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WHOI Sea Grant's Online Publications Catalog

Oceanography: Biological...continued

The Behavioral Physiology of Labroid Fishes
Curran, M.C.
Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, 4 pp. (abstract only), 1992 WHOI-X-92-001

Sounds Produced by Spawning Fishes
Lobel, P.S.
Environmental Biology of Fishes, Vol. 33, pp. 351-358, 1992 WHOI-R-92-004
Low frequency sounds are shown to be associated with the spawning of two Caribbean coral reef fishes, the hamlet, Hypoplectrus unicolor (Serranidae) and the striped parrotfish, Scarus iserti (Scaridae). Both fishes produce distinctive sounds while broadcasting gametes in midwater. H. unicolor produces sounds via muscle stimulation of the swim bladder. Fin movements among group spawning S. iserti produce hydrodynamic noise. Although reproductive behaviors of these two species have been previously studied in detail, the association of sounds with mating is new. The mating sounds cannot be easily detected by human hearing underwater but are recordable using a hydrophone. The sounds are distinct and recognizable enough to allow counting and acoustic mapping of mating events in these species.

Nitrogen Assimilation from Amorphous Detritus by Two Coastal Consumers
D'Avanzo, C., M. Alber, and I. Valiela
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Vol. 33, pp. 203-209, 1991 WHOI-R-91-009

Cultivation of Smbiotic Pigment-producing Bacteria from the Accessory Midamental Glands of the Squid Loligo palei
Dunlap, P.V.
Abstracts from the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Union, 1990, 1 p. (abstract only), 1990 WHOI-R-90-020

Sediment-trap Experiments on the Importance of Hydrodynamical Processes in Distributing Settling Invertebrate Larvae in Near-bottom Waters
Butman, C.A.
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 134, pp. 37-38, 1989 WHOI-R-89-021

Spawning Behavior of Chaetodon multicinctus (chaetodontidae); Paris and Intruders
Lobel, P.S.
Environmental Biology of Fishes, Vol. 25, No. 1-3, pp. 125-130, 1989 WHOI-R-89-014

Comparison of Terrestrial and Marine Ecological Systems
Only available on loan from the National Sea Grant Library
Steering Committee (J. Steele, S. Carpenter, J. Cohen, P. Dayton, and R. Ricklefs)
Report of a Workshop held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 14 pp., 1989 WHOI-W-89-005

Eelgrass in Buzzards Bay: Distribution, Production and Historical Changes in Abundance
Only available on loan from the National Sea Grant Library
Costa, J.E.
EPA 503/4-88-002, Buzzards Bay Project, 204 pp., 1988 WHOI-X-88-004

Periodicity in Fecal Pellet Production by the Capitellid Polychaete Mediomastus ambiseta throughout the Day
Fuller, C.M., C.A. Butman, and N.M. Conway
Ophelia, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 83-91, 1988 WHOI-R-88-009

Visual Observations of Particle Manipulation During Feeding in Larvae of a Bivalve Mollusc
Gallager, S.M.
Bulletin of Marine Science, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 344-365 1988 WHOI-R-88-019
Observations presented by the author address three basic questions concerning the feeding behavior of bivalve larvae:

1) How does the rate of particle encounter by the pre-oral cilia of the velum influence feeding activity over a wide range of particle concentrations?
2) How efficiently are particles captured and transported to the mouth after being encountered in the medium? and
3) What mechanism(s) are available for decoupling particle encounter, capture and ingestion at satiating food levels?

Using normal and high-speed video microscopic techniques and frame-by-frame analysis, the fate of individual particles was traced through the steps of capture, transport to the mouth by the food groove, accumulation at the mouth, and ingestion and rejection from the esophagus.

Larval Settlement of Soft-sediment Invertebrates: The Spatial Scales of Pattern Explained by Active Habitat Selection and the Emerging Role of Hydrodynamical Processes
Butman, C.A.
Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., Vol. 25, pp. 113-165, 1987 WHOI-R-87-007

Effect of Irradiances up to 2000 µE m-2 s-1 on Marine Synechococcus WH7803-I. Growth, Pigmentation, and Cell Composition
Kana, T.M. and P.M. Glibert
Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 479-495, 1987 WHOI-R-87-012

Effect of Irradiances up to 2000 µE m-2 s-1 on Marine Synechococcus WH7803-II. Photosynthetic Responses and Mechanisms
Only available on loan from the National Sea Grant Library
Kana, T.M. and P.M. Glibert
Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 497-516, 1987 WHOI-R-87-013

Changes in Midgut Gland Morphology and Digestive Enzyme Activities Associated with Development in Early Stages of the American Lobster Homarus americanus
Only available on loan from the National Sea Grant Library
Biesiot, P.M.
Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, 1 p. (abstract only), 1986 WHOI-Y-86-001

Larval Settlement of Soft-sediment Invertebrates: Some Predictions Based on an Analysis of Near-bottom Velocity Profiles
Butman, C.A.
In: Nihoul, J.C.J. (ed.), Marine Interfaces Ecohydrodynamics, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 42, pp. 487-513, 1986 WHOI-R-86-002

Two-sex Models: Chaos, Extinction, and Other Dynamic Consequences of Sex
Caswell, H. and D.W. Weeks
The American Naturalist, Vol. 128, No. 5, pp. 707-735, 1986 WHOI-R-86-012

Individual Variability in Lipid Content of Bivalve Larvae Quantified Histochemically by Absorption Photometry
Gallager, S.M. and R. Mann
Journal of Plankton Research, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 927-937, 1986 WHOI-R-86-009

Lipid as an Index of Growth and Viability in Three Species of Bivalve Larvae
Gallager, S.M., R. Mann, and G.C. Sasaki
Aquaculture, Vol. 56, pp. 81-103, 1986 WHOI-R-86-008

Nutritional and Bioenergetic Considerations in the Development of the American Lobster Homarus americanus
Sasaki, G.C., J.M. Capuzzo, and P. Biesiot
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 11, pp. 2311-2319, 1986 WHOI-R-86-007
To better understand the early life history of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, nutritional and bioenergetic aspects of development have been investigated. These studies focused on physiological and biochemical processes during transitional periods between extrusion of the eggs, hatching, larval development, molting, metamorphosis, and attainment of the juvenile stage and the findings of the investigators are described in this paper.

Effects of Copper and Zinc on Two Planktonic Ciliates
Stoecker, D.K., W.G. Sunda, and L.H. Davis
Marine Biology, Vol. 92, pp. 21-29, 1986 WHOI-R-86-004
Copper and zinc are essential for plant and animal growth, but both can be toxic at elevated concentrations. The availability of these and other trace metals to marine organisms has been shown to be controlled by free metal ion activity rather than the total metal concentration. There is evidence that both copper and zinc may occur at levels in marine waters which are limiting or inhibitory to some organisms. In this study, the authors examined the effects of free cupric and zinc ion activities on ciliates in a model food web consisting of a single phytoplankton species and two species of ciliates and results of both short-term and long-term experiments are reported in this paper.

Copper Complexation During Spring Phytoplankton Blooms in Coastal Waters
Anderson, D.M., J.S. Lively, and R.F. Vaccaro
Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 42, pp. 677-695, 1984 WHOI-R-84-005

The Functions of Nematocysts in Prey Capture by Epipelagic Siphonophores (Coelenterate, Hydrozoa)
Purcell, J.E.
Biol. Bull., Vol. 166, pp. 310-327, 1984 WHOI-R-84-002

Fine Scale Spatial Correlations Between Planktonic Ciliates and Dinoflagellates
Stoecker, D.K., L.H. Davis, and D.M. Anderson
Journal of Plankton Research, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 829-842, 1984 WHOI-R-84-020

Characterization of Feeding Activity Patterns in the Planktonic Copepod Centropages typicus Kroyer Under Conditions
Cowles, T.J. and J.R. Strickler
Limnol. Oceanogr., Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 106-115, 1983 WHOI-R-83-003

Swimming Behaviour of Larvae of the Ocean Quahog Arctica islandica in Response to Pressure and Temperature
Mann, R. and C.C. Wolf
Marine Ecology, Vol. 13, pp. 211-218, 1983 WHOI-R-83-016
Trochophore larvae of the ocean quahog Arctica islandica swim continuously. At a constant temperature of 12 degrees C they are negatively geotactic, have no phototactic response and exhibit no change in swimming behaviour in the pressure range 1 to 3 bar. In a vertical thermal gradient from 9 to 25ÁC the trochophores swim throughout the experimental chamber and show no temperature preference. Veliger larvae of A. islandica alternate between periods of active upward swimming in vertically oriented helices, that is a negative geotaxis, and periods of passive sinking with the velum either trailing or retracted between closed valves. They do not swim in the horizontal plane and, in the length range 160 to 202 µm, show no phototactic response. When exposed to sequential increases and decreases in hydrostatic pressure at 12ÁC, larvae in the length range 160 to 196 µm consistently exhibited a net upward movement following an increase in pressure and a net downward movement following a decrease in pressure. The threshold pressure change to elicit response is <0.5 bar. Larvae of 170 µm length respond to increased pressure by increasing height gain per rotation. Larvae of 202 µm length exhibit no significant change in swimming behaviour with increased pressure. In a vertical thermal gradient early veligers swim in the range 7 to 23ÁC with preferential aggregation, depending upon size, in the range 12 to 18ÁC. Larvae of 204 µm length show no temperature preference in the range 6 to 20ÁC. The implication of the observed behaviour on seasonal depth distribution of A. islandica larvae in the Middle Atlantic Bight is discussed.

Effects of Size, Age and Photoperiod on Hypoosmoregulation in Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis
Only available on loan from the National Sea Grant Library
McCormick, S.D.
Ph.D. Thesis, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering, 181 pp., 1983 WHOI-X-83-003

Growth of Favella sp. (Ciliata: Tintinnina) and Other Microzooplanketers in Cages Incubated In Situ and Comparison to Growth In Vitro
Stoecker, D., L.H. Davis, and A. Provan
Marine Biology, Vol. 75, pp. 293-302, 1983 WHOI-R-83-015

Instrumentation for the Measurement of Phytoplankton Production
Taylor, C.D., J.J. Molongoski, and S.E. Lohrenz
Limnol. Oceanogr., Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 781-787, 1983 WHOI-R-83-009
Automated instrumentation performs time-course incubation experiments directly in situ where natural conditions of temperature, light, hydrostatic pressure, etc., can be maintained. The sampler incubation device (SID) takes a 1-liter sample from the water and simultaneously introduces an appropriate radiotracer. During subsequent in situ incubation, 50-ml subsamples are withdrawn from the main sample at equally spaced intervals and preserved for laboratory analysis. Representative experiments revealed nonlinear carbon uptake within 0.5-1.0 h, emphasizing that even brief end-point analyses can lead to large errors in estimating phytoplankton production rates. Studies of the rapid fluctuation in phytoplankton activity resulting from cloud-induced variations in light intensity and the application of cellular fractionation methods for measuring the intracellular distribution of newly fixed carbon illustrated the utility of instrumental time-course techniques for studying phytoplankton physiology and community metabolism in situ.

Selective Grazing by the Mud Snail Ilyanassa obsoleta
Connor, M.S. and R.K. Edgar
Oecologia, Vol. 53, pp. 271-275, 1982 WHOI-R-82-008
Mud snails (Ilyanassa obsoleta) starved for 48 h were allowed to feed on sediments in laboratory microcosms. Sediment cores sliced at 2 mm intervals were compared to snail stomach contents for percent carbon and nitrogen, plant pigment contents and species composition of benthic diatoms. Concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phaeopigments, phycocyanin and chlorophyll were enriched in the top 2 mm of the sediments compared to 7-10 mm depth by a factor of 2-10. In turn, these materials were 20-40 times more concentrated in snail guts than in the surface sediments. Snail feces were enriched for carbon and nitrogen by 5-7 times over the surface sediments. Bacterial chlorophyll peaked at about 3-4 mm in the sediments and was not detectable in the snail stomach contents. The C/N ratio of the snail stomach contents was only 6 compared to a ratio of 8.5 for their feces and 12 for the surface sediments. The percentage of migratory diatoms (e.g. Nitzschia and Navicula) decreased with depth where non-migratory species, such as Fragilaria pinnata, dominated. These migratory species were more common in the snails than in the sediments on which they were feeding. A comparison of daily ingestion rates to the animal's energy budget shows that this selective ingestion is sufficient to meet Ilyanassa's energy needs.

The Effect of Feeding by Mud Snails, Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say), on the Structure and Metabolism of a Laboratory Benthic Algal Community
Connor, M.S., J.M. Teal, and I. Valiela
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 65, pp. 29-45, 1982 WHOI-R-82-013
Linearizing Ecological Models with Time-varying Parameters
Evans, G.T.
Mathematical Biosciences, Vol. 61, pp. 155-161, 1982 WHOI-R-82-011

The Effect of pH in Intensive Microalgal Cultures: I. Biomass Regulation
Goldman, J.C., Y. Azov, C.B. Riley, and M.R. Dennett
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 57, pp. 1-13, 1982 WHOI-R-82-016

The Effect of pH in Intensive Microalgal Cultures: II. Species Competition
Goldman, J.C., C.B. Riley, and M.R. Dennett
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 57, pp. 15-24, 1982 WHOI-R-82-017

Effect of Nitrogen-mediated Changes in Alkalinity on pH Control and CO2 Supply in Intensive Microalgal Cultures
Goldman, J.C., M.R. Dennett, and C.B. Riley
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. XXIV, pp. 619-631, 1982 WHOI-R-82-004

Benthic Filter Feeding: A Natural Eutrophication Control
Only available on loan from the National Sea Grant Library
Officer, C.B., T.J. Smayda, and R. Mann
Marine Ecology, Vol. 9, pp. 203-210, 1982 WHOI-R-82-029
The importance of the benthic filter feeding community as a natural control on eutrophication is considered. The important environmental factors favorable for such a control are relatively shallow water depths and a dense benthic filter feeding community of small animals. The criteria are summarized in the equivalence of the water recycling time for phytoplankton growth. The criteria are applied specifically to the conditions that exist in South San Fransisco Bay.

Effects of Temperature and Light on the Feeding Rate of Favella sp. (Ciliated Protozoa, Suborder Tintinnina)
Stoecker, D. and R.R.L. Guillard
Ann. Inst. Oceanogr., Vol. 58, pp. 309-318, 1982 WHOI-R-82-028

Effects of Olisthodiscus luteus on the Growth and Abundance of Tintinnids
Only available on loan from the National Sea Grant Library
Verity, P.G. and D. Stoecker
Marine Biology, Vol. 72, pp. 79-87, 1982 RIU-R-82-003