Many scientists and environmental groups are concerned now about the possible adverse effects of all forms of anthropogenic sound in the ocean, arguing that strict controls are necessary as a precautionary approach. Such controls could lead to significant economic costs and affect the use of national defense technologies, the exploration and development of energy resources, the activities of fisheries, and the conduct of marine scientific research.

Stranded Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) found during seismic operations near Isla San Jose in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Necropsies were inconclusive as to the cause of death. photographer: Terrie Klinger – University of Washington .

As a result, policy debates and litigation regarding noise regulation have elevated ocean noise pollution to the public agenda. In this environment of heightened public concern, intense media attention, and substantial scientific uncertainty, careful attention to the design and implementation of rational public policy is needed.

Presently there are no rules of international law that specifically address the transmission of sound through the ocean. Consequently, there is now a need to develop internationally accepted rules and standards for sound propagation and transmission in the world's oceans. A first step in developing effective policy is to identify the primary noise producers in the ocean and to estimate how much noise they produce. To achieve this goal in a specific location, researchers at the WHOI Marine Policy Center have conducted an inventory of noise producing activities in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary.