Ahmed, F.E. (Ed). 1991. Seafood Safety. National Academy Press, Wash. D.C. 432 pp.
Anderson, D.M. 1995. Toxic red tides and harmful algal blooms: a practical challenge in coastal oceanography. Rev. Geophysics, Suppl. U.S. National Report to the Int. Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991-1994. pp. 1189-1200.
Anderson, D.M. 1989. Toxic algal blooms and red tides: a global perspective. In: T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson, and T. Nemoto (eds.), Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology. Elsevier, New York. pp. 11-16.
Anderson, D.M. and A.W.White. 1992. Marine biotoxins at the top of the food chain. Oceanus 35:55-61.
Anderson, D.M. and B.A. Keafer. 1987. An endogenous annual clock in the toxic marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis. Nature 325:616 -617.
Anderson, D.M. and B.A. Keafer. 1992. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning on Georges Bank: in situ growth or advection of established dinoflagellate populations. In: J. Wiggen and C.N.K. Mooers (eds.).Proceedings of the Gulf of Maine Scientific Workshop, Urban Harbors Institute, Univ. Mass. Boston. pp. 217-224.
Anderson, D.M., Keafer, B.A., Kulis, D.M., Waters, R.M., Nuzzi, R. 1993. An immunofluorescent survey of the brown tide chrysophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens along the northeast coast of the United States. J. Plankton. Res. 15: 563-580.
Anderson, D.M. and P.S. Lobel. 1987. The continuing enigma of ciguatera. Biol. Bull. 172:89-107.
Anderson, D.M. and K.D. Stolzenbach. 1985. Selective retention of two dinoflagellates in a well-mixed estuarine embayment: the importance of diel vertical migration and surface avoidance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25:39-50.
Anderson, D.M. and D.Wall. 1978. Potential importance of benthic cysts of Gonyaulax tamarensis and G. excavata in initiating toxic dinoflagel late blooms. J. Phycol. 14:224-234.
Anderson, D.M., D.M. Kulis,, J.J. Sullivan, S. Hall, and C. Lee. 1990a Dynamics and physiology of saxitoxin production by the dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp. Mar. Biol. 104:511-524.
Anderson, D.M., D.M. Kulis, J.J.Sullivan, and S. Hall. 1990b. Toxin composition variations in one isolate of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense. Toxicon 28:885-893.
Anderson, D.M., D.M. Kulis, G.J. Doucette, J.C. Gallagher, and E. Balech. 1994. Biogeography of toxic dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada. Mar. Biol. 120:467-478.
Anderson, D.M., S.B. Galloway, and J.D. Joseph. 1993. Marine Biotoxins and Harmful Algae: A National Plan. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rep. WHOI-93-02. 59 pp.
Anderson, D.M., S.W. Chisholm, and C.J. Watras. 1983. Importance of life cycle event in the population dynamics of Gonyaulax tamarensis. Mar. Biol. 76:179-189.
Bass, A.E., R.E. Malouf, and S.E. Shumway, 1990. Growth of northern quahogs (Mercenaria mercenaria [Linnaeus, 1758]) fed on picoplankton. J. Shellfish Res. 9:299-307.
Bates, S.S., Leger, C., Keafer, B.A., Anderson, D.M. (1993). Discrimination between domoic-acid-producing and non-toxic forms of the diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens using immunofluorescence. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 100:185-195.
Bates, S.S., C.J. Bird, A.S.W. deFreitas, R. Foxall, M. Gilgan, L.A. Hanic, G.R. Johnson, A.W. McCulloch, P. Odense, R. Pocklington, M.A. Quilliam, P.G. Sim, J.C. Smith, D.V. Subba Rao, E.C.D. Todd, J.A. Walter, and J.L.C. Wright. 1989. Pennate diatom Nitzschia pungens as the primary source of domoic acid, a toxin in shellfish from eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46:1203-1215.
Bates, S.S., A.S.W. deFreitas, J.E. Milley, R. Pocklington, M.A. Quilliam, J.C. Smith, and J. Worms. 1991. Controls on domoic acid production by the diatom Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries in culture: nutrients and irradiance. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:1136-1144.
Bates, S.S. and D.J. Douglas. 1993. Laboratory studies of domoic acid production by Pseudonitzschia pungens. Harmful Algae News 6:6-7.
Bates, S.S., D.J. Douglas, G.J. Doucette, and C. Léger. 1995. Effects of reintroducing bacteria on domoic acid production by axenic cultures of the diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries . In: P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard-Le Denn, P. Gentien, and C. Marcaillou-Le Baut (eds.), Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. pp. 401-406.
Berdalet, E. 1992. Effects of turbulence on the marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium nelsonii. J. Phycol. 28:267-272.
Berdalet, E. and M. Estrada. 1994. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorous starvation on nucleic acid and protein content of Heterocapsa sp. J. Plankton Res. 16:303-316.
Blumberg, A.F. and G.L. Mellor. 1987. A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation mode. In: Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, N.S. Heaps, ed. Coastal and
Bomber, J.W., D.R. Tindall, and D.M. Miller. 1989. Genetic variability in toxin production among seventeen clones of Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 25:617-625.
Boyer, G.L., J.J. Sullivan, R.J. Andersen, P.J. Harrison, and F.J.R.Taylor. 1987. Effects of nutrient limitation on toxin production and composi tion in the marine dinoflagellate Protogonyaulax tamarensis . Mar. Biol. 96:123-128.
Bricelj, V.M. and S.H. Kuenstner. 1989. Effects of the "brown tide" on the feeding physiology and growth of bay scallops and mussels. In: E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj and E.J. Carpenter (eds.), Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 35. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 491-509.
Bricelj, V.M., J. Epp, and R.E. Malouf, 1987. Intraspecific variation in reproductive and somatic growth cycles of bay scallops Argopecten irradians. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 36: 123-137.
Buck, K.R., L. Uttal-Cooke, C.H. Pilskaln, D.L. Roelke, M.C. Villac, G.A. Fryxell, L. Cifuentes, and F.P. Chavez. 1992. Autecology of Pseudonitzschia australis Frenguelli, a suspected domoic acid producer, from Monterey Bay, California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 84:293-302.
Burkholder, J.M. and H.B. Glasgow, Jr. 1995. Response of the toxic estuarine dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida to N and P from organic and inorganic sources. In: Abstracts, Annual Meeting, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, June 11-15, Reno, Nevada.
Burkholder, J.M., H.B. Glasgow, Jr., and C.W. Hobbs. In press. Distribution and environmental conditions for fish kills linked to a toxic ambush-predator dinoflagellate. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
Burkholder, J.M., H.B. Glasgow, Jr., and K.A. Steidinger. 1995. Stage transformations in the complex life cycle of an ichthyotoxic "ambush -predator" dinoflagellate. In: P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard-Le Denn, P. Gentien, C. Marcaillou-Le Baut (eds.), Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. pp. 567-572.
Burkholder, J.M., E.J. Noga, C.H. Hobbs, and H.B. Glasgow, Jr. 1992. New 'phantom' dinoflagellate is the causative agent of major estuarine fish kills. Nature 358:407-410.
Buskey, E.J. and D.A. Stockwell. 1993. Effects of a persistent "brown tide" on zooplankton populations in the Laguna Madre of South Texas. In: T.J. Smayda. and Y. Shimizu (eds.), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Elsevier Science Publ. B.V., Amsterdam. pp. 659-666.
Caperon, J. and J. Meyer. 1972. Nitrogen-limited growth of marine phytoplankton. II. Uptake kinetics and their role in nutrient-limited growth of phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Res. 19:619-632.
Cardwell, R.D., S. Olsen, M.I. Carr, and E.W. Sanborn. 1979. Causes of oyster larvae mortality in southern Puget Sound. NOAA Tech. Mem. ERL MESA-39. 73 pp.
Cardwell, R.D., C.E. Woelke, M.I. Carr, and E.W. Sanborn. 1977. Evaluation of water quality of Puget Sound and Hood Canal in 1976. NOAA Tech. Mem. ERL MESA-21. 36 pp.
Carlsson, P., E. Granéli, and P. Olsson. Grazer elimination through poisoning: One of the mechanisms behind Chrysochromulina polylepis blooms. In: Graneli, E., B. Sundstrom, L. Edler, and D.M. Anderson (Eds.),Toxic Marine Phytoplankton , , Elsevier, New York. pp. 116-122.
Cembella, A.D., N.J. Antia, and P.J. Harrison. 1984. The utilization of inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds as nutrients by eukaryotic microalgae: a multidisciplinary perspective. Part. 1. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 10:317-391.
Cembella, D., S.E. Shumway, and N.I. Lewis, 1993. Anatomical distribution and spatio-temporal variation in paralytic shellfish toxin composi tion in two bivalve species from the Gulf of Maine. J. Shellfish Res. 12:389-403.
Cembella, A.D., J.J. Sullivan, G.I. Boyer, F.J.R. Taylor, and R.J. Andersen. 1987. Variation in paralytic shellfish toxin composition within the Protogonyaulax tamarensis/catenella species complex: red tide dinoflagellates. Biochem. System. Ecol. 15:171-186.
Chang, J. and E.J. Carpenter. 1991. Species specific phytoplankton growth rates via diel DNA synthesis cycles. V. Application to natural populations in Long Island Sound. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 78:115-122.
Chao, S.-Y. 1987. Wind-driven motion near inner shelf fronts. J. Geophys. Res. 92:3849-3860.
Cosper, E.M., V.M. Bricelj, and E.J. Carpenter (eds.). 1989a. Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Effects of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 35. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 799 pp.
Cosper, E.M. W. Dennison, A. Milligan, E.J. Carpenter, C. Lee, J. Holzapfel, and L. Milanese. 1989b. An examination of the environmental factors important to initiating and sustaining "brown tide" blooms. In: E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, and E.J. Carpenter (eds.), Novel Phy toplankton Blooms: Causes and Effects of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 35. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 317-340.
Cullen, J.J. and S.G. Horrigan. 1981. Effects of nitrate on the diurnal vertical migration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the photosynethetic capacity of the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium splendens . Mar. Biol. 62:81-89.
Currin, C.A., H.W. Paerl, G.K. Suba, and R.S. Alberte. 1990. Immunofluorescence detection and characterization of N 2 -fixing microorganisms from aquatic environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:59-71.
DeLong, E. F., G. S. Wickham, N. R. Pace. 1989. Phylogenetic stains: ribosomal RNA-based probes for the identification of single cells. Science 243: 1360-1364.
Dennison, W.C., G.J. Marshall, and C. Wigand. 1989. Effect of 'brown tide' shading on eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.) distributions. In: E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, and E.J. Carpenter (eds.), Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 35. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 675-692.
DeYoe, H.R. and C.A. Suttle. 1994. The inability of the Texas "brown tide" alga to use nitrate and the role of nitrogen in the initiation of a persistent bloom of this organism. J. Phycol. 30:800-806.
Donaghay, P.L. 1985. An experimental test of the relative significance of food quality and past feeding history to the limitation of egg produc tion of the estuarine copepod Acartia tonsa. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 21:235-245.
Donaghay, P.L. 1988. The role of temporal scales of acclimation, food quality and trophic dominance in controlling the evolution of copepod feeding behavior. Bull. Mar. Sci. 43:469-485.
Donaghay, P.L., H.M. Rines and J.M. Sieburth. 1992. Simultaneous sampling of fine scale biological, chemical and physical structure in stratified waters. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergeb. Limnol. 36:97-108.
Dortch, Q., T.L. Roberts, J.R. Clayton, Jr., and S.I. Ahmed. l983. RNA/DNA ratios and DNA concentrations as indicators of growth rate and biomass in planktonic marine organisms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series. l3:6l-7l.
Doucette, G.J. 1995. Interactions between bacteria and harmful algae: a review. Natural Toxins 3:65-74.
Doucette, G.J. and C.G. Trick. 1995. Characterization of bacteria associated with different isolates of Alexandrium tamarense. In: P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard-Le Denn, P. Gentien, C. Marcaillou-Le Baut (eds.), Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. pp. 33-38.
Douglas, D.J., U.P. Ramsey, J.A. Walter, and J.L.C. Wright. 1992. Biosynthesis of the neurotoxin domoic acid by the marine diatom Nitzschia pungens forma multiseries, determined with[ 13C]-labelled precursors and nuclear magnetic resonance. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992:714-716.
Drum, A.S., T.L. Siebens, E.A. Crecelium, and R.A. Elston. 1993. Domoic acid in the Pacific razor clam Sliqua patula (Dixon, 1789). J. Shellfish Res. 12:443-450.
Edvardsen, B., F. Moy, and E. Paasche. 1990. Hemolytic activity in extracts of Chrysochromulina polylepis grown at different levels of selenite and phosphate. In: E. Granéli, B. Sundström, L. Edler and D.M. Anderson (eds.), Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Elsevier Science Publ., New York. pp. 284-289.
Eppley, R.W., O. Holm-Hansen, and J.D.H. Strickland. 1968. Some observations on the vertical migration of dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 4:333 -340.
Eppley, R.W., J.N. Rogers, and J.J. McCarthy. 1969. Half-saturation constants for uptake of nitrate and ammonium by marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14:912-920.
Erickson, G.M. and L. Nishitani. 1985. The possible relationship of El Niño/Southern Oscillation events to interannual variation in Gonyaulax populations as shown by records of shellfish toxicity,. In: W.S. Wooster and D.L. Fluharty (eds.), El Niño North. Niño Effects in the Eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean. Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle. pp. 283-290.
Falconer, I.R. (ed.) 1993. Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press, London. 224 pp.
Falkowski, P.G., T.S. Hopkins, and J.J. Walsh, 1980. An analysis of factors affecting oxygen depletion in the New York Bight. J. Mar. Res. 38:479 -506.
Fiedler, P.C. 1982. Zooplankton avoidance and reduced grazing responses to Gymnodinium splendens (Dinophyceae). Limnol. Oceanogr. 27:961-965.
Fraga, S., D.M. Anderson, I. Bravo, B. Reguera, K.A. Steidinger, and C.M. Yentsch. 1988. Influence of upwelling relaxation on dinoflagellates and shellfish toxicity in Ria de Vigo, Spain. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 27:349-361.
Franks, P.J.S. 1992. Sink or swim: accumulation of biomass at fronts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 82:1-12.
Franks, P.J.S. and D.M. Anderson. 1992a. Alongshore transport of a toxic phytoplankton bloom in a buoyancy current: Alexandrium tamarense in the Gulf of Maine. Mar. Biol. 112:153-164.
Franks, P.J.S. and D.M. Anderson. 1992b. Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the southwestern Gulf of Maine: testing hypotheses of physical control using historical data. Mar. Biol. 112:165-174.
Fritz L., M.A. Quilliam, J.A. Walter, J.C.L. Wright, A.M. Beale, and T.M. Work. 1992. An outbreak of domoic acid poisoning attributed to the pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia australis. J. Phycol.28:439-442.
Fulton, R.S. and H.W. Paerl. 1987. Toxic and inhibitory effects of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa on herbivorous zooplankton. J. Plankton Res. 9: 837-855.
Garrison D.L., S.M. Conrad, P.P. Eilers, and E.M. Waldron. 1992. Confirmation of domoic acid production by Pseudonitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) cultures. J. Phycol. 28:604-607.
Gentien, P. and G. Arzul. 1990. Exotoxin production by Gyrodinium cf. aureolum (Dinophyceae). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 70:571-581.
Geraci, J.R., D.M. Anderson, R.J. Timperi, D.J. St. Aubin, G.A. Early, J.H. Prescott, and C.A. Mayo. 1989. Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae) fatally poisoned by dinoflagellate toxin. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46:1895-1898.
Geyer, W.R. and R.P. Signell. 1992. A reassessment of the role of tidal dispersion in estuaries and bays.Estuaries:15:97-108.
Glasgow, H.B., Jr., J.M. Burkholder, D.E. Schmechel, P.A. Tester, and P.A. Rublee. In press. Insidious effects of a toxic dinoflagellate on fish survival and human health. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health.
Granéli, E., E. Paasche, and S.Y. Maestrini. 1993. Three years after the Chrysochromulina polylepis bloom in Scandinavian waters in 1988: some conclusions of recent research and monitoring. In: T.J. Smayda and Y. Shimizu (eds.), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Elsevier Science Publ. B.V., Amsterdam. pp. 23-32.
Habas, E.J. and C.K. Gilbert. 1974. The economic effects of the 1971 Florida red tide and the damage it presages for future occurrences. Environ. Letters 6:139-147.
Hall, S. l982. Toxins and toxicity of Protogonyaulax from the northeast Pacific. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks. 196 pp.
Hall, S., G. Strichartz, E. Moczydlowski, A. Ravindran, and P.B. Reichardt. 1990. The saxitoxins: sources, chemistry, and pharmacology. In: S. Hall and G. Strichartz (eds.), Marine Toxins: Origin, Structure, and Molecular Pharmacology. American Chemical Society Symposium Series No. 418. Washington, D.C. pp. 29-65.
Hallegraeff, G.M. 1993. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32:79-99.
Hayhome, B.A., D.M. Anderson, D.M. Kulis, and D.J. Whitten. 1989. Variation among congeneric dinoflagellates from the northeastern United States and Canada. I. Enzyme electrophoresis. Mar. Biol. 101:427-435.
Haywood, G.J., and M.W. Silver. 1994. The concentration of domoic acid by zooplankton. Abstract. EOS 75:89.
Holmes, R.W., P.M. Williams, and R.W. Eppley. 1967. Red water in La Jolla bay, 1964-l966. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12:503-512.
Horner R.A., J.R. Postel, and J.E. Rensel. 1991. Noxious phytoplankton blooms and marine salmon culture in Puget Sound, Washington. In: J.R. Forbes (ed.), Pacific Coast Research on Toxic Marine Algae. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 135:59-61.
Horner, R.A., M.B. Kusske, B.P. Moynihan, R.N. Skinner, and J.C. Wekell. 1993. Retention of domoic acid by Pacific razor clams, Sliqua patula (Dixon, 1789): preliminary study. J. Shellfish Res. 12:451-456.
Huntley, M. 1982. Yellow water in La Jolla Bay, California, July 1980. II. Suppression of zooplankton grazing. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 63:81-91.
Huntley, M., P. Sykes, S. Rohan, and V. Marin. 1986. Chemically-mediated rejection of prey by the copepods Calanus pacificus and Paracalanus parvus : mechanism, occurrence and significance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28:105-120.
Kahn, J. and M. Rochel. 1988. Measuring the economic effects of brown tides. J. Shellfish Res. 7:677-682.
Kamykowski, D. 1974. Possible interactions between phytoplankton and semidiurnal internal tides. J. Mar. Res. 32:67-89.
Kamykowski, D. 1979. The growth response of a model Gymnodinium splendens in stationary and wavy water columns. Mar. Biol. 50:289-303.
Kamykowski, D. 1981. The simulation of a southern California red tide using characteristics of a simultaneously-measured internal wave field. Ecol. Model. 12:253-265.
Kamykowski, D. 1995. Trajectories of autotrophic marine dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology 31:200-208.
Keafer, B.A., and D.M. Anderson. 1993. Use of remotely-sensed sea surface temperatures in studies of Alexandrium tamarense bloom dynamics. In: T.J. Smayda and Y. Shimizu (eds.), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Elsevier Science Publ. B.V., Amsterdam. pp. 763-768.
Kodama, M., T. Ogata, and S. Sato. 1988. Bacterial production of saxitoxin. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52:1075-1077.
Lam, C.W.Y and K.C. Ho. 1989. Red tides in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. In: T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson, and T. Nemoto (eds.), Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology. Elsevier, New York. pp. 49-52.
Landsberg, J.H., K.A. Steidinger, and B.A. Blakesley. 1995. Fish-killing dinoflagellates in a tropical marine aquarium. In: P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard-Le Denn, P. Gentien, C. Marcaillou-Le Baut (eds.), Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. pp. 65-70.
Lange, C.B., F.M.H. Reid, and M. Vernet. 1994. Temporal distributions of the potentially toxic diatom Pseudonitzschia australis at a coastal site in southern California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 104:309-312.
Langlois, G.W., K.W. Kizer, P. Smith, K. Hansgen, and R. Howell. 1993. Preliminary results of the California phytoplankton monitoring pro gram. In: Abstracts, Sixth International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, Nantes, France, October 18-22, 1993. p. 119.
LaPointe, B.E. and J.D. O'Connell. 1989. Nutrient-enhanced growth of Cladophora prolifera in Harrington Sound, Bermuda: eutrophication of a confined, phosphorus-limited marine ecosystem. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 28:347-360.
LaPointe, B.E., D.A. Tomasko, and W.R. Matzie. 1994. Eutrophication and trophic state classification of seagrass communities in the Florida Keys. Bull. Mar. Sci. 54:696-717.
Lewis, R.J. and M.J. Holmes. 1993. Origin and transfer of toxins involved in ciguatera. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106C:615-628.
Lin, S., Chang, J. and E. J. Carpenter. 1994. Detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen analog in four species of marine phytoplankton . J.Phycol.30: 449-456.
Love, D.C., S.D. Rice, D.A. Moles, and W.D. Eaton. 1993. Seasonal prevalence and intensity of bitter crab dinoflagellate infection and host mortality in Alaskan Tanner crabs Chionoecetes bairdi from Auke Bay, Alaska, USA. Dis. Aquat. Org. 15:1-7.
Maclean, J.L. 1989. Indo-Pacific red tides, 1985-1988. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20:304-310.
Maranda, L., D.M. Anderson, and Y. Shimizu. 1985. Comparison of toxicity between populations of Gonyaulax tamarensis of eastern North American waters. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 21:401-410.
Martin, P. 1985. Simulation of the mixed layer at OWS November and Papa with several models. J. Geophys. Res. 90:903-916.
Matter, A.L. 1994. Paralytic shellfish poisoning: toxin accumulation in the marine food-web, with emphasis on predatory snails. Puget Sound Estuary Program, U.S. EPA 190/R-94-005. 44 pp.
Meyers, T.R., T.M. Koeneman, C. Botelho, and S. Short. 1987. Bitter crab disease: a fatal dinoflagellate infection and marketing problem for Alaskan Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi. Dis. Aquat. Org. 3:195-216.
Millie, D.F., Baker, M.C., Tucker, C.S., Vinyard, B.T. and Dionigi, C.P. 1992. High resolution, airborne remote-sensing of bloom forming phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 28:281-290.
Milligan, K.L.D.and Cosper, E.M. 1994. Isolation of virus capable of lysing the brown tide microalga, Aureococcus anophagefferens. Science 266:805-807.
Montagna, P.A., D.A. Stockwell, and R.D. Kalke. 1993. Dwarf surfclam Mulinia lateralis (Say, 1822) populations and feeding during the Texas brown tide event. J. Shellfish Research 12:433-442.
Morejohn G.V., J.T. Harvey, and L.T. Krasnow. 1978. The importance of Loligo opalescens in the food-web of marine invertebrates in Monterey Bay, California. Calif. Dept. Fish Game, Fish. Bulletin. 169:67-98.
Murakawa, M. 1987. Marine Pollution and countermeasures in Japan. Oceanus 30:55-60.
Neve, R.A. and P.B. Reichardt. 1984. Alaska's shellfish industry,. In: E.P. Ragelis (ed.) Seafood Toxins. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 262. Washington, D.C. pp. 53-58.
Nishitani, L. and K. Chew. 1988. PSP toxins in the Pacific coastal states: monitoring programs and effects on bivalve industries. J. Shellfish Res. 7:653-669.
Noga, E.J., L. Khoo, J.B. Stevens, Z. Fan, and J.M. Burkholder. In press. Novel toxic dinoflagellate causes epidemic disease in estuarine fish. Mar. Poll. Bull.
Okaichi, T. 1989. Red tide problems in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. In: T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson, and T. Nemoto (eds.), Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology. Elsevier, New York. pp. 137-142.
Okubo, A. 1971. Oceanic diffusion diagrams. Deep-Sea Res. 18:789-802.
Orellana, M.V. and M.J. Perry. 1992. An immunoprobe to measure Rubisco concentrations and maximal photosynthetic rates of individual phytoplankton cells. Limnol.Oceanogr. 37:478-490.
Oshima, Y., Sugino, K., Yasumoto, T. 1989. Latest advances in HPLC analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins. In: S. Natori, K. Hashimoto,and Y. Ueno (eds.) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 319-326
Paerl, H.W. 1988a. Nuisance phytoplankton blooms in coastal, estuarine and inland waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:823-847.
Paerl, H.W. 1988b. Growth and reproductive strategies of freshwater blue- green algae (Cyanobacteria),. In: C.D. Sandgren (ed.), Growth and Reproductive Strategies of Freshwater Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 261-315.
Paerl, H.W. 1990. Physiological ecology and regulation of N 2 fixation in natural waters. Adv. Microbial Ecol. 11:305-344.
Peterson, C.H. and H.C. Summerson. 1992. Basin-scale coherence of population dynamics of an exploited marine invertebrate, the bay scallop: implications of recruitment limitation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 90:257-272.
Pollingher, U. and E. Zemel. 1981. In situ and experimental evidence of the influence of turbulence on cell division processes of Peridinium cinctum forma westii (Lemm.) Lefevre. Br. Phycol. J. 16:281-287.
Porter, K.G. and J.D. Orcutt Jr. 1980. Nutritional adequacy, manageability, and toxicity as factors that determine food quality of green and blue -green algae for Daphnia. In W.E. Kerfoot (ed.), Evolution of Zooplankton Communities. University Press of New England, Hanover. pp. 268 -281.
Prandle, D. 1991. A new view of near-shore dynamics based on observations from HF radar. Prog. Oceanogr. 27:403-438.
Pratt, D.M. 1966. Competition between Skeletonema costatum and Olisthodiscus luteus in Narragansett Bay and in culture. Limnol. Oceanogr.11:447 -455.
Price, D.W., K.W. Kizer, and K.H Hansgen. 1991. California's paralytic shellfish poisoning prevention program, 1927-89. J. Shellfish Res. 10:119 -145.
Radach, G., J. Berg, and E. Hagmeier. 1990. Long-term changes of the annual cycles of meteorological, hydrographic, nutrient and phytoplank ton time series at Helgoland and at LV ELBE 1 in the German Bight. Cont. Shelf Res. 10:305-328.
Rensel, J.E. 1993. Factors controlling paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Puget Sound, Washington. J. Shellfish Res. 12:371-376.
Rensel, J.E. and E.F. Prentice. 1980. Factors controlling growth and survival of cultured spot prawn, Pandalus platyceros, in Puget Sound, Washington. Fish. Bull. 78:781-788.
Rensel, J.E., R.A. Horner, and J.R. Postel. 1989. Effects of phytoplankton blooms on salmon aquaculture in Puget Sound, Washington: initial research. Northw. Environ. J. 5:53-69.
Reynolds, C.S. and A.E. Walsby. 1975. Water blooms. Biol. Rev. 50:437- 481.
Robineau, B., G.L. Fortier and A.D. Cembella. 1991. Potential impact of a toxic dinoflagellate ( Alexandrium excavatum) bloom on survival of fish and crustacean larvae. Mar. Biol. 198:293-301.
Sako, Y., N. Naya, T. Yoshida, C.H. Kim, A. Uchida, and Y. Ishida. 1995. Studies on stability and heredity of PSP toxin composition in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium. In: P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard-Le Denn, P. Gentien, and C. Marcaillou-Le Baut (eds.), Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. pp. 401-406.
Sand-Jensen, K. 1977. Effect of epiphytes on eelgrass photosynthesis. Aquat. Bot. 3:55-63.
Sanders, R.W. and K. G. Porter. 1988. Phagotrophic phytoflagellates. In: K. Marshall (ed.), Advances in Microbial Ecology 10. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 167-192.
Seliger, H. H., J. H. Carpenter, M. Loftus, and W. D. McElroy. l970. Mechanism for the accumulations of high concentrations of dinoflagellates in a bioluminescent bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. l5: 234-245.
Shimizu, Y. 1993. Microalgal metabolites. Chemical Reviews. 93: 1685-1698.
Shimizu, Y., Norte, M., Hori, A., Genenah, A., and Kobayashi, M. 1984. Biosynthesis of saxitoxin analogues: the unexpected pathway. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106: 6433-6434.
Shumway, S.E. (ed.). 1988. Toxic algal blooms: hazards to shellfish industry. J. Shellfish Res. 7:587-705.
Shumway, S.E. 1990. A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 21:65-104.
Shumway, S., S. Sherman-Caswell, and J. Hurst. 1988. Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Maine: monitoring a monster. J. Shellfish Res. 7:643-652.
Sieburth, J. M., P.W. Johnson and P.E. Hargraves. 1988. Ultrastructure and ecology of Aureococcus anophagefferens gen. et sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae): the dominant picoplankter during a bloom in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, summer 1985. J. Phycol. 24:416-425.
Silberstein, K., A.W. Chiffings, and A.J. McComb. 1986. The loss of seagrass in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. III. The effect of epiphytes on productivity of Posidonia australis Hook. F. Aquat. Bot. 24:355-371.
Smayda, T.J. 1990. Novel and nuisance phytoplankton blooms in the sea: evidence for a global epidemic. In: E. Granéli, B. Sundström, L. Edler, and D.M. Anderson.(eds.), Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Elsevier, New York. pp. 29-40.
Smayda, T.J. 1992. Global epidemic of noxious phytoplankton blooms and food chain consequences in large ecosystems. In: K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander, and B.D. Gold (eds.), Food Chains, Models and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems. Westview Press, San Francisco. pp. 275 -307.
Smith, J.C., P. Odense, R Angus, S. Bates, C.J. Bird, P. Cormier, A.S.W. deFreitas, C. Léger, D. O'Neil, K. Pauley, and J. Worms. 1990. Variation in domoic acid levels in Nitzschia species: implications for monitoring programs. Bull Aquacult. Ass. Can. 90:27-31.
Smith, S.A., E.J. Noga, and R.A. Bullis. 1989. Mortality in Tilapia aurea due to a toxic dinoflagellate bloom. Proc. 3rd Int. Colloquium Path. Mar. Aquaculture 167-168.
Steidinger, K.A. and G.A. Vargo. 1988. Marine dinoflagellate blooms: dynamics and impacts. In C.A. Lembi and J. R. Waaland (eds.), Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 373-401.
Steidinger, K.A., E.W. Truby, J.K. Garrett, and J.M. Burkholder. 1995. The morphology and cytology of a newly discovered toxic dinoflagellate. In: P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard-De Denn, P. Gentien, C. Marcaillou-Le Baut (eds.), Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. pp. 83-88.
Steidinger, K.A., J.M. Burkholder, H.B. Glasgow, Jr., C.W. Hobbs, J.K. Garrett, E.W. Truby, E.J. Noga, and S.A. Smith. Submitted. Pfiesteria piscicida, gen. et sp. nov. (Pfiesteriaceae, fam. nov.), a new toxic dinoflagellate with a complex life cycle and behavior. J. Phycol.
Summerson, H.C. and C.H. Peterson. 1990. Recruitment failure of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus, during the first red tide, Ptychodiscus brevis, outbreak recorded in North Carolina. Estuaries 13:322-331.
Swanson, R.I. and C.J. Sindermann (eds.). 1979. Oxygen depletion and associated benthic mortalities in New York Bight, 1976. NOAA Profes sional Paper 11. Rockville, MD. 345 pp.
Sykes, P. A. and M. E. Huntley. 1987. Acute physiological reactions of Calanus pacificus to selected dinoflagellates: direct observations. Mar. Biol. 94:19-24.
Taylor, F.J.R. 1993. Current problems with harmful phytoplankton blooms in British Columbia waters. In: T.J. Smayda and Y. Shimizu (eds.), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Elsevier Science Publ. B.V., Amsterdam. pp. 699-703.
Taylor, F.J.R. and R.A. Horner. 1994. Red tides and other problems with harmful algal blooms in Pacific Northwest coastal waters. In: R.C.H. Wilson, R.J. Beamish, F. Aitkens, and J. Bell (eds.), Review of the marine environment and biota of Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and Juan de Fuca Strait: Proceedings of the BC/Washington Symposium on the Marine Environment, Jan 13 & 14, 1994. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1948:175-185.
Taylor, F.J.R. and U. Pollingher. 1987. Ecology of Dinoflagellates. In: F.J.R. Taylor (ed.), The Biology of Dinoflagellates. Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford. pp. 398-529.
Tester, P.A., M.E. Geesey, and F.M. Vukovich. 1993. Gymnodinium breve and global warming: What are the possibilities? In T.J. Smayda and Y. Shimizu (eds.), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Elsevier Science Publ. B. V., Amsterdam. pp. 67-72.
Tester, P.A., R.P. Stumpf, F.M. Vukovich, P.K. Fowler, and J.T. Turner. 1991. An expatriate red tide bloom: transport, distribution, and persis tence. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36:1053-1061.
Therriault, J.C., J. Painchaud, and M. Levasseur. 1985. ontrolling the occurrence of Protogonyaulax tamarensis and shellfish toxicity in the St. Lawrence estuary: Freshwater runoff and the stability of the water column. pp. 141-146 In: D. M. Anderson, A.W. White and D. G. Baden (eds.) Toxic Dinoflagellates, Elsevier, New York.
Thomas, W.H. and C.H. Gibson. 1990. Quantified small-scale turbulence inhibits a red tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra Stein. Deep-Sea Res. 37:1583-1593.
Tomas, C. R. 1980. Olisthodiscus luteus (Chrysophyceae). V. Its occurrence, abundance and dynamics in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. J. Phycol. 16:157-166.
Tracey, G.A. 1988. Feeding reduction, reproductive failure, and mortality in Mytilus edulis during the 1985 "brown tide" in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 50:73-81.
Trainer, V. L. and Baden, D. G. 1991. An enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Florida red tide brevetoxins. Toxicon 29:1387-1394.
Twarog, B.M., T. Hidaka, and H. Yamaguchi. 1972. Resistance of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in nerves of bivalve molluscs. Toxicon 10:273-278.
Twilley, R.R., W.M. Kemp, K.W. Staver, J.C. Stevenson, and W.R. Boynton. 1985. Nutrient enrichment of estuarine submerged vascular plant communities: 1. Algal growth and effects on production of plants and associated communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 23:179-191.
Tyler, M. A. and H. H. Seliger. l978. Annual subsurface transport of a red tide dinoflagellate to its bloom area: water circulation patterns and organism distributions in the Chesapeake Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23: 227-246.
Tyler, M.A. and H.H. Seliger. 1981. Selection for a red tide organism: physiological responses to the physical environment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26:310-324.
Villac, M.C., D.L. Roelke, F.P. Chavez, L.A. Cifuentes, and G.A. Fryxell. 1993. Pseudonitzschia australis Frenguelli and related species from the west coast of the U.S.A.: occurrence and domoic acid production. J. Shellfish Res. 12:457-465.
Wall, D. l97l. Biological problems concerning fossilizable dinoflagellates. Geoscience and Man. 3:l-l5.
Walz, P.M., D.L. Garrison, W.M. Graham, M.A. Cattey, R.S. Theerdema, and M.W. Silver. 1994. Domoic acid producing diatom blooms in Monterey Bay, California: 1991-1993. Natural Toxins 2:271-279.
Watras, C.J., S.W. Chisholm, and D.M. Anderson. 1982. Regulation of growth in an estuarine clone of Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour: salinity-dependent temperature responses. J. Exp.. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 62:25-37.
White, A.W. 1981. Marine zooplankton can accumulate and retain dinoflagellate toxins and cause fish kills. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26:103-109.
Whitledge, T.E. 1993. The nutrient and hydrographic conditions prevailing in Laguna Madre, Texas before and during a brown tide bloom. In: T.J. Smayda and Y. Shimizu (eds.), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea, Elsevier Science Publ. B. V., Amsterdam. pp. 711-716.
Work, T.M., A.M. Beale, L. Fritz, M.A. Quilliam, M.W. Silver, K.R. Buck, and J.L.C. Wright. 1993. Domoic acid intoxication of brown pelicans and cormorants in Santa Cruz, California. In: T.J. Smayda and Y. Shimizu (eds), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Elsevier Science Publ. B.V., Amsterdam. pp. 643-649.
Yang, C.Z., A.M. Yousif, T. Perkins, and L.J. Albright. 1993. The mode of action of the toxic phytoplankter, Heterosigma akashiwo on juvenile sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka). In: Abstracts, Sixth International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, Nantes, France, October 18-22, 1993. p. 277.
Yasumoto, T., I. Nakajima, E. Chunque, and R. Adachi. 1977. Finding of a dinoflagellate as a likely culprit of ciguatera. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 43:1021-1026.
Yentsch, C.M., B. Dale, and J.W. Hurst. 1978. Coexistence of toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates resembling Gonyaulax tamarensis in New England coastal waters (N.W. Atlantic). J. Phycol. 14:330-332.
Young, W.R., P.B. Rhines, and C.J.R. Garrett. 1982. Shear-flow dispersion, internal waves and horizontal mixing in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12:515-527.
Zimmerman, J.T.F., 1986. The tidal whirlpool: A review of horizontal dispersion by tidal and residual currents. Netherlands J. Sea Res. 20:133 -154.