1996) Recent tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17°S and 19°S: Submersible observations. J Geophys Res 101(B8): 17995-18010.

Name alias(es): RM28, 18.5 S, EPR, 18 30'S, EPR
Vent site(s): Asyulaik, Cathedral, Fromveur, Le Stiff, Stockwork, Sojourn, Wall Street
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 submersible Nautile; 1983 seafloor photos, temperature anomalies, and deposits did not confirm activity; 1984 submersible Cyana observed only inactive sites; 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab (need to check references to confirm activity)
References: (seafloor photos, temperature anomalies, and deposits) Backer et al., Hydrothermal activity and sulphide formation in axial valleys of the East Pacific Rise crest between 18 and 22°S, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 72, 9-22, 1985, (inactive only) Renard, V. et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 339-353, 1985, Submersible observations at the axis of the ultra-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (17°30' to 21°30'S), [(TV grab) Holler (1993) Erscheinungsformen hydrothermaler Aktivität am Ostpazifischen Rücken zwischen 6° und 30° Süd. University of Göltingen. Verlag Shaker, 226 pp. (German dissertation)], JM Auzende et al. (1996) Recent tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17°S and 19°S: Submersible observations. J Geophys Res 101(B8): 17995-18010.

References: JM Auzende et al. (1996) Recent tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17°S and 19°S: Submersible observations. J Geophys Res 101(B8): 17995-18010.

Animal Farm
Vent field: Animal Farm
Name alias(es): 18 36'S, EPR
References: JM Auzende et al. (1996) Recent tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17°S and 19°S: Submersible observations. J Geophys Res 101(B8): 17995-18010.

Name alias(es): 20 S, EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1981 Angus camera tow; 1984 submersible Cyana
References: Ballard, et al. (1981) Geology and high temperature hydrothermal circulation of ultra-fast spreading ridge: East Pacific Rise at 20°S, EOS 62, 912, Francheteau and Ballard, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 64, 93-116, 1983, The East Pacific Rise near 21°N, 13°N and 20°S: inferences for along-strike variability of axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge, Renard, V. et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 339-353, 1985, Submersible observations at the axis of the ultra-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (17°30' to 21°30'S).

EPR, Ridge 3, 20 40'S
Vent field: EPR, Ridge 3, 20 40'S
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1983 Deep Tow camera
References: Macdonald et al., J. Geophys. Res. 93, 2875-2898, 1988, Deep-Tow and Sea Beam Studies of Dueling Propagating Ridges on the East Pacific Rise Near 20 40'S.

EPR, Ridge 1, 20 40'S
Vent field: EPR, Ridge 1, 20 40'S
Name alias(es): 20 50'S, EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1983 Deep Tow camera
References: Macdonald et al., J. Geophys. Res. 93, 2875-2898, 1988, Deep-Tow and Sea Beam Studies of Dueling Propagating Ridges on the East Pacific Rise Near 20 40'S

Name alias(es): 21 S, EPR, 21.5 S, EPR, 21 30'S, EPR
Vent site(s): Bordreaux, Grande cheminee, Jasmine, Les trois diffuseurs, Natasha&Boris
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 submersible Cyana; 1983 deposits only
References: (deposits only) Backer et al., Hydrothermal activity and sulphide formation in axial valleys of the East Pacific Rise crest between 18 and 22°S, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 72, 9-22, 1985, Renard, V. et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 339-353, 1985, Submersible observations at the axis of the ultra-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (17°30' to 21°30'S).

Rapa Nui
Vent field: Rapa Nui
Vent site(s): Brandon, Feathers, Krasnov, Gromit
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1999 submersible Alvin; 1987-1988 deposits only
References: (deposits only) Krasnov et al., (1997) Morphotectonics, Volcanism and Hydrothermal Activity on the East Pacific Rise between 21º12'S and 22º40'S. Marine Geophysical Researches 19: 287–317, Von Damm et al., Earth Plant. Sci. Lett., 206, 365-378, 2003, Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise.

Pito Seamount
Vent field: Pito Seamount
References: [Francheteau, J. et al ., 1994. Black smoker discovered, Pito Seamount near Easter microplate propagator tip, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., 75, 322.]

Name alias(es): 23 S, EPR, 23-30 South
Vent site(s): Needles
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 or earlier [need to check Marchig & Gundlach (1987)]; 2005 submersible Alvin
References: [Marchig & Gundlach Bundesanstalt fuer Geowissenschaften Rohstoffe Circular, 4, 3-22, 1987.]

Name alias(es): 23-50 South
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 submersible Alvin; 1990 or earlier towed TV camera did not confirm activity

Name alias(es): 26 S, EPR, 26-10 South
National Jurisdiction: Chile : Easter Island
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 or earlier [need to check Marchig & Gundlach (1987)]; 2005 submersible Alvin did not observe active vents
References: [Marchig & Gundlach Bundesanstalt fuer Geowissenschaften Rohstoffe Circular, 4, 3-22, 1987.]

Vent field: EPR, 26.5 S
Name alias(es): Easter Microplate, 26 S East Rift
National Jurisdiction: Chile : Easter Island
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 submersible Nautile (or earlier)
References: Hekinian, R., et al. (1996) Petrology of the Easter microplate region in the South Pacific. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 72: 259-289.

Nolan's Nook
Vent field: Nolan's Nook
Name alias(es): 31.2 S, EPR, 31 S, EPR
Vent site(s): Fred's Fortress, Nolan's Nook
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1999 submersible Alvin; 1998 plume only
References: Lupton, J., et al., Gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids along the East Pacific Rise, 5°S to 32°S, Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46) Fall Meet. Suppl., F1099, 1999, (plume only) Baker et al., 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, Hydrothermal venting along Earth's fastest spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5°-32.3°, doi:10.1029/2001JB000651.

Saguaro Field
Vent field: Saguaro Field
Name alias(es): 31 51'S, EPR, 31.8 S, EPR, 32 S, EPR
Vent site(s): Saguaro, Snow Ghosts
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1999 submersible Alvin; 1998 plume only
References: Lupton, J., et al., Gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids along the East Pacific Rise, 5°S to 32°S, Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46) Fall Meet. Suppl., F1099, 1999, (plume only) Baker et al., 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, Hydrothermal venting along Earth's fastest spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5°-32.3°, doi:10.1029/2001JB000651.

S MAR

Vent field: MAR, 4 48'S
Name alias(es): Ascension, 5 S, MAR
Vent site(s): Comfortless Cove (Foggy Corner, Golden Valley, Sisters Peak), Red Lion (Shrimp Farm, Tannenbaum, Mephisto, Sugar Head), Turtle Pits (One Boat, Southern Tower, Two Boats), Wideawake
Region: S MAR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 AUV ABE (cruise CD169 ) followed by ROV Quest (cruise M64/1)
References: (plume only) German et al. (2002) Hydrothermal Activity on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #V61B-1361, German, CR et al. (2005) Hydrothermal Activity on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Tectonically- and Volcanically-Hosted High Temperature Venting at 2-7 Degrees S. AGU Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #OS21C-04, Haase et al., Eos Trans. AGU, 86(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract OS21C-05, 2005, Hydrothermal Activity and Volcanism on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Haase, KM et al. (2007) Young volcanism and related hydrothermal activity at 5°S on the slow-spreading southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS, VOL. 8, Q11002, doi:10.1029/2006GC001509.

Nibelungen
Vent field: Nibelungen
Name alias(es): 8 18'S, MAR
Vent site(s): Drachenschlund (= Dragon Throat)
Region: S MAR
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : Ascension
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2006 AUV ABE followed by ROV Quest; 2004 plume only
References: (plume only) Devey et al, (2005) Hydrothermal and Volcanic Activity Found on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Eos Trans AGU, 86(22): 209&212, Koschinsky, A et al. (2006) Hydrothermal Exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 5-10°S, using the AUV ABE and the ROV Quest a brief overview of RV Meteor Cruise M68/1. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006, abstract #OS34A-05, RV Meteor Cruise M68/1 cruise report

Lilliput
Vent field: Lilliput
Name alias(es): 9 32'S, MAR
Vent site(s): Candelabrum Meadow, Lilliput
Region: S MAR
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : Ascension
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 ROV Quest
References: (plume only) German et al. (2002) Hydrothermal Activity on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #V61B-1361, Haase, KM et al. (2005) Hydrothermal Activity and Volcanism on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #OS21C-05.

Baily's Beads
Vent field: Baily's Beads
Name alias(es): Baileys Beads
Vent site(s): Baily's Beads (= Baileys Beads), Valentine Valley (= Valentines Valles)
References: Tao, C., et al. (2010) Two hydrothermal active vents were found at 13.2°S and 14°S of South Mid-Atlantic Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS33F-07., Tao, C.H., Li, H.M., Yang Y.M., et al. (2011) Two hydrothermal fields found on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Science China Earth Sciences, 54 (9): 1302-1303, DOI: 10.1007/s11430-011-4260-8.

SWIR

Dragon
Vent field: Dragon
Name alias(es): Dragon Horn Area, DHA, Longqi, SWIR Area A, 49.6 E hydrothermal field, SWIR, 49.65 E, SWIR
Region: SWIR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 towed video sled followed by AUV ABE; 2005 plume only
References: (plume only) Lin and Zhang (2006) The first collaborative China-international cruises to investigate mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents. InterRidge News 16: 33-34, Tao et al. (2007) DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST ACTIVE HYDROTHERMAL VENT FIELD AT THE ULTRASLOW SPREADING SOUTHWEST INDIAN RIDGE: THE CHINESE DY115-19 CRUISE. InterRidge News 16: 25-26., Tao, C. et al. (2007) First Discovery and Investigation of a High-Temperature Hydrothermal Vent Field on the Ultra-Slow Spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Abstract #T52B-07, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007.

Terceira Rift

Don Joao de Castro Bank
Vent field: Don Joao de Castro Bank
Name alias(es): Dom Joao de Castro Bank
Region: Terceira Rift
References: Santos, R.S., J. Gonçalves & F. Cardigos 1996. D. João de Castro Bank, INTAS-94-0592, Research project: "Biogeography and biodiversity of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: an international co-operative study".

Ribeira Quente
Vent field: Ribeira Quente
Region: Terceira Rift
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 or earlier, likely from shore or by SCUBA

Aden New Century Mountains
Vent field: Aden New Century Mountains
Region: Aden Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Yemen
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000-2001 plume only
References: (plume only) Fujimoto et al. (2001) Results of the research cruise in Gulf of Aden: Aden New Century Cruise (ANCC) by R/V Hakuho-maru. Japan Geoscience Union Abstract A5-P010, (plume only) Gamo et al. (2001) Geochemical Evidence for Submarine Hydrothermal Activity in the Gulf of Aden, Northwestern Indian Ocean. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2001, abstract #OS41A-0449.

Carlsberg Ridge

Carlsberg Ridge, CR2003
Vent field: Carlsberg Ridge, CR2003
Name alias(es): CR-2003
Region: Carlsberg Ridge
References: (plume only) Murton, B. et al. GRL, 33, L10608, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026048, 2006, Detection of an unusually large hydrothermal event plume above the slow-spreading Carlsberg Ridge: NW Indian Ocean, (plume only) Kamesh Raju, K.A. (2008) Recent cruise onboard R/V Sonne to the Carlsberg Ridge and the Andaman Sea. InterRidge News 17: 34-35.

Carlsberg Ridge, 63 40'E
Vent field: Carlsberg Ridge, 63 40'E
Region: Carlsberg Ridge
References: Ray, D., K. A. Kamesh Raju, E. T. Baker, A. Srinivas Rao, A. V. Mudholkar, J. E. Lupton, L. Surya Prakash, R. B. Gawas, and T. Vijaya Kumar (2012), Hydrothermal plumes over the Carlsberg Ridge, Indian Ocean, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q01009, doi:10.1029/2011GC003888.

Carlsberg Ridge, 63 50'E
Vent field: Carlsberg Ridge, 63 50'E
Region: Carlsberg Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 plume only; 2012 plume and deposits
References: Ray, D., K. A. Kamesh Raju, E. T. Baker, A. Srinivas Rao, A. V. Mudholkar, J. E. Lupton, L. Surya Prakash, R. B. Gawas, and T. Vijaya Kumar (2012), Hydrothermal plumes over the Carlsberg Ridge, Indian Ocean, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q01009, doi:10.1029/2011GC003888., Tao et al. (2013) New discovery of seafloor hydrothermal activity on the Indian Ocean Carlsberg Ridge and Southern North Atlantic Ridge - progress during the 26th Chinese COMRA cruise. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 32, 85-88.

Chile Rise

Chile Rise, Segment N8
Vent field: Chile Rise, Segment N8
Region: Chile Rise
References: (Plume only) Karsten et al., InterRidge News, 8(1), 15-21, 1999, The northern Chile Ridge revealed: Preliminary cruise report of PANORAMA Expedition Leg 04.

Chile Rise, Segment N9A
Vent field: Chile Rise, Segment N9A
Region: Chile Rise
References: (Plume only) Karsten et al., InterRidge News, 8(1), 15-21, 1999, The northern Chile Ridge revealed: Preliminary cruise report of PANORAMA Expedition Leg 04.

Chile Triple Junction, 10 km north
Vent field: Chile Triple Junction, 10 km north
Region: Chile Rise
National Jurisdiction: Chile
References: (plume only) German, C., et al. (2010) Hydrothermal Exploration at the Chile Triple Junction – ABE’s last adventure? AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS11D-06., (plume only) Thurber, A.J., et al. (2010) INSPIRE: International South-East Pacific Investigation of Reducing Environments. InterRidge News 19: 21-23.

Chile Triple Junction
Vent field: Chile Triple Junction
National Jurisdiction: Chile
References: (plume only) German, C., et al. (2010) Hydrothermal Exploration at the Chile Triple Junction – ABE’s last adventure? AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS11D-06., (plume only) Thurber, A.J., et al. (2010) INSPIRE: International South-East Pacific Investigation of Reducing Environments. InterRidge News 19: 21-23.

Vityaz megamullion
Vent field: Vityaz megamullion
Name alias(es): Vityaz fracture zone, Vityaz transform fault
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : British Indian Ocean Territory
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1979 plume and deposits only
References: [Rozanova & Baturin (1971), Baturin & Rozanova (1975), Rona et al. (1981)]

CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 1
Vent field: CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 1
References: Kim, J. (2010) Hydrothermal Exploration along the Northern Central Indian Ridge, 8°-12° S: Preliminary Results of Bathymetry, Volcanic Rock, and Hydrothermal Plume. 39th Underwater Mining Institute., Son, J., Pak, S.-J., Kim, J., Baker, E.T., You, O.-R., Son, S.-K., Moon, J.-W., 2014. Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow-spreading Central Indian Ridge, 8°S-17°S. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (5), 2011-2020, doi: 10.1002/2013GC005206.

CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 2
Vent field: CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 2
References: Kim, J. (2010) Hydrothermal Exploration along the Northern Central Indian Ridge, 8°-12° S: Preliminary Results of Bathymetry, Volcanic Rock, and Hydrothermal Plume. 39th Underwater Mining Institute., Son, J., Pak, S.-J., Kim, J., Baker, E.T., You, O.-R., Son, S.-K., Moon, J.-W., 2014. Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow-spreading Central Indian Ridge, 8°S-17°S. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (5), 2011-2020, doi: 10.1002/2013GC005206.

CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 3
Vent field: CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 3
References: Kim, J. (2010) Hydrothermal Exploration along the Northern Central Indian Ridge, 8°-12° S: Preliminary Results of Bathymetry, Volcanic Rock, and Hydrothermal Plume. 39th Underwater Mining Institute., Son, J., Pak, S.-J., Kim, J., Baker, E.T., You, O.-R., Son, S.-K., Moon, J.-W., 2014. Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow-spreading Central Indian Ridge, 8°S-17°S. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (5), 2011-2020, doi: 10.1002/2013GC005206.

CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 4, 10.9 S
Vent field: CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 4, 10.9 S

CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 4, 11.2 S
Vent field: CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 4, 11.2 S

CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 4, 11.3 S
Vent field: CIR, 8-17 S, Segment 4, 11.3 S
Name alias(es): CIR, Segment 4
References: Kim, J. (2010) Hydrothermal Exploration along the Northern Central Indian Ridge, 8°-12° S: Preliminary Results of Bathymetry, Volcanic Rock, and Hydrothermal Plume. 39th Underwater Mining Institute., Son, J., et al. (2012) Hydrothermal Activity along Multiple Ridge Segments of the Northern Central Indian Ridge, 8°-17°S. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract OS13B-1746., Son, J., Pak, S.-J., Kim, J., Baker, E.T., You, O.-R., Son, S.-K., Moon, J.-W., 2014. Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow-spreading Central Indian Ridge, 8°S-17°S. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (5), 2011-2020, doi: 10.1002/2013GC005206.

Name alias(es): CIR, Segment 6, CIR, northern
References: Kim, J. (2010) Hydrothermal Exploration along the Northern Central Indian Ridge, 8°-12° S: Preliminary Results of Bathymetry, Volcanic Rock, and Hydrothermal Plume. 39th Underwater Mining Institute., Son, J., et al. (2012) Hydrothermal Activity along Multiple Ridge Segments of the Northern Central Indian Ridge, 8-17S. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract OS13B-1746., Son, J., Pak, S.-J., Kim, J., Baker, E.T., You, O.-R., Son, S.-K., Moon, J.-W., 2014. Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow-spreading Central Indian Ridge, 8°S-17°S. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (5), 2011-2020, doi: 10.1002/2013GC005206.

References: Son, J., Pak, S.-J., Kim, J., Baker, E.T., You, O.-R., Son, S.-K., Moon, J.-W., 2014. Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow-spreading Central Indian Ridge, 8S-17S. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (5), 2011-2020, doi: 10.1002/2013GC005206.

Vent field: CIR, 19 29'S
National Jurisdiction: Mauritius
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 plume only; 2000 submersible Nautile did not confirm activity
References: (plume only) Jean-Baptiste, P., et al. (1992), Hydrothermal 3He and manganese plumes at 19°29′S on the Central Indian Ridge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19(17), 1787-1790.

Area EX/FX
Vent field: Area EX/FX
Name alias(es): EX/FX Zone
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 plume and sediments
References: Herzig & Plueger, Can. Miner., 26, 721-736, 1988, Exploration for hydrothermal activity near the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Indian Ocean.

Area JX
Vent field: Area JX
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 plume only (camera tow did not confirm)
References: Herzig & Plueger, Can. Miner., 26, 721-736, 1988, Exploration for hydrothermal activity near the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Indian Ocean.

CIR, Segment 3, Hydrothermal Plume Site
Vent field: CIR, Segment 3, Hydrothermal Plume Site
Name alias(es): HPS, DY105-17A
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 plume only; 2005/2006 plume only
References: [W. L. Plueger, et al., Mar. Min. 9, 73 (1990) Discovery of hydrothermal fields at the Central Indian Ridge, ZHU Jian, et al., Hydrothermal plume anomalies along the Central Indian Ridge. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53, 16, 2527-2535.]

Magic Mountain, 3-km south
Vent field: Magic Mountain, 3-km south
Region: Explorer Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2002 AUV ABE plume only
References: (plume only): Yoerger, D.R. et al. (2007) Mid-ocean ridge exploration with an autonomous underwater vehicle. Oceanography 20(4): 52-61.

Gakkel Ridge, Site 7
Vent field: Gakkel Ridge, Site 7
Region: Gakkel Ridge
References: (Plume only) Edmonds, H.N. et al. (2003) Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Nature 421: 252-256.

Gakkel Ridge, Site 6
Vent field: Gakkel Ridge, Site 6
Region: Gakkel Ridge
References: (Plume only) Edmonds, H.N. et al. (2003) Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Nature 421: 252-256.

Gakkel Ridge, Site 8
Vent field: Gakkel Ridge, Site 8
References: (Plume only) Edmonds, H.N. et al. (2003) Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Nature 421: 252-256.

Gakkel Ridge, 85 E
Vent field: Gakkel Ridge, 85 E
Name alias(es): Site 9, Gakkel Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001 plume only; 2007 towed video did not confirm activity

Gakkel Ridge, 7.5 E
Vent field: Gakkel Ridge, 7.5 E
Name alias(es): Site 4, Gakkel Ridge

National Jurisdiction: Denmark : Greenland

Longitude: -2
National Jurisdiction: Denmark : Greenland

Galapagos Rift, 95.5 W
Vent field: Galapagos Rift, 95.5 W
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 submersible Alvin did not confirm activity
References: [Hey et al., Mar. Geophys. Res. 14, 207-226, 1992, ALVIN investigation of an active propagating rift system, Galapagos 95.5° W.]

Galapagos Rift, 94.7 W
Vent field: Galapagos Rift, 94.7 W
References: (plume only) Baker, E. T., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Galápagos Spreading Center: 1. Distribution of hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q09003, doi:10.1029/2008GC002028.

Galapagos Rift, 94.4 W
Vent field: Galapagos Rift, 94.4 W
References: (plume only) Baker, E. T., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Galápagos Spreading Center: 1. Distribution of hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q09003, doi:10.1029/2008GC002028.

References: (plume only) Baker, E. T., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Galápagos Spreading Center: 1. Distribution of hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q09003, doi:10.1029/2008GC002028.

Eye of Mordor Seamount
Vent field: Eye of Mordor Seamount
Name alias(es): 91.3 W, Galapagos Rift

W Los Huellos Caldera
Vent field: W Los Huellos Caldera
References: (plume only) Baker, E. T., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Galápagos Spreading Center: 1. Distribution of hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q09003, doi:10.1029/2008GC002028, (plume only) E. Baker et al., Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V14A-06, 2006, Hydrothermal Plume Mapping Along the Hotspot-affected Galapagos Spreading Center Finds High-Temperature Vent Sites are Anomalously Scarce.

E Los Huellos Caldera
Vent field: E Los Huellos Caldera
Name alias(es): 90 33'W, Galapagos Rift
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 plume only; 2005 towed video Medea did not confirm activity
References: (plume only) Baker, E. T., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Galápagos Spreading Center: 1. Distribution of hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q09003, doi:10.1029/2008GC002028, (plume only) E. Baker et al., Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V14A-06, 2006, Hydrothermal Plume Mapping Along the Hotspot-affected Galapagos Spreading Center Finds High-Temperature Vent Sites are Anomalously Scarce, (inactive only) Haymon R. M., et al. (2008), High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Gálapagos Spreading Center: 3. Black smoker discoveries and the implications for geological controls on hydrothermal activity, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q12006, doi:10.1029/2008GC002114.

Gorda Ridge, GR-15
Vent field: Gorda Ridge, GR-15
Region: Gorda Ridge
References: (plume only) Baker et al., Deep Sea Res. 34, 1461-1476, 1987, Evidence for high-temperature hydrothermal venting on the Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean.

Gorda Ridge, EP96A
Vent field: Gorda Ridge, EP96A
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 camera/temperature tow followed by ROV did not confirm hydrothermal activity
References: Chadwick et al. (1998) The 1996 Gorda Ridge eruption: geologic mapping, sidescan sonar, and SeaBeam comparison results. Deep Sea Research II 45: 2547-2569.

Gorda Ridge, EP96B
Vent field: Gorda Ridge, EP96B
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 deposits only; 1996 plume only
References: [Clague, D., et al. (1984) Preliminary geological, geophysical, and biological data from the Gorda Ridge. U.S.G.S. Open-File report 84-364, 49 pp.]

SESCA
Vent field: SESCA
Name alias(es): southern Escanaba Trough
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 sediments and heat-flow measurements
References: Kvenvolden, et al. (1986) Petroleum associated with polymetallic sulfide in sediment from Gorda Ridge. Science, 234, 1231-1234.

Wagner Basin
Vent field: Wagner Basin
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 echosounder and grab samples
References: Canet, C., R.M. Prol-Ledesma, P.R. Dando, V. Vázquez-Figueroa, E. Shumilin, E. Birosta, A. Sánchez, C.J. Robinson, A. CamprubÃ, E. Tauler (2010) Discovery of massive seafloor gas seepage along the Wagner Fault, northern Gulf of California. Sedimentary Geology 228: 292–303.

Consag Basin
Vent field: Consag Basin
Vent site(s): El Puma Mounds
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2007 echosounder and grab samples
References: Canet, C., R.M. Prol-Ledesma, P.R. Dando, V. Vázquez-Figueroa, E. Shumilin, E. Birosta, A. Sánchez, C.J. Robinson, A. CamprubÃ, E. Tauler (2010) Discovery of massive seafloor gas seepage along the Wagner Fault, northern Gulf of California. Sedimentary Geology 228: 292–303.

Guaymas Basin, Northern Trough off-axis
Vent field: Guaymas Basin, Northern Trough off-axis
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 towed camera/CTD/bottles
References: Lizarralde, D., et al. (2011) Carbon release by off-axis magmatism in a young sedimented spreading centre. Nature Geoscience, 4, 50-54, doi:10.1038/ngeo1006.

Alarcon Rise/Pescadero intersection
Vent field: Alarcon Rise/Pescadero intersection
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2015 ROV Doc Ricketts did not confirm activity
References: MBARI website, accessed 11 May 2015, http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/GOC15/Leg5/April11.html

Alarcon Rise/Tamayo intersection
Vent field: Alarcon Rise/Tamayo intersection
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2015 ROV Doc Ricketts did not confirm activity
References: MBARI website, accessed 11 May 2015, http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/GOC15/Leg5/April8.html

West Valley
Vent field: West Valley
Name alias(es): West Valley Segment
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987 and 1988 deposits only (towed camera did not confirm activity)
References: Leybourne & Van Wagoner, Can. J. Earth Sci., 29, 2346-2352, 1992, Volcanism, age, and hydrothermal deposits of the West Valley Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge.

ET
Vent field: ET
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): NotProvided

Stockwork
Vent field: Stockwork
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2005 submersible Alvin (need publication to determine if confirmed)

Split Seamount
Vent field: Split Seamount
Name alias(es): Split Volcano, Surveyor Seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1990 camera tow (need reference to check if activity confirmed)
References: (1980 dredged deposit only) Murnane & Clague, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 65, 343-352, 1983, Nontronite from a low-temperature hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(83)90172-3.

Knipovich Ridge

Knipovich Ridge, 77 40'N
Vent field: Knipovich Ridge, 77 40'N
Region: Knipovich Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Norway : Svalbard
References: (plume only) Connelly, D.P. et al. (2002) Hydrothermal Plume Signals Along the Knipovich Ridge. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2002, abstract #T11A-1229.

Knipovich Ridge, 76 48'N
Vent field: Knipovich Ridge, 76 48'N
Region: Knipovich Ridge
National Jurisdiction: Norway : Svalbard
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 temperature anomaly and towed video did not confirm activity
References: Sundvor (1997) Joint U.S., Russian and Norwegian research at Knipovich Ridge, Norwegian-Greenland Sea. InterRidge News 6(1): 17.

Knipovich Ridge, 75 N
Vent field: Knipovich Ridge, 75 N
Region: Knipovich Ridge
References: (plume only) Tamaki et al. (2001) Japan-Russia Cooperation at the Knipovich Ridge in the Arctic Sea. InterRidge News 10(1): 48-51, (plume only) Connelly, D.P. et al. (2007) Hydrothermal activity on the ultra-slow spreading southern Knipovich Ridge. GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS, VOL. 8, Q08013, doi:10.1029/2007GC001652.

Seven Sisters
Vent field: Seven Sisters
Name alias(es): Kolbeinsey, 71 N
National Jurisdiction: Norway : Jan Mayen
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 plume only; 2013 ROV Aglantha (may have confirmed)
References: R/V Poseidon 436 cruise report, http://oceanrep.geomar.de/27448/1/POS436_Devey_2012.pdf, accessed 5 June 2015.

Kolbeinsey Ridge, 69 N
Vent field: Kolbeinsey Ridge, 69 N
Name alias(es): 69 N, Kolbeinsey Ridge
Longitude: -16
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1980 or earlier sediments only
References: [Varentsov et al., Geochem. Internat., 17, 140-153, 1980, Metalliferous sediments of the Iceland Plateau North Atlantic: Geochemical characteristics of formation.]

Lena Trough

Lucky B
Vent field: Lucky B
Region: Lena Trough
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1999 dredging only
References: Snow et al. (2001) Magmatic and hydrothermal activity in Lena Trough, Arctic Ocean. Eos, Trans. AGU 82: 193-198.

Europa
Vent field: Europa
Region: Mid-Cayman Rise
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : Cayman Islands
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 plume only, not observed on dive with hybrid ROV Nereus
References: German, C. et al. (2010) Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultra-slow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107 No. 32 August 2010. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009205107 http://www.pnas.org/content/107/32/14020.full.pdf+html

Walsh
Vent field: Walsh
References: German, C. et al. (2010) Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultra-slow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107 No. 32 August 2010, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009205107, http://www.pnas.org/content/107/32/14020.full.pdf+html

Mohns Ridge, 72 N
Vent field: Mohns Ridge, 72 N
References: Schwab, W.C., Holcomb, Robin T., and van Dover, Cindy L., 1988, Preliminary presentation and interpretation of ARGO/SeaMARC 1B reconnaissance investigation of Mohns Ridge, Norwegian Sea: 21 URL: http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr8823, accessed 5 June 2015.

EPR/Tamayo intersection
Vent field: EPR/Tamayo intersection
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1979 submersible Alvin did not confirm activity
References: (did not confirm activity) Gallo et al., Mar. Geophys. Res., 6, 159-185, 1984, Tectonics at the intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform fault.

EPR, Manzanillo Spreading Segment
Vent field: EPR, Manzanillo Spreading Segment
References: (plume only) Baker et al., 2001, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, doi:10.1029/2000GC000165, Hydrothermal plumes along segments of contrasting magmatic influence, 15°20′-18°30′N, East Pacific Rise: Influence of axial faulting.

EPR, northern 17 N segment
Vent field: EPR, northern 17 N segment
References: (plume only) Baker et al., 2001, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, doi:10.1029/2000GC000165, Hydrothermal plumes along segments of contrasting magmatic influence, 15°20′-18°30′N, East Pacific Rise: Influence of axial faulting.

EPR, mid 17 N segment
Vent field: EPR, mid 17 N segment
References: (plume only) Baker et al., 2001, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, doi:10.1029/2000GC000165, Hydrothermal plumes along segments of contrasting magmatic influence, 15°20′-18°30′N, East Pacific Rise: Influence of axial faulting.

EPR, southern 17 N segment
Vent field: EPR, southern 17 N segment

EPR, southern 16 N segment
Vent field: EPR, southern 16 N segment

EPR, Seamount 5
Vent field: EPR, Seamount 5
Name alias(es): Volcano 5
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 or earlier camera and/or submersible (need to check reference)
References: [Batiza et al. (1989) Geological and petrologic evolution of seamounts near the EPR based on submersible and camera study. Marine Geophysical Researches 11: 169-236, DOI 10.1007/BF00340203.]

EPR, 11 45'N, OSC
Vent field: EPR, 11 45'N, OSC
Name alias(es): 11 46.65'N, EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 Angus camera (or 1985 Argo video) tow with temperature; 1988 submersible Alvin dive #2004 (need reference to confirm activity)

Name alias(es): Zone B
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1981 towed camera and plume did not confirm activity; 1988 submersible Alvin dive #1996 (need reference to confirm activity)
References: (did not confirm activity) Hekinian, R. et al. (1983) East Pacific Rise near 13 N: geology of new hydrothermal fields. Science 219: 1321-1324.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 submersible Alvin dive #1989 (need reference to confirm activity); 1991 plume only
References: (plume only) Baker et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128, 1-17, 1994, Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8°40' to 11°50'N: Plume distribution and relationship to the apparent magmatic budget, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90022-1.

Tevnia
Vent field: Tevnia
Name alias(es): 10 20'N, EPR, off-axis
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1994 submersible Alvin did not confirm activity
References: Haymon, R. et al. (2004) Evidence for Pulsed Hydrothermal Venting from Young Abyssal Hills on the EPR Flank Suggests Frequent Seismic Pumping of Ridge Flank Fluid Flow. Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B13A-0173, Haymon et al. (2005) Manifestations of hydrothermal discharge from young abyssal hills on the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise flank. Geology 33: 153-156, doi: 10.1130/G21058.1.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1983 towed camera and temperature measurements (no direct observations/sampling of hydrothermal fluid)
References: Kastens et al., J. Geophys. Res., 91, B3, 3469-3488, 1986, Structural and Volcanic Expression of a Fast Slipping Ridge-Transform-Ridge-Plate Boundary: Sea MARC I and Photographic Surveys at the Clipperton Transform Fault.

References: (plume only) Baker et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128, 1-17, 1994, Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8°40′ to 11°50′N: Plume distribution and relationship to the apparent magmatic budget, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90022-1.

MAR, 43 N
Vent field: MAR, 43 N
Longitude: -29
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 or earlier plume only
References: [(plume only) D J Hydes, et al., A vertical profile of dissolved trace metals (Al, Cd, Mn, Ni) over the median valley of the Mid Atlantic Ridge, 43 N: lmplications for hydrothermal activity, Sci Total Environ 49, 133-145, 1986.]

South Kurchatov
Vent field: South Kurchatov
Name alias(es): S. Kurchatov
References: (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements, (plume only) Aballea et al., Deep Sea Res., 45, 1319-1338, 1998, Manganese distribution in the water column near the Azores Triple Junction along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and in the Azores domain.

Lucky Strike segment, southern end
Vent field: Lucky Strike segment, southern end
Name alias(es): Sth. Lucky Strike, NTO3
References: (plume only) Aballea et al., Deep Sea Res., 45, 1319-1338, 1998, Manganese distribution in the water column near the Azores Triple Junction along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and in the Azores domain, (plume only) German et al, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 138, 93-104, 1996, Hydrothermal exploration near the Azores Triple Junction: tectonic control of venting at slow-spreading ridges?.

North FAMOUS
Vent field: North FAMOUS
Name alias(es): N Famous, NTO4
References: (plume only) German et al, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 138, 93-104, 1996, Hydrothermal exploration near the Azores Triple Junction: tectonic control of venting at slow-spreading ridges?.

AMAR
Vent field: AMAR
References: (plume only) German et al, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 138, 93-104, 1996, Hydrothermal exploration near the Azores Triple Junction: tectonic control of venting at slow-spreading ridges?, (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

S AMAR 1
Vent field: S AMAR 1
Name alias(es): South AMAR I
References: (plume only) German et al, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 138, 93-104, 1996, Hydrothermal exploration near the Azores Triple Junction: tectonic control of venting at slow-spreading ridges?, (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

S AMAR 2
Vent field: S AMAR 2
Name alias(es): South AMAR II
References: (plume only) German et al, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 138, 93-104, 1996, Hydrothermal exploration near the Azores Triple Junction: tectonic control of venting at slow-spreading ridges?, (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

N Oceanographer
Vent field: N Oceanographer
Name alias(es): North Oceanographer
References: (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

S Oceanographer
Vent field: S Oceanographer
Name alias(es): South Oceanographer
References: (plume only) Chin et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 1-13, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements.

Vent field: S-OH1
Name alias(es): NTO8
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 submersible Nautile did not find active vents; 2000 or earlier plume only

Vent field: S-OH2
Name alias(es): NTO9
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000 or earlier plume only

MAR, 30 N
Vent field: MAR, 30 N
References: (plume only) B.J. Murton et al., (1994) Direct evidence for the Distribution and Occurrence of Hydrothermal Activity Between 27 and 30 degrees north on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 125, pp. 119–128.

MAR, 27 N
Vent field: MAR, 27 N
References: (plume only) B.J. Murton et al., (1994) Direct evidence for the Distribution and Occurrence of Hydrothermal Activity Between 27 and 30 degrees north on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 125, pp. 119–128.

Puy des Folles
Vent field: Puy des Folles
Name alias(es): Pui des Folles, Pui des Folles seamount
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 submersible Nautile observed only inactive vents
References: (inactive vents only) Gente et al. (1996) On- and off-axis submersible investigations on an highly magmatic segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (21 40'N): the TAMMAR cruise. InterRidge News 5(2): 27-31.

St. Petersburg
Vent field: St. Petersburg
Name alias(es): Petersburgskoe
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2010 dredging only
References: Silantyev, S. (2010) Russia national report. InterRidge News 19: 39.

Vent field: MAR, 17 09'N
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2014/2015 video profiling, TVgrab and corer
References: Beltenev, V., et al. (2015) The cruise of the RV Professor Logachev to the Russian Claim Area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. INDEEP Deep-Sea Life, Issue 5, June 2015, p. 17.

MAR, south of 15 20'N fracture zone
Vent field: MAR, south of 15 20'N fracture zone
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 plume only; 1992 submersible Nautile did not observe active vents
References: (plume only) Charlou et al, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 3209-3222, 1991, Different TDM/CH4 hydrothermal plume signatures: TAG site at 26°N and serpentinized ultrabasic diapir at 15°05′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Vent field: MAR, 14 54'N
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1988 or earlier seafloor photographs did not confirm hydrothermal activity
References: [Eberhart et al., Geologic controls of hydrothermal activity in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley: Tectonics and volcanics. Mar. Geophys. Res., 10, 233-239, 1988], (plume only) Charlou et al, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 3209-3222, 1991, Different TDM/CH4 hydrothermal plume signatures: TAG site at 26°N and serpentinized ultrabasic diapir at 15°05′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Logatchev 3
Vent field: Logatchev 3
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993-1999 (between these dates)

MAR, 13 19'N OCC
Vent field: MAR, 13 19'N OCC
References: (deposits only) MacLeod et al. (2009) Life cycle of oceanic core complexes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 287: 333-344.

Ashadze 3
Vent field: Ashadze 3
Name alias(es): Ashadze-3
References: (plume and dredge only) Beltenev, V et al (2005) New hydrothermal sites at 13 N, Mid Atlantic Ridge. InterRidge News 14: 14-16.

Neptune's Beard
Vent field: Neptune's Beard
Name alias(es): The Neptune Beard
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1984 plume only; 2000 TV survey did not confirm activity
References: [(plume only) Klinkhammer et al. (1985) Hydrothermal manganese plumes in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley. Nature 314: 727-731], Sudarikov et al. (2001) A New Hydrothermal Plume at 12 54.6' N Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Initial Results of the R/V Yuzhmorgeologiya Cruise. InterRidge News 10(1): 37-40.

Vent field: MAR, 11 26'N
References: (plume only) Beltenev et al. (2009) New data about hydrothermal fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 11- 14 N: 32nd Cruise R/V Professor Logatchev. InterRidge News 18: 13-17.

References: (plume only) Klinkhammer et al. (1985) Hydrothermal manganese plumes in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley. Nature 314: 727-731, (plume only) Beltenev et al. (2009) New data about hydrothermal fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 11- 14 N: 32nd Cruise R/V Professor Logatchev. InterRidge News 18: 13-17.

Markov Deep
Vent field: Markov Deep
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2001-2002 and 2003 dredge only
References: [S. G. Skolotnev, A. A. Peive, N. S. Bortnikov, et al., “Geology of Ore-Hosting Rift Deeps near Sierra Fracture Zone, Equatorial Atlantic,â€ Dokl. Akad. Nauk 391 (2), 232–238 (2003) [Dokl. Earth Sci. 391 (5), 679–684 (2003)], Pushcharovsky (2004) Tectonic structures of the Atlantic Ocean and their connection with magmatism and ore formation - summary of successfully completed studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. InterRidge News 13: 15-17., [Tao et al. (2013) New discovery of seafloor hydrothermal activity on the Indian Ocean Carlsberg Ridge and Southern North Atlantic Ridge - progress during the 26th Chinese COMRA cruise. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 32, 85-88.]

MAR, segment south of St. Paul system
Vent field: MAR, segment south of St. Paul system
References: Maia, M., et al. (2013) Complex ridge-transform evolution and mantle exhumation at the St. Paul fracture zone system, Equatorial Alantic. Preliminary results from the COLMEIA cruise. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2013, abstract #OS42A-01.

Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, 60 S segment
Vent field: Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, 60 S segment
Region: Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
References: (plume only) Winckler, G. et al. (2009) Helium isotopes reveal hydrothermal activity in the Southern Ocean: Filling the blank spot on the global map of hydrothermal venting. Goldschmidt Conference abstract, Winckler, G., et al. (2010, in review) Mantle helium reveals Southern Ocean hydrothermal venting.

Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, 64 S segment
Vent field: Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, 64 S segment
References: (plume only) Winckler, G. et al. (2009) Helium isotopes reveal hydrothermal activity in the Southern Ocean: Filling the blank spot on the global map of hydrothermal venting. Goldschmidt Conference abstract, Winckler, G., et al. (2010, in review) Mantle helium reveals Southern Ocean hydrothermal venting.

Red Sea

Shaban Deep
Vent field: Shaban Deep
Name alias(es): Jean Charcot Deep, Oceanographer and Shaban Deep
Region: Red Sea
National Jurisdiction: Egypt
References: [Pautot, G., et al., 1984. Discovery of a large brine deep in the northern Red Sea. Nature 310, pp. 133–136, Blum and Puchelt, Sedimentary- hosted polymetallic massive sulfide deposits of the Kebrit and Shaban Deeps, Red Sea, Miner. Depos. 26 (1991), pp. 217–227.]

Kebrit Deep
Vent field: Kebrit Deep
Region: Red Sea
National Jurisdiction: Saudi Arabia
References: [Blum and Puchelt, Sedimentary- hosted polymetallic massive sulfide deposits of the Kebrit and Shaban Deeps, Red Sea, Miner. Depos. 26 (1991), pp. 217–227], [H. Backer and M. Schoell, New Deeps with brines and metalliferous sediments in the Red Sea, Nature Phys. Sci. 240 (1972) 153-158]

Nereus Deep
Vent field: Nereus Deep
Name alias(es): Thetis, Nereus, Gypsum (22 30'N-24 30'N)
Region: Red Sea
National Jurisdiction: Disputed : Sudan/Egypt
References: [H. Backer and M. Schoell, New Deeps with brines and metalliferous sediments in the Red Sea, Nature Phys. Sci. 240 (1972) 153-158]

Atlantis II Deep
Vent field: Atlantis II Deep
National Jurisdiction: Sudan
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1965 "confirmed" hot brine and cored seafloor, but see Table 1 in Miller et al. (1966) for historical measurements
References: Miller et al. (1966) Hot brines and recent iron deposits in deeps of the Red Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 30: 341-350, [Degans and Ross (eds.), 1969, Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea. A Geochemical and Geophysical Account. Springer-Verlag, New York, xii + 600 pp.]

Discovery Deep
Vent field: Discovery Deep
National Jurisdiction: Sudan
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1965 "confirmed" hot brine and cored seafloor, but see Table 1 in Miller et al. (1966) for historical measurements
References: Miller et al. (1966) Hot brines and recent iron deposits in deeps of the Red Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 30: 341-350, [Degans and Ross (eds.), 1969, Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea. A Geochemical and Geophysical Account. Springer-Verlag, New York, xii + 600 pp.]

Suakin Deep
Vent field: Suakin Deep
National Jurisdiction: Sudan
References: [H. Backer and M. Schoell, New Deeps with brines and metalliferous sediments in the Red Sea, Nature Phys. Sci. 240 (1972) 153-158, Baumann et al., Geologische Rundschau, 62, 684-697, 1973]

Red Sea Rift, 18 N
Vent field: Red Sea Rift, 18 N
National Jurisdiction: Saudi Arabia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1980 submersible Pisces XI (deposits only)
References: (deposits only) Monin et al., (1982) Red sea submersible research expedition. Deep Sea Research Part A 29: 361-373, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(82)90100-5.

Reykjanes Ridge, Area A
Vent field: Reykjanes Ridge, Area A
Region: Reykjanes Ridge
References: M. Hannington cites Jakobsson et al. (unpub.)

Reykjanes Ridge, Area B
Vent field: Reykjanes Ridge, Area B
Region: Reykjanes Ridge
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1992 submersible Mir did not find vents
References: (did not observe vents) Crane et al. (1997) Volcanic and Seismic Swarm Events on the Reykjanes Ridge and Their Similarities to Events on Iceland: Results of a Rapid Response Mission. Marine Geophysical Researches 19: 319–338.

EPR, 1 S
Vent field: EPR, 1 S
References: (plume only) Chen et al., Hydrothermal Plume Anomalies Along the East Pacific Rise Near the Equator, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract OS31D-1670, 2006, (plume only) Lin and Zhang (2006) The first collaborative China-international cruises to investigate mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents. InterRidge News 16: 33-34.

EPR, 2 S, off-axis
Vent field: EPR, 2 S, off-axis
References: Tao, C. et al. (2008) First Active Hydrothermal Vent Fields Discovered at the Equatorial Southern East Pacific Rise, AGU Fall Meeting, abstract #V41B-2081.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1980's camera tows; 1993 and 1998 plume only; 1998 submersible Alvin did not confirm activity
References: [Holler (1993) Erscheinungsformen hydrothermaler Aktivität am Ostpazifischen Rücken zwischen 6° und 30° Süd. University of Göltingen. Verlag Shaker, 226 pp. [German dissertation].]

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab
References: Dill et al. (1992) Hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation of basalts from the spreading zone of the East Pacific Rise (7 S-23 S). Geologische Rundschau/ International Journal of Earth Sciences, 81: 717-728.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab (need to check references to confirm activity)
References: [(TV grab) Holler (1993) Erscheinungsformen hydrothermaler Aktivität am Ostpazifischen Rücken zwischen 6° und 30° Süd. University of Göltingen. Verlag Shaker, 226 pp. [German dissertation].]

References: (plume only) Urabe et al., Science 269, 1092-1095, 1995, The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise, (plume only) Baker, E., and T. Urabe (1996) Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13Â°30â€²-18°40'S, J. Geophys. Res., 101(B4), 8685-8695.

References: (plume only) Urabe et al., Science 269, 1092-1095, 1995, The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise, (plume only) Baker, E., and T. Urabe (1996) Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13Â°30â€²-1°40'S, J. Geophys. Res., 101(B4), 8685-8695.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab (need to check references to confirm activity); 1993 plume only
References: Dill et al. (1992) Hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation of basalts from the spreading zone of the East Pacific Rise (7 S-23 S). Geologische Rundschau/ International Journal of Earth Sciences, 81: 717-728., (plume only) Urabe et al., Science 269, 1092-1095, 1995, The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise, (plume only) Baker, E., and T. Urabe (1996) Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13°30′-18°40′S, J. Geophys. Res., 101(B4), 8685-8695.

Name alias(es): 16.5 S, EPR, 16.6 S, EPR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1993 plume only; 1998 submersible Alvin did not confirm activity
References: [(TV grab) Holler (1993) Erscheinungsformen hydrothermaler Aktivität am Ostpazifischen Rücken zwischen 6° und 30° Süd. University of Göltingen. Verlag Shaker, 226 pp. (German dissertation)], (plume only) Urabe et al., Science 269, 1092-1095, 1995, The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise, (plume only) Baker, E., and T. Urabe (1996) Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13°30′-18°40′S, J. Geophys. Res., 101(B4), 8685-8695.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab (need to check references to confirm activity)
References: [(TV grab) Holler (1993) Erscheinungsformen hydrothermaler Aktivität am Ostpazifischen Rücken zwischen 6° und 30° Süd. University of Göltingen. Verlag Shaker, 226 pp. [German dissertation], (TV grab) Marchig et al., 1997, Massive sulfide chimneys from the East Pacific Rise at 7 24'S and 16 43'S. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 15: 49-66.]

References: (inactive vents only) Lupton, J., et al., Gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids along the East Pacific Rise, 5°S to 32°S, Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46) Fall Meet. Suppl., F1099, 1999.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1981 plume only; 1987-1988 deposits only
References: (plume only) Klinkhammer and Hudson, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 79, 241-249, 1986, Dispersal patterns for hydrothermal plumes in the South Pacific using manganese as a tracer, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(86)90182-2, (deposits only) Krasnov et al., (1997) Morphotectonics, Volcanism and Hydrothermal Activity on the East Pacific Rise between 21º12'S and 22º40'S. Marine Geophysical Researches 19: 287–317.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987-1988 deposits only
References: (deposits only) Krasnov et al., (1997) Morphotectonics, Volcanism and Hydrothermal Activity on the East Pacific Rise between 21º12'S and 22º40'S. Marine Geophysical Researches 19: 287–317.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1987-1988 deposits only [need to check Fouquet et al. (1993) for confirmation]
References: [Fouquet et al., Terra Abstracts, 5, suppl. 1, 444-445, 1993, likely from EUG VII, Strasbourg, 4–8 April 1992], (deposits only) Krasnov et al., (1997) Morphotectonics, Volcanism and Hydrothermal Activity on the East Pacific Rise between 21º12'S and 22º40'S. Marine Geophysical Researches 19: 287–317.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1985/86 or 1989 TV grab (need to check references to confirm activity)
References: Dill et al. (1992) Hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation of basalts from the spreading zone of the East Pacific Rise (7 S-23 S). Geologische Rundschau/ International Journal of Earth Sciences, 81: 717-728.

EPR, 27.7 S, Segment W3
Vent field: EPR, 27.7 S, Segment W3
National Jurisdiction: Chile : Easter Island
References: (plume only) Baker et al., 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, Hydrothermal venting along Earth's fastest spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5°-32.3°, doi:10.1029/2001JB000651.

EPR, 27.9 S, Segment W3
Vent field: EPR, 27.9 S, Segment W3
References: (plume only) Baker et al., 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, Hydrothermal venting along Earth's fastest spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5°-32.3°, doi:10.1029/2001JB000651.

EPR, 28 S, Segment W3
Vent field: EPR, 28 S, Segment W3
References: (plume only) Baker et al., 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, Hydrothermal venting along Earth's fastest spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5°-32.3°, doi:10.1029/2001JB000651.

EPR, 28.3 S, Segment W3
Vent field: EPR, 28.3 S, Segment W3

EPR, 29.5 S, Segment E1
Vent field: EPR, 29.5 S, Segment E1

EPR, 29.8 S, Segment E1
Vent field: EPR, 29.8 S, Segment E1

EPR, 30.1 S, Segment E1
Vent field: EPR, 30.1 S, Segment E1

Vent field: MAR, 4 02'S
References: German, C.R., S.A. Bennett, D.P. Connelly, A.J. Evans, B.J. Murton, L.M. Parson, R.D. Prien, E. Ramirez-Llodra, M. Jakuba, T.M. Shank, D.R. Yoerger, E.T. Baker, S.L. Walker, and K. Nakamura (2008): Hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Tectonically- and volcanically-controlled venting at 4-5S. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 273(3–4), doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.048, 332-344.

Vent field: MAR, 7 57'S
Name alias(es): 8 S, MAR
National Jurisdiction: United Kingdom : Ascension
References: (plume only) German et al. (2002) Hydrothermal Activity on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #V61B-1361, (plume only) Devey et al, (2005) Hydrothermal and Volcanic Activity Found on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Eos Trans AGU, 86(22): 209&212.

Name alias(es): 8 S, MAR
References: (plume only) German et al. (2002) Hydrothermal Activity on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #V61B-1361, (plume only) Devey et al, (2005) Hydrothermal and Volcanic Activity Found on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Eos Trans AGU, 86(22): 209&212.

Tai Chi
Vent field: Tai Chi
References: InterRidge e-news 2011

Rainbow Bay
Vent field: Rainbow Bay
Name alias(es): MAR, 14 S
Vent site(s): Rainbow Bay North, Rainbow Bay South
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 towed video did not confirm activity
References: Tao, C., et al. (2010) Two hydrothermal active vents were found at 13.2°S and 14°S of South Mid-Atlantic Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS33F-07., Tao, C.H., Li, H.M., Yang Y.M., et al. (2011) Two hydrothermal fields found on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Science China Earth Sciences, 54 (9): 1302-1303, DOI: 10.1007/s11430-011-4260-8.

MAR, 15 S
Vent field: MAR, 15 S
References: Devey, C. (2014) SoMARTherm: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge 13-33°S – Cruise No. MSM25 – January 24 – March 5, 2013 – Cape Town (South Africa) – Mindelo (Cape Verde). MARIA S. MERIAN-Berichte, MSM25, 80 pp., DFG-Senatskommission für Ozeanographie, DOI:10.2312/cr_msm25.

MAR, 19 S
Vent field: MAR, 19 S
References: Devey, C. (2014) SoMARTherm: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge 13-33°S – Cruise No. MSM25 – January 24 – March 5, 2013 – Cape Town (South Africa) – Mindelo (Cape Verde). MARIA S. MERIAN-Berichte, MSM25, 80 pp., DFG-Senatskommission für Ozeanographie, DOI:10.2312/cr_msm25.

MAR, 23 S
Vent field: MAR, 23 S
References: Devey, C. (2014) SoMARTherm: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge 13-33°S – Cruise No. MSM25 – January 24 – March 5, 2013 – Cape Town (South Africa) – Mindelo (Cape Verde). MARIA S. MERIAN-Berichte, MSM25, 80 pp., DFG-Senatskommission für Ozeanographie, DOI:10.2312/cr_msm25.

Merian
Vent field: Merian
Name alias(es): MAR, 26 S
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2012 R/V Dayang Yihao; 2013 AUV Abyss (may have confirmed activity)
References: Chen, Y.J. and Li, J. (2012) China national report. InterRidge News, 21, 36., Devey, C. (2014) SoMARTherm: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge 13-33°S – Cruise No. MSM25 – January 24 – March 5, 2013 – Cape Town (South Africa) – Mindelo (Cape Verde). MARIA S. MERIAN-Berichte, MSM25, 80 pp., DFG-Senatskommission für Ozeanographie, DOI:10.2312/cr_msm25.

SEIR

Boomerang Seamount
Vent field: Boomerang Seamount
Name alias(es): SEIR, 75, near Amsterdam Island
Region: SEIR
National Jurisdiction: France : Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1996 plume and wax core only
References: (plume only) Scheirer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 97-100, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes along the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau, (plume and wax core) Johnson et al. (2000) Boomerang Seamount: the active expression of the Amsterdam-St. Paul hotspot, Southeast Indian Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 183: 245-259.

GEISEIR site 1, segment J2
Vent field: GEISEIR site 1, segment J2
Name alias(es): SEIR, 41, near St. Paul Island
Region: SEIR
National Jurisdiction: France : Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island
References: (plume only) Scheirer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 97-100, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes along the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau.

GEISEIR site 13, segment L1
Vent field: GEISEIR site 13, segment L1
Region: SEIR
References: Baker, E.T., Hemond, C., Briais, A., Maia, M., Scheirer, D.S., Walker, S.L., Wang, T., Chen, Y.J., 2014. Correlated patterns in hydrothermal plume distribution and apparent magmatic budget along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, doi: 10.1002/2014GC005344.

GEISEIR site 14, segment L1
Vent field: GEISEIR site 14, segment L1
References: Baker, E.T., Hemond, C., Briais, A., Maia, M., Scheirer, D.S., Walker, S.L., Wang, T., Chen, Y.J., 2014. Correlated patterns in hydrothermal plume distribution and apparent magmatic budget along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, doi: 10.1002/2014GC005344.

GEISEIR site 4, segment K1
Vent field: GEISEIR site 4, segment K1
References: Baker, E.T., Hemond, C., Briais, A., Maia, M., Scheirer, D.S., Walker, S.L., Wang, T., Chen, Y.J., 2014. Correlated patterns in hydrothermal plume distribution and apparent magmatic budget along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, doi: 10.1002/2014GC005344.

GEISEIR site 15, segment L1
Vent field: GEISEIR site 15, segment L1

GEISEIR site 5, segment K1
Vent field: GEISEIR site 5, segment K1
Name alias(es): SEIR, 13
References: (plume only) Scheirer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 97-100, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes along the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau.

GEISEIR site 2, segment J4
Vent field: GEISEIR site 2, segment J4
Name alias(es): SEIR, 21
National Jurisdiction: France : Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island
References: [Southward, A. J., W. A. Newman, V. Tunnicliffe, D. Scheirer, and K. Johnson. 1997. Biological indicators confirm hydrothermal venting on the Southeast Indian Ridge. BRIDGE Newsletter 12:35–39], (plume and dredge) Scheirer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 97-100, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes along the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau.

GEISEIR site 6, segment K2
Vent field: GEISEIR site 6, segment K2
References: Wang T T, Chen Y S J, Tao C H. 2011, Revisit the K-segment of the Southeast Indian Ridge for new evidence of hydrothermal plumes. Chinese Sci Bull, 56: 3605-3609, doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4723-5.

GEISEIR site 3, segment J4
Vent field: GEISEIR site 3, segment J4
Name alias(es): SEIR, 16
References: (plume only) Scheirer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 97-100, 1998, Detection of hydrothermal plumes along the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau.

Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 GEISEIR 1 and 2010 GEISEIR 2 plume only

GEISEIR site 23, segment M2
Vent field: GEISEIR site 23, segment M2

Name alias(es): SEIR, 08A

GEISEIR site 24, segment M3
Vent field: GEISEIR site 24, segment M3

GEISEIR site 25, segment M4
Vent field: GEISEIR site 25, segment M4

GEISEIR site 30, segment O1
Vent field: GEISEIR site 30, segment O1

GEISEIR site 31, segment O1
Vent field: GEISEIR site 31, segment O1

GEISEIR site 32, segment O2
Vent field: GEISEIR site 32, segment O2

AAR KR2
Vent field: AAR KR2
References: Park, S.H. (2011) Korea national report in InterRidge News: Park. S. H. et al. (2012) Geochemistry of lavas from the Australian-Antarctic Ridge, easternmost Southeast Indian Ridge, AGU Fall meeing, V11D-2807 Poster, Baker et al. (2014) Abundant Hydrothermal Venting in the Southern Ocean Near 62°S/159°E on the Australian-Antarctic Ridge. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2014, abstract #OS53C-1057.

AAR KR1, Mujin
Vent field: AAR KR1, Mujin
Name alias(es): Misty Harbor
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2011 plume and biological samples
References: Park, S.H. (2011) Korea national report in InterRidge News: Park. S.H. et. al. (2012) Geochemistry of lavas from the Australian-Antarctic Ridge, easternmost Southeast Indian Ridge, AGU Fall meeting, V11D-2807 Poster, Baker et al. (2014) Abundant Hydrothermal Venting in the Southern Ocean Near 62°S/159°E on the Australian-Antarctic Ridge. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2014, abstract #OS53C-1057., Won et al. (2014) A New Species of the Genus Kiwa (Decapoda: Anomura) from the Hydrothermal Vent of the Australia-Antarctic Ridge. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2014, abstract #OS51E-08.

SWIR, Plume 6
Vent field: SWIR, Plume 6
Region: SWIR
References: (plume only) German et al., Nature 395, 490-493, 1998, Hydrothermal activity along the southwest Indian ridge.

SWIR, 63.9 E
Vent field: SWIR, 63.9 E
Region: SWIR
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2009 DY115-20 Leg 7 (need reference to confirm activity)
References: Tao et al. (2009) New hydrothermal fields found along the SWIR during the Legs 5-7 of the Chinese DY115-20 Expedition. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS21A-1150.

SWIR, Plume 5
Vent field: SWIR, Plume 5
References: (plume only) German et al., Nature 395, 490-493, 1998, Hydrothermal activity along the southwest Indian ridge.

SWIR, Plume 4
Vent field: SWIR, Plume 4
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1997 plume only; 2009 DY115-20 Leg 7 plume and deposits
References: (plume only) German et al., Nature 395, 490-493, 1998, Hydrothermal activity along the southwest Indian ridge., (plume and deposits) Tao et al. (2009) New hydrothermal fields found along the SWIR during the Legs 5-7 of the Chinese DY115-20 Expedition. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS21A-1150.

SWIR, Plume 3, Segment 16
Vent field: SWIR, Plume 3, Segment 16
References: (plume only) German et al., Nature 395, 490-493, 1998, Hydrothermal activity along the southwest Indian ridge.

SWIR, Plume 2, Segment 16
Vent field: SWIR, Plume 2, Segment 16

SWIR, Plume 1, Segment 17
Vent field: SWIR, Plume 1, Segment 17

SWIR, 53.2 E
Vent field: SWIR, 53.2 E
References: Tao et al. (2009) New hydrothermal fields found along the SWIR during the Legs 5-7 of the Chinese DY115-20 Expedition. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS21A-1150.

SWIR, 51.7 E
Vent field: SWIR, 51.7 E
References: Tao et al. (2009) New hydrothermal fields found along the SWIR during the Legs 5-7 of the Chinese DY115-20 Expedition. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS21A-1150.

Landing Stage
Vent field: Landing Stage
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2014 leg 2 or 3 of the 30th Chinese Cruise
References: Tao, C. et al. (2014) Hydrothermal Activity on ultraslow Spreading Ridge: new hydrothermal fields found on the Southwest Indian ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS53C-1061.

SWIR, unnamed, Segment 26
Vent field: SWIR, unnamed, Segment 26
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2008 dredge only DY115-20 Leg 6
References: Tao, C., pers. comm., 2009, Tao et al. (2009) New hydrothermal fields found along the SWIR during the Legs 5-7 of the Chinese DY115-20 Expedition. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS21A-1150.

near Jade Emperor Mountain, on-axis
Vent field: near Jade Emperor Mountain, on-axis
References: Han, X., et al. (2010) Discovery of a Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposit on the Southwest Indian Ridge at 49.2°E. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract #OS21C-1531.

Bai Causeway
Vent field: Bai Causeway
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2014 leg 2 or 3 of the 30th Chinese Cruise
References: Tao, C. et al. (2014) Hydrothermal Activity on ultraslow Spreading Ridge: new hydrothermal fields found on the Southwest Indian ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS53C-1061.

Su Causeway
Vent field: Su Causeway
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2014 leg 2 or 3 of the 30th Chinese Cruise
References: Tao, C. et al. (2014) Hydrothermal Activity on ultraslow Spreading Ridge: new hydrothermal fields found on the Southwest Indian ridge. AGU Fall Meeting abstract #OS53C-1061.

SWIR, D82
Vent field: SWIR, D82
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000-2001 plume only
References: Baker et al., 2004, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst, 5, Q08002, Hydrothermal venting in magma deserts: The ultraslow-spreading Gakkel and Southwest Indian Ridges, doi:10.1029/2004GC000712.

SWIR, D57
Vent field: SWIR, D57
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000-2001 plume and dredge only
References: Bach et al., 2002, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 3, Discovery of ancient and active hydrothermal systems along the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge 10°-16°E, doi:10.1029/2001GC000279.

SWIR, D62
Vent field: SWIR, D62
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000-2001 plume and dredge only
References: Bach et al., 2002, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 3, Discovery of ancient and active hydrothermal systems along the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge 10°-16°E, doi:10.1029/2001GC000279.

SWIR, D50B
Vent field: SWIR, D50B
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 2000-2001 plume and dredge only
References: Bach et al., 2002, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 3, Discovery of ancient and active hydrothermal systems along the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge 10°-16°E, doi:10.1029/2001GC000279.

SWIR, D9B
Vent field: SWIR, D9B
References: Baker et al., 2004, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst, 5, Q08002, Hydrothermal venting in magma deserts: The ultraslow-spreading Gakkel and Southwest Indian Ridges, doi:10.1029/2004GC000712.

References: Baker et al., 2004, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst, 5, Q08002, Hydrothermal venting in magma deserts: The ultraslow-spreading Gakkel and Southwest Indian Ridges, doi:10.1029/2004GC000712.

other

Coastal Baja California

Punta Banda
Vent field: Punta Banda
Name alias(es): PBSHS
Vent site(s): Medanos de Punta Banda, Bahia Papalote
Tectonic setting category: other
Region: Coastal Baja California
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1960's commercial abalone divers
References: Vidal, V.M.V., et al., 1978, Coastal submarine hydrothermal activity off northern Baja California. Journal of Geophysical Research 83(B4): 1757-1774.

Bahia Concepcion
Vent field: Bahia Concepcion
Name alias(es): Bahia Conception, Punta Santa Barbara
Tectonic setting category: other
Region: Coastal Baja California
References: McFall, C. C. (1968) Reconnaissance geology of the Concepcion Bay area, Baja California, Mexico. Stanford University Publications in Geological Sciences 10: no.5, 25pp., Stanford University, Stanford.

Coastal California

White Point, Palos Verde, California
Vent field: White Point, Palos Verde, California
Tectonic setting category: other
Region: Coastal California
References: Stein (1984) Subtidal Gastropods Consume Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria: Evidence from Coastal Hydrothermal Vents. Science 223: 696 - 698, DOI: 10.1126/science.223.4637.696.

Coastal Italy

Capo Miseno, Gulf of Naples
Vent field: Capo Miseno, Gulf of Naples
Name alias(es): Cabo Miseno, Capo Misseno, Campi Flegrei, Phlegraean Fields
Vent site(s): Bahia de Pozzuoli, Lucrino
Region: Coastal Italy

Ischia Island, Gulf of Naples
Vent field: Ischia Island, Gulf of Naples
Name alias(es): Isle of Ischia
Vent site(s): Castello Aragonese
Region: Coastal Italy
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1954 or earlier, from the beach

Capo Palinuro
Vent field: Capo Palinuro
Vent site(s): Grotta Azzurra (= Grotto Azzura), Grotta Sulfurea (= Sulphureous grotto)
Region: Coastal Italy
References: [Alvisi, M., Barbieri, F. and Colantoni, P., 1994. Le grotte marine di Capo Palinuro. Memoire dell'Istituto Italiano di Speleologica, Serie II 6, pp. 143–181.]

Coastal Mexico

Punta Mita, Bahia de Banderas
Vent field: Punta Mita, Bahia de Banderas
Vent site(s): Fisura de Las Coronas, Vent A
Region: Coastal Mexico
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1997 photo/video most likely by SCUBA
References: Nunez-Cornu et al. (2000) Near shore submarine hydrothermal activity in Bahia Banderas, western Mexico. Geofisica Internacional 39: 171-178, Prol-Ledesma, R. et al. (2000) Mineralogy of a shallow hydrothermal submarine center near Punta Mita (western Mexico). Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan: 1599-1604.

Prony Bay
Vent field: Prony Bay
Name alias(es): Baie du Prony, Prony Hydrothermal Field, PHF
Vent site(s): Bain des Japonais, Needle of Prony (= Aiguille de Prony)
Region: NotProvided
National Jurisdiction: France : New Caledonia
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1979 or earlier, likely SCUBA
References: [Magnier, Y. (1979) Une source thermale sous-marine Ã Prony: le récif de l’aiguille, Rossiniana, 3, 16-17.]

Isafjardardjup bay
Vent field: Isafjardardjup bay
Ocean: NotProvided
Tectonic setting category: NotProvided
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1986 or earlier, likely from shore or by SCUBA
References: Kristjansson, J.K. et al. (1986) Isolation of Halotolerant Thermus spp. from Submarine Hot Springs in Iceland. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 Dec; 52(6): 1313-1316.

San Felipe
Vent field: San Felipe
Region: Coastal Baja California
Year and how discovered (if active, visual confirmation listed first): 1982 or earlier, likely from shore
References: [Gastil, R.G., Bertine, K., 1982. Estudio geoquÄ±Ìmico termal de Baja California y sur de California. University of San Diego, CA., unpublished report, pp. 58-61.]