5 g @@@ @@@@b6&}bibx J EN DB  %5A    &P X mH '  { \ /+ Iw` C'hY < ; >    g FtGaLg 7|  p5 qv b8 Beland19969* Burn1993}J Fisk2002rh, Green19978 Hong19909w. Klamer19981C* Lewis1997x% Mead19939% Nielsen20006) Politi2003ox3 Said200007Tarleboe1985Tj S Tarleb1986, Tarpley1993 Tarpley1997 Tarpley1997 Tarpley1997 Tatsukawa1982 Tatsukawa1983 Tatsukawa19861 Tatsukawa19872 Tatsukawa1987W Tatsukawa1987; Tatsukawa1988 Tatsukawa1988 Tatsukawa1988X Tatsukawa1989] Tatsukawa1989 Tatsukawa1990d Tatsukawa1993 Tatsukawa1993' Tatsukawa1994n Tatsukawa1994 Tatsukawa1995 Tatsukawa1995 Tatsukawa1996 Tatsukawa1996 Tatsukawa1997p Tatsukawa1999 Tatsukawa2001o Tatsukawa2002 Taucher1990n Tautz1993 Taylor19988 Tefft1989Ten Hallers-Tjabbes2002 Teramitsu2000 Tessaro1999$ Testa1994 Testa1995 Testa1996 Thayer19988> Thomas19929E Thomas2000 Thomas20030 Thommes1995Thompson1997BThompson2000Thompson2003 Tietge20020 Tilbury1999 Tilbury1999 Tilbury2001 Tilbury2002 Tilley2003o Tillitt1994r Tillitt1995s Tillitt1995y Tillitt1996 Timmerman1994B Timmerman1994 Timmerman1995 Timmerman1995 Timmerman1996~ Timmerman1996 Timmerman1996w Timperi1989s Tingle2003Tirpenou1998 Tittlemier2002t Tittlemier2002 Titus1997 Tjoen-A-Choy2002 Tollit19979@Tolliver1348 Tomy1615q Torok1995 Torok1997 Touart19989 Towell19999 Trainer1818 Trainer1999 Trainer2000 Trebacz1998VTremblay19866Tremblay19866@Tremblay19866Tremblay19999l Trites1992` Troisi1998 Troisi2001{ Troisi20022} Trosko2002Trottier2000Tschirret-Guth2003Tsigouri1998 Tufft2003:Tuomisto20011:Tuomisto20011: Tuukkanen2001 Tynan2000} Upham2002c Upshall1991 Urano1995C Urian1423= Uthe1984$ Vahter19959 van Amerongen1997A van Bavel1999van Binnendijk19969 Van Dam1988 van de Bildt1992Tl van den Berg19929m van den Berg19949 van den Brink2000` van der Meer1996 van der Meer1997 van der Vliet1996 van der Vliet1997lvan der Weiden1992mvan der Weiden1994 Van Dolah2000  Van Hezik1997B Van Loveren1994 van Loveren1995  Van Loveren1996 Van Loveren1996F Van Loveren1996 Van Loveren1996 van Loveren1997 Van Loveren2000 van Schanke1998 Van Schanke1998 Van Vleet1996p Vandermeer1994 Vandermeer1997o Vandervoort1994 Vanhattum1998 Vanloveren1995 Vanstraalen1998/Varanasi19930Varanasi1993# Vedder1994 Vedder19949B Vedder1994o Verbrugge1994r Verbrugge1995s Verbrugge1995 Verbrugge1998Y Vernier2002 Vetter1990 Vetter19949 Vetter2001 Vetter2001K Vetter2001L Vetter2001W Vetter2001X Vetter2001 Vetter2002U Vetter2002 Vetter2003S Vetter2003T Vetter2003 Via1993 Via1995 Via1995U Viale2000 Viale2002: Viluksela2001D Vinther1998 Visser1992 Visser19949 Voit20022vom Saal1998 Vongraven1996 Vos1994B Vos1994 Vos1995 Vos1995 Vos1995 Vos1995 Vos1995 Vos1995 Vos1996 Vos1996F Vos1996~ Vos1996 Vos1996 Vos1996 Vos1996 Vos1997 Vos2000 Vos2000Voutsinou-Taliadouri19959 Wade19961 Wade1997 Wade1997Wagemann1517:Wagemann1984<Wagemann1988Wagemann1988\Wagemann1988>Wagemann19928!Wagemann1994Wagemann1995Wagemann1997Wagemann1998Wagemann1999 Wagner199912Wakimoto1987WWakimoto1987 Waldick19994 Walker19899 Walker1989 Walton199664 Wang19898# Wang1996 Wang2001= Wartanien1992SWatanabe1566;Watanabe1988XWatanabe1989pWatanabe19909YWatanabe1999Watanabe1999Watanabe1999RWatanabe2000VWatanabe2000Watanabe2000iWatanabe2001Watanabe20020oWatanabe2002 Watkins1996 Watson1999 Weaver19989T Weichbrodt2003$ Weihe1995" Weihe1996Weisbrod19988Weisbrod2000Weisbrod2000)Weisbrod2000'Weisbrod2001 Wekell18188 Welch1995C Wells1423 Wells1992 Wells1993 Wells1995 Wells1995 Wells1997 Wells1997e Wells1999 Wells2002Welshons19989_ Wensvoort1987 Wester19981 Wester19981 Wester19988Westmore1615Westmore19980 Whale1988] Whalen20032 Whaley199999 Whaley20010 Whetstine2000- White1992C White1994i White1994t White1994u White1994- White1994" White1996 White1999w White2000 White20003 Whitehead1981Widegren1992Widegren1993Widegren1993 Wiig1998  Wiig19989 Willemsen1997m Willes1993Willhaus1992Williams20000C Wilson1423 Wilson19999B Wilson2000 Wilson2000 Wilson2003Wingfors19999AWingfors19999<Wingfors19999H Wise19929* Wise1993+ Wise19939, Wise1993- Wise19939y Wise19939 Wise19939 Wise19959 Wise19951 Wise19969 Wise19969 Wise19969 Wise20000z Wise20030 Wolf19977# Wolke1996N Wong14191C Wood14233 Wood1996 Wood19989 Woodhouse1991H Woodin19881R Woodin19881 Woodin19891. Woodley1991Woodruff1818 Woods1995 Worthy19999 Woshner2000 Woshner2001 Wright19969 Wu2002k Xiao1993 Xiong2000Yamamoto20000X Yamashita1989n Yamashita1994 Ylitalo1024 Ylitalo1999 Ylitalo2001 Ylitalo2001L Yogui2003Yoneyama1989 York20020 Young1997 Young1998 Yueh2000 Zaidel19979y Zajicek1996Zambonin1995 Zanardelli1501e Zanardelli1992F Zanardelli2000 Zanardelli2001 Zarzur1999 Zeeman19989 Zegers2002-8Zeinstra19898H Zeisler1992* Zeisler1993, Zeisler1993y Zeisler1993q Zenteno-Savin1998 Zhou2001Ziccardi2002 Zinck1984 Zizzo1999 Zook19922 Zorn2000 Zylka1998000 Zylka19980 Zylka1998 Zylka1998000 Zylka19980 Zylka19980 Zylka19980 Zylka19980 Zylka19980 Zylka19982000 Zylka19982000 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998 Zylka19982000 Zylka19980 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998000 Zylka19982000 Zylka1998 Zylka1998 Zylka19980 Zylka19980 Zylka19982000 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998 Zylka19980 Zylka1998000 Zylka1998 Zhou2001̈ Zizzo1999 Zorn20002000rn2000FO/#3ZJd/E H'nSP@^vy-\L!O% .>(."*LPpt)]f=4c+N[si'W*$31:;2IVQ8Th>0<6M(, D{7=k`-w m7:Be5_~CF 9 Rar2g?K Authors!Journals ;Keywords &                                zLAbuodha, J. O. Z. Acosta, B. Adams, M. Adams, N. G. Addison, R Addison, R.Addison, R. F.xtAddison, R. F. UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-40CJYDY-6/1/f925323e4bb240e7ad72ec60d5bd2d5a Addison, R.F. Addison, RFAdegoke, J. A. Aguilar, A. Akahori, F. Albert, T. F. Alexis, M.N. Ali, I. B. Aliani, S.Allchin, C. R. Allchin, C.R. Althoff, G. Altman, N. H.Alvarez-Castaneda, S. T. Amano, M.Amemiya, C. T. Amiard, J. C.Amiard-Triquet, C. Amiel, S. Amos, B.p Ancora, S. Andersen, A. Andersen, G.Anderson, D. M.Anderson, D.G.Anderson, D.M.Anderson, H. F.Anderson, S. S. Andersson, O Andersson, T Andersson, T. Andre, J. M. Ankley, G. T.Anon Aono, S. Armstrong, D Arnason, U. Arnold, H. Arthur, R.Asahina, A. Y. Asano, Y. Asplund, L.Athanasiadou, M.Athanassiadis, I. Athwal, R. Atkinson, S.Aubin, D.J. St. Augier, H.Aulerich, R. J.Aulerich, R.J. Ayotte, P. Baba, N. Babin, P. Bachand, A. Backlin, B.M. Bacon, C. E. Baden, D. G. Baetcke, K.P. Baird, R. W. Baker, C. S. Baker, J. R. Baker, J.R. Baker, O.E.Balasubramanian, R.Ballachey, B. E.Ballschmiter, K.Bandiera, S. M.Bandiera, S.M. Bang, K.Bannister, J. L. Barber, D.Barclay, J. S. Bargu, S. Barrett, T.Barrett-Lennard, L. G. Barron, M. G. Barth, H.Barthel, K. G.Bastida, R. O. Bavel, B.V. Bavel, Bv Bearzi, G.Beasley, V. R. Beaudet, M. Becerra, J. Becerra, M Beck, G. G. Beck, G.C. Beck, K. M. Becker, P. R. Beckmen, K.Beckmen, K. B. Beecher, T. Beland, P Beland, P.Belikov, S. E. Bellaiche, M. Benke, H.Bennett, M. E.Bennett, P. M. Benson, S. Bergek, S Berggren, P. Bergman, A. Bergman, AaBergqvist, P-ABergqvist, P. A. Bernier, J. Bernt, K. E. Berrow, S. D.Berzofsky, J. A. Best, D.A. Best, P B Best, P. Best, P. B. Betti, C. Beyer, J.Bland, PierreBickham, J. W.Bidleman, T. F. Bill, B. D.Binkley, K. C.Birmingham, B. Birnbaum, L.Birnbaum, L. S. Bisaillon, A.Bjerregaard, P. Bjoerge, A. Blake, J. E. Blake, S. J.Blankenship, A. L.Bleavins, M. R. Bleumink, R. Blix, A. S.Blixenkrone-Moller, M. Bloch, D.Blokhin, S. A. Boehm, J. R.Bohle-Carbonell, M.Bohonowych, J. E. Boila, G. Boisclair, J. Bolton, J. L. Bonde, R. K. Boon, J.p Boon, J. P. Boon, J.P.Boorman, C. J.Boothman, W.S. Bordes, M. Born, E. W. Borrel, A. Borrell, A. Bosma, C.Bossart, G. D. Bossicart, M.Bosveld, Albertus T.C. Boudou, A.Bouquegneau, J. M. Bourrat, F. Bowen, W. D.Bowerman, W.W. Bowyer, R. T. Boyce, W. M. Boyd, D.Bratton, G. R. Brault, S. Braune, B. Breau, L.Breslin, W. J. Brewer, L.W. Bright, D.Brinkman, U. A.Brinkman, U.A.T. Brito, J. Brizzi, M. Brochu, C. Brock, J. Brodie, P. F. Brodie, P.F. Brodie, PF Brody, A. J.Broeders, H. W.Broekhuizen, S.Broekhuizen, Sim Brooks, J. M. Brotea, G. Brousseau, P. Brouwer, A. Brown, D. W. Brown, G. Brown, M W Brown, M. W. Brown, M.W Brown, M.W. Brownell, R Brownell, R LBrownell, R. L.Brownell, R. L., Jr. Bruland, K. Bruneau, S.Brunnick, B. J. Brunstrom, B. Bryden, M. M.Buchanan, D. L.Buckland, S. J. Buehler, B.Buergelt, C. D. Burighel, P. Burn, D. M. Burns, J. J. Burow, M.Burrows, D. G. Burse, V. W.Bursian, S. J. Bursian, S.J. Busbee, D.  6*K <"4#wB?0!Dt/e=F jD$ environment (see also Sea water)Environment management Environmentalenvironmental conditionsEnvironmental effectsEnvironmental Exposure,'Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects,'Environmental Exposure: adverse effectsenvironmental factorsEnvironmental healthEnvironmental impact Environmental Microbiologyeneenvironmental monitoring$!Environmental Monitoring/*methods$ Environmental Monitoring/methodsEnvironmental Monitoring:$!Environmental Monitoring: methods,)Environmental Pollutants/*adverse effects("Environmental Pollutants/*analysis $Environmental Pollutants/*blood0+Environmental Pollutants/*blood/*metabolism0*Environmental Pollutants/*pharmacokinetics,&Environmental Pollutants/*pharmacology("Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity @:Environmental Pollutants/administration & dosage/*toxicity80+Environmental Pollutants/analysis/*toxicityEnvironmental Pollutants:("Environmental Pollutants: analysis0*Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokineticsEnvironmental Pollution$!Environmental Pollution: analysisEnvironmental protectionenvironmental qualityenvironmental studies environments enzymaticEnzymatic activity EnzymeEnzyme InductionEnzyme System: metabolism$!Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Enzymes enzymology epidemiology EpidermisEpidermis/*ultrastructure Epithelia$Epithelial Cells: drug effects epizootics ErignathusErignathus barbatus EruptionsErythrocytes: chemistry EschrichtiusEschrichtius robustus Eskimos EstimatingEstradiol/*bloodEstradiol/bloodisEstradiol/pharmacologymicEstrogens/pharmacologytioEstrus/physiology EstuariesEstuarine dynamics Estuary ethers ethnic groupsEubalaena glacialis EumetopiasEumetopias jubatusEuphausia superba Euphausiacea Europenme Europe,Europe, Biscay BayEurope/epidemiologyP8European plaice EvaluationEvaluation StudiesP8 EvolutionEvolution, Molecularg Excretionexcretory products exhalation Experimental Exposureexposure modelExposure: analysis Exxon ValdezF factors faeces Faeroe I. Faeroe Is. falloutFarallones Gulf Faroe I. Faroe Is. fastingFasting/*metabolismboFasting/*physiologyosfatFate Fate ofFate of Pollutantsfate of pollutionFatsFattyFatty Acids: analysis$Fatty Liver/chemically inducedducPKFATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; BLUBBER; FISHfaunaFecesFeces/analysis/*tFeces: chemistry FeedingFeeding behaviorFeeding behaviourFeeding migrations Female FemalesFerrets/*metabolismisFerrets/*physiologygyFertility/*drug effects0$Fetal Development/*drug effectsnd$Fetus/*anatomy & histologyy/*Fetus/*radiographyathFetus/drug effectsima fetuses Fibroblasts Fin whale Finback whaleFingerprintingFinless porpoiseFire retardantsFishFish (Cod family)Fish Diseases/etiology Fish eggs Fish kill Fish larvaeFish Oils/*toxicityecFish PopulationsFish Products/*analysis/iFish Products/analysistss$ Fish Products/analysis/*toxicity fisheriesFishery products FishesFishes/*metabolismysiFishes/*virologyI(%Fishes/growth & development/*geneticsFishes/metabolismFishes/microbiologyuiFishes: metabolism fishing Fishing gear Fishing netsflame retardants83Flame Retardants/*adverse effects/analysis/toxicity0 flavescens Floating Florida Flotsam flounderFlounder: geneticsFlounder: metabolism Flow Cytometry/*veterinary\ Fluctuating83Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary00*Fluoride Poisoning/epidemiology/veterinary5e organismsTrace elementsPolychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated fish induces vitamin A and thyroid hormone deficiency in the common seal (Phoca vitulina )4-Brouwer, A. Reijnders, P. J. H. Koeman, J. H.rAquatic ToxicologyAquat. Toxicol.i151f 99-106& In this study the effect of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated fish on plasma retinol (vitamin A) and thyroid hormone concentrations, i.e. sensitive indicators of PCB-intoxication, were investigated in the common seal Phoca vitulina . Seals fed fish from the Wadden Sea (high-level PCB contamination) had significantly lower concentrations of plasma retinol, total (TT4) and free thyroxin (FT4) and triiodothyronin (TT3) as compared to seals fed fish from the north-east Atlantic (low-level PCB contamination). The PCB-induced reduction in plasma retinol levels disappeared when seals on a Wadden Sea fish diet were subsequently fed Atlantic Ocean fish. It is suggested that reduced plasma retinol and thyroid hormone levels, which may result in an increased susceptibility to microbial infections, reproductive disorders and other pathological alterations, are critically involved in the recently reported reproductive disorders and the lethal viral infections in seals and other marine mammal populations in the Baltic, North Sea and Wadden Sea. 1989 English 1989vitamin A; pollution indicators; thyroid; pollution effects; disease resistance; retinol; Phoca vitulina; ANE; hormones; diets; blood; reproduction; immunity PCB; PCB compounds; bioindicators Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 POLLUTION - ORGANISMS; X 24135 Biochemistry; X 24136 Environmental impact; X 24155 Biochemistry; X 24156 Environmental impact; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION2329988an ability of the seals to metabolize HDBPs.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp EnglishBioaccumulation; Food webs; Trophic levels; Marine ecosystems; Pollution monitoring; Polar environments; Nitrogen; Isotopes; Marine organisms; Aquatic birds; Zooplankton; Halogenated compounds; Wildlife; Marine environment; Water pollution; halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles; Pollution effects; Chemical pollutants; Halogenated hydrocarbons; Marine fish; Marine birds; Marine mammals; Trophic relationships; Calanus hyperboreus; Mysis oculata; Sagitta; Boreogadus saida; Cepphus grylle; Rissa tridactyla; Phoca hispida; Alle alle; Larus hyperboreus; Arctic Ocean; PN, Arctic Ocean halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles; Arctic cod; Black guillemot; Black-legged Kittiwake; Ringed seal; Dovekie; Glaucous gull; Birds; Magnification factors Marine D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24156 Environmental impact; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms5327749 Influence of life-history parameters on organochlorine concentrations in free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Prince William Sound, AK`ZYlitalo, G. M. Matkin, C. O. Buzitis, J. Krahn, M. M. Jones, L. L. Rowles, T. Stein, J. E. 2001>7Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.].  281  1-3s82Certain populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) have been extensively studied over the past 30 years, including populations that use Puget Sound, WA, the inside waters of British Columbia, Southeastern Alaska and Kenai Fjords/Prince William Sound, Alaska. Two eco-types of killer whales, 'transient' and 'resident', occur in all of these regions. These eco-types are genetically distinct and differ in various aspects of morphology, vocalization patterns, diet and habitat use. Various genetic and photo-identification studies of eastern North Pacific killer whales have provided information on the male-female composition of most of these resident pods and transient groups, as well as the approximate ages, reproductive status and putative recruitment order (birth order) of the individual whales. Biopsy blubber samples of free-ranging resident and transient killer whales from the Kenai Fjords/Prince William Sound, AK region were acquired during the 1994-1999 field seasons and analyzed for selected organochlorines (OCs), including dioxin-like CB congeners and DDTs. Concentrations of OCs in transient killer whales (marine mammal-eating) were much higher than those found in resident animals (fish-eating) apparently due to differences in diets of these two killer whale eco-types. Certain life-history parameters such as sex, age and reproductive status also influenced the concentrations of OCs in the Alaskan killer whales. Reproductive female whales contained much lower levels of OCs than sexually immature whales or mature male animals in the same age class likely due to transfer of OCs from the female to her offspring during gestation and lactation. Recruitment order also influenced the concentrations of OCs in the Alaskan killer whales. In adult male residents, first-recruited whales contained much higher OC concentrations than those measured in non-first-recruited (e.g. second recruited, third recruited) resident animals in the same age group. This study provides baseline OC data for free ranging Alaskan killer whales for which there is little contaminant information.<6Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 183-203. 17 Dec EnglishDietary intake; TCDD; DDT; Organochlorine compounds; Life history; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Trophic relationships; Food chains; Population genetics; Recruitment; Orcinus orca; USA, Alaska; INE, USA, Alaska, Alaska Gulf, Prince William Sound Killer whale; DCDD; DDY; diets Marine X 24156 Environmental impact; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; X 24136 Environmental impact5361072 oG&  Trace metalsHETRACE ORGANIC-CONSTITUENTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PCB CONGENERS; PHASES Trace-metal tracers0+Trachea/anatomy & histology/*embryology TranscriptionTranscription factors$Transcription Factors/*geneticsom transfertransfer ratestransgenic organisms TransportTrialkyltin Compounds: Tributyltin$Trichechus manatus latirostris tridactyla tris(4-chlorophenol)methanoltris(4-chlorophenyl) tris(4-chlorophenyl) methane tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol Trophic Trophic LevelTrophic levelsTrophic relationships Trophic state truncatus Tryptophan$!Tryptophan Hydroxylase/metabolismTucuxi dolphinTuna: metabolismTuriops truncatus TursiopsTursiops gephyreusTursiops truncatus turtleU.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Ulcer/veterinary.Ultrastructure$!Ultraviolet Rays/*adverse effects UncinariaUnderwater noiseUnited Kingdom United States United States/epidemiologyina,'Up-Regulation (Physiology)/drug effectset(%Up-Regulation (Physiology)/immunology Uptake Upwelling Urinalysisurine$ Urochordata/embryology/*geneticsl$!Urochordates and CephalochordatesUrsusUrsus maritimusUSA USA CoastsUSA, USA, Alaska USA, Alaska,,(USA, Alaska, Alaska Gulf, Prince WilliamUSA, Alaska, Cook InletUSA, Alaska, Kodiak I.$ USA, Alaska, Pribilof Is., Saint,(USA, Alaska, Pribilof Is., Saint Paul I.USA, Alaska, Prince$!USA, Alaska, Prince William SoundUSA, Alaska, St. USA, Alaska, St. George I.USA, Atlantic CoastUSA, CaliforniaUSA, California, USA, California, Monterey Bay,&USA, California, Southeast Farallon I. USA, EastUSA, East Coast USA, FloridaUSA, Florida, SarasotaUSA, MexicoGulf CoastUSA, North Carolina, USA, OregonUSA, Rhode IslandUSA, South Carolina USA, TexasUSA, Texas, Matagorda Bay,'Uterine Neoplasms/pathology/*veterinary Uterine Neoplasms/veterinaryhUteroglobin/metabolismticUteroglobin: metabolism$Uterus/*drug effects/metabolism e$Uterus/drug effects/metabolismffeUterus/metabolism Uterus:4/Vaginal Diseases/etiology/pathology/*veterinary,'Vaginal Neoplasms/pathology/*veterinary vanadiumVanadium: metabolism VariabilityVariation (Genetics)o$Variation (Genetics)/*genetics.se variations Veins/anatomy & histologyVentilatory behavior Vero Cells.S.4.Vertebrates, Urochordates and Cephalochordates veterinary(#Vinyl Compounds/*analysis/chemistryniViral Vaccinesolo Virulence41Virus Diseases/epidemiology/mortality/*veterinaryVirus, Canine: geneticsVirus, Phocine: geneticsvisual sightings vitamin AVitamin A: physiology$ Vitamin E: analogs & derivatives vitulina Vocalization VolatileVolatile compoundsVolcanic eruptions VolcanoesVulva/pathologys/Wales walrusWashington, Puget SoundWasteWaste disposal wastesWaterWater and WastesWater MovementsS.Water Pollutants,0+Water Pollutants, Chemical/*adverse effects($Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysisivpAcute phase proteins and cytokines in Alaskan mammals as markers of chronic exposure to environmental pollutants:3Duffy, L. K. Bowyer, R. T. Testa, J. W. Faro, J. B. :3Rice, S. D. Spies, R. B. Wolfe, D. A. Wright, B. A.809-813 0-913235-95-4 AFS BETHESDA, MD ( )~xWe examine the usefulness of developing acute phase proteins and cytokines as markers of biological effects for free-ranging Alaskan mammals. Blood assays for these markers are already in widespread use as indicators of chemical pollution exposure, disease, and stress in humans. The acute phase response includes fever and changes in the plasma concentration of several proteins that originate in the liver. The acute phase response is mediated by cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, which are released by macrophages and other cells. The few data available indicate that these biochemical markers are valuable for documenting chemical exposure when used in conjunction with an overall biostatistical model. Additional baseline studies using this nonlethal, analytical method for mammal populations are needed to characterize age, sex, and season as sources of variation. 1996Conference Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symp., Anchorage, AK (USA), 2-5 Feb 1993 Proceedings of the exxon valdez oil spill symposium., afs, bethesda, md (usa), 1996 American Fisheries Society Symposium [AM. FISH. SOC. SYMP. ], vol. 18 English Book Monograph; Conference marine mammals; mammalian physiology; pollution effects; pollution indicators; biological stress; bioassays; crude oil; oil pollution; serological studies; USA, Alaska; proteins; cytokines; petroleum; mammals; water pollution effects; bioindicators; bioassay; INE, USA, Alaska Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms /Ecology /Toxicology; Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; X 24155 Biochemistry; X 24156 Environmental impact; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION3995336ZO''( 6-'(w>/@f0>@HHHW>26N Z+oqL`pP))Ol__.lJ=T\mJ)]J03Y>2#888'yve7lP>  Y  Leaver, M. J. Lebeuf, M. Ledje, C. Lee, T. C. Lefebvre, K.Lefebvre, K. A. Leibold, W. Lein, J. Lemberger, K. Lenghaus, C.Leonards, P. E.Leonards, P.E.G. Leonzio, C Leonzio, C. Lepoint, G.Letcher, R. J. Letcher, R.J.Letcher, Robert J.X Levin, M. J. Levine, J. D. Lewis, L. Lewis, W. E. Liem, A. K. Lien, J.p Liess, B.Lillestolen, T. I. Lillie, W.R. Lin, S.p Lind, P.M.Lindstroem, G. Lindstrom, G. Lipiatou, E. Lipscomb, T.Lipscomb, T. P. Liret, C. Litzky, L. K. Liu, Y. P. Livens, F. R. Lockhart, L.Lockhart, W. L.Lockhart, W.L. Loeschcke, V. Loewen, M. D.Loganathan, B. G. Loizeau, V. Long, A.K. Lopez, F. J.Lopez-Jurado, L. F.XLopez-Rodas, V.Lorentsen, S.H. Loret, E. P. Loscutoff, S.Loughlin, T. R.Loveren, H. VanLowenstine, L. J.Lowenstine, L.J. Luckas, B. Ludwig, J.P. Lukas, BpLukowski, A. B. Lund, B. O. Lusini, L. Luttik, R. LuValle, P.A. Lydersen, C. Lyons, E. T. Mabury, S. A. MacDonald, C. Mackay, D. Mackey, E. A.Mahoney, B. A. Malik, S. Malone, B. Mancusi, C. Manire, C. A. Mansuelle, P. Mansy, S. S. Marchand, B.Marcotrigiano, G. O.Marcovecchio, J. E. Marcus, J. M.Marin, R., 3rdMarine Mammal Commission Marini, L. Marsili, L Marsili, L. Martin, P. Martineau, D Martineau, D.Martinez-Bravo, Y. Maruya, K. A. Marvanek, S. Marwitz, S. Marx, M.K. Mason, C. F. Masse, Rp Masse, R. Masunaga, S. Mateo, R.Mathews, T. D. Mathieu, A. Matkin, C. O. Matsui, S.Matthiessen, P. Matz, A.p Mayo, C.A. Mazet, J. A. McAlees, A.J.McCarver, D. G.McCully, R. M.McFarland, J.M. McFee, W. McGlade, J. McGovern, E. McHugh, B. McKenzie, C. Mckinney, R.McLellan, W. A. McNeely, R. Mead, J. G. Meador, J. P. Meadows, J C Measures, L.Meemken, H. A.Meent, D. V. D.Meerts, I.A.T.M. Melin, S. R. Mendez, L.Mendoza, L. T. Menendez Soto del Valle, R. Metcalfe, C.Metcalfe, C. D.Metcalfe, C.D. Metcalfe, T. Metner, D. A. Michaud, R.Michaud, Robert Michel, P. Mikaelian, I. Miles, A. K. Miller, C Miller, C A Miller, C.A. Miller, P. E. Miller, P.A. Milne, R. Minh, T. B. Minh, Tu Binh Miramand, P. Misino, A. Mitchell, E.Mitchum, G. B.Miyahara, J. T. Miyazaki, N.Miyazaki, Nobuyuki Mizuno, T. Moeller, P.Moeller, P. D. Moerkoere, J. Moessner, S. Molcard, A. Monaci, F. Monnett, C. Monson, D. H.Montone, R. C. Montpetit, C. Moody, D.E. Moore, Mp Moore, M. Moore, M. J. Moore, M. M. Moore, M. N. Moore, M.J. Moore, S. Moore, S. E. Mora, M.A.  N Acta medicaAdv Exp Med Biol Adv Genet<8Agricultural and Biological Chemistry Agric. Biol. Chem. Am J Anat Am J Vet ResAmbio$Anal Chem Analytical Chemistry"=` Anat Anz@ Anat Rec@Ann N Y Acad Sci\WAnnual Report Netherlands Institute for Sea Research [Annu. Rep. Neth. Inst. Sea Res.].<6Annual Review of Fish Diseases [Annu. Rev. Fish Dis.]. Apmis APMIS׬ Aquat Toxicol Aquatic Mammals Aquat. Mamm.$Aquatic Mammals [Aquat. Mamm.].Aquatic Toxicol("Aquatic Toxicology Aquat. Toxicol.(%Aquatic Toxicology [Aquat. Toxicol.]. Arch Environ Contam ToxicolW84Arch Environ Health Archives of Environmental Health` Arch Toxicol,'Archives of biochemistry and biophysics\VArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.\YArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]. ArcticArctic [Arctic]. no.0*Biochem Pharmacol Biochemical Pharmacology"> Biochim Biophys Acta` Biol ConservD@Biological Journal of the Linnean Society [Biol. J. Linn. Soc.]. Br. Vet. J.׬HBBromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna [Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol.].\VBulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.`]Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]. no. Can J. Zool׬ Can Vet JCan. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.41Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science Canadian Journal of ZoologyW\VCanadian Journal of Zoology/Revue Canadienne de Zoologie Can. J. Zool./Rev. Can. Zool.Cent Eur J Public Health<6Chemical Research in Toxicology [Chem. Res. Toxicol.]. ChemosphereChemosphere [Chemosphere] Chromosoma׬85Clin Exp Immunol Clinical and Experimental ImmunologyD?Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Comparative Biochemistry and PhysiologyLHComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A [Comp. Biochem. Physiol., A].LHComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B [Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B].LFComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, C Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C.LHComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, C [Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C].\YComparative biochemistry and physiology. Part C, Pharmacology, toxicology & endocrinologyLHComparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBPConnect Tissue Res`Crit Rev Toxicol<9Dev Comp Immunol Developmental and Comparative ImmunologyDrug Metab RevD@Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.HCEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety [Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.].Environ Health PerspectEnviron Pollut Environ Res׬Environ Sci Technol`Environ Toxicol Chem`Environ. Sci. Technol.4/Environmental Conservation [Environ. Conserv.].$!Environmental health perspectivesD>Environmental Health Perspectives [Environ. Health Perspect.].D?Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Environ. Monit. Assess.,(Environmental Pollution Environ. Pollut.0+Environmental Pollution [Environ. Pollut.].4/Environmental Pollution [Environ. Pollut.]. no.($Environmental Research Environ. Res.,'Environmental Research [Environ. Res.].("Environmental science & technology@PCB, fish, birds, seal, marine mammals, sole, plaice, bivalves<6PCB, polar bear, fish, seal, organochlorine pesticides8p@8Using Smart Source Parsing 1-3, pp. 1-13. 30 Aug EnglishRadioisotopes; Radioactive contamination; Carcasses; Pollution surveys; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; Coastal waters; British Isles; Contamination; Plutonium; Cesium; Liver; Muscles; Radiation dosimetry; Phocoena phocoena; Pinnipedia; Seals; Water Pollution Effects; Muscle; Mammalia; ANE, British Isles Mammals Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; X 24210 Radiation & radioactive materials; P 8000 RADIATION; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION4623358 ^!  Sheahan, D.Shearman, L. P.Shelden, K. E. W.Shephard, E. A. Shi, D. Shih, C. C. Shimada, T.Shimeld, S. M. Shimizu, Y. Shipp, E. B. Shlosberg, A.Shoham-Frider, E. Shugart, L R Shugart, L. Shugart, L.R. Shull, L. R. Shull, L.R. Siebert, U. Siemann, L.A.Sierra-Beltran, A. P. Silva, M. Silvagni, P. Silver, M. Silver, M. W.Silvestre, A. M.Simmonds, M. P. Simms, W. Simms, Wendy Simon, M. Simon, MarySimplicio, P. D. Singh, J. P.Singleton, D. L. Sinha, R. K. Siniff, D. B. Skaare, J. U. Skaare, J.U. Skaare, JUSkilling, D. E. Skora, K.Sleiderink, H. M. Sloan, C. A. Slooff, W. Slooten, E. Smeenk, C. Smith, A. W. Smith, D. R. Smith, K. M. Smith, T. G. Smith, T.G. Smith, W. C. Smolen, M. J.Snowberger, E ASnowberger, E. A.Snowberger, E.A.Solbakken, J. E. Solbakken, JESolomon, K. R. Soueida, R. Sowles, J. Spanier, E. Speich, S. M. Spies, R. B. Spliid, H. Spraker, T.Spraker, T. R.Spurrier, C. J. H.St Aubin, D. J.St-Pierre, M. A. Stegeman, J Stegeman, J J Stegeman, J.Stegeman, J. J.Stegeman, J.J. Stehr, C. M.Steiger, G. H. Steiger, G.H. Stein, J. E. Stenersen, J Stenersen, J. Stephen, C.R. Stern, G. Stern, G. A. Stern, R. A.Stewart, B. E.Stewart, J. L. Stewart, J.L.Stewart, R. E. A. Stirling, I.Stishov, M. S. Stoeppler, M. Stoll, E. Stone, G S Stone, R.Storelli, M. M.Storr-Hansen, E.Storrhansen, E.Strandberg, B.Strandberg, L.Struntz, W. D. J.Subramanian, A. Sumner, D. J.Sundaram, V. P. S. Suydam, R. Suydam, R. S. Suzuki, M. Svansson, V. Swart, R.L.Swart, R.L. deSweeney, J. C.Sydeman, W. J. Taddei, F. Takahashi, A. Takahashi, S.Takahashi, Shin Takei, Y.Takeuchi, Ichiro Tamura, H. Tanabe, S.Tanabe, Shinsuke Tanaka, H. Tarleboe, J. Tarleb, JTarpley, R. J. Tashiro, C. Tatsukawa, R Tatsukawa, R.Taucher, J. A. Tautz, D. Taylor, M. K. Tefft, J. A. Ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C. C. Teramitsu, I.Tessaro, S. V. Testa, J. W. Thayer, K. A. Thomas, D. J. Thomas, G. O. Thomas, P. Thommes, R.C.Thompson, P. M. Tietge, J. E. Tilbury, K.Tilbury, K. L. Tilley, R. E. Tillitt, D.E.Timmerman, H. H.Timmerman, H.H. Timperi, R.J. Tingle, C. C.Tirpenou, A. E.Tittlemier, S.Tittlemier, S. A. Titus, E.Tjoen-A-Choy, M. R. Tollit, D. J.Tolliver, S. C. Tomy, G. T. Torok, S. M. Torok, S.M. Touart, L.W. Towell, R. G. Trainer, V.Trainer, V. L. Trebacz, E. Tremblay, L Tremblay, L.Tremblay, M. P. Trites, A.W. Troisi, G. M. Trosko, J. E. Trottier, S.Tschirret-Guth, R. A.higher than the values found in the liver of various marine mammals.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp English{Microsomes; Liver; Marine organisms; cytochrome P450; butyltin; Marine mammals; Toxicity; Antifouling substances; Pollution effects; Animal physiology; Enzymes; Physiology; Bioaccumulation; Mammalia Mammals X 24155 Biochemistry; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTIONT4393697dxe molluscsAquatic reptilesIdentification of cytochrome P450 1B-like sequences in two teleost fish species (scup, Stenotomus chrysops and plaice, Pleuronectes platessa) and in a cetacean (striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba)ZSGodard, C. A. Leaver, M. J. Said, M. R. Dickerson, R. L. George, S. Stegeman, J. J. 2000$Marine environmental research50 1-5 7-10@9The cytochromes P450 (CYP) constitute a multigene family of enzymes playing a critical role in the oxidation of many endogenous and xenobiotic substrates. The CYP1 family is of particular interest in environmental toxicology because its members are dominant in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and aryl amines. Three members of the CYP1 family, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, have been identified in mammals. We report here on the identification and cloning of cytochrome P4501B-like sequences from two teleost fish species and a marine mammal. Sequences clustering with CYP1B1 in phylogenetic analysis were obtained from liver cDNA of scup (Stenotomus chrysops), genomic DNA of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), and liver cDNA of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba).0*Using Smart Source Parsing Jul-Dec EnglishAnimal; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: chemistry; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: classification; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics; Dolphins: genetics; Dolphins: metabolism; Flounder: genetics; Flounder: metabolism; Human; Liver: enzymology; Mice; Perciformes: genetics; Perciformes: metabolism; Phylogeny; Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic: metabolism; Rats; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.n11460754" 'cn.,):^,\81"(-FNj=0@:.9>PD(_~<3vF9L/:2]O/8dyIEQR3LQ$hVWj=ZM`@J[WVJagm72/7i#OPCi5kkns yF$@{67"=h<;d;'N`g;$-s#3Z44>**8clW-rfpd\vSOE Historical trends of heavy metals and stable lead isotopes in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the Canadian ArcticB;Outridge, P. M. Evans, R. D. Wagemann, R. Stewart, R. E. A.S 1997>7Science of the Total Environment [SCI. TOTAL ENVIRON.]. 3023209-219Historical trends of trace metal concentrations and stable Pb isotopes in teeth were determined to assess whether the current high concentrations of Cd and other heavy metals in marine mammals of the Canadian Arctic are a natural phenomenon, or are due to the long-range transport of industrial pollution. In beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Mackenzie Delta in the western Arctic, significant decreases in Pb isotope ratios indicate that the animals have been exposed to anthropogenic Pb since at least the mid-17th to late-18th centuries, well prior to the Industrial Revolution, coinciding with a period of substantial lead-silver smelting in Central Europe. A more recent decline in Pb ratios between 1775 AD and the present is consistent with the incorporation of industrial Pb from Europe and Eurasia into beluga. In contrast, walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) near Igloolik in the eastern Arctic showed no isotopic evidence of anthropogenic Pb. In both species, the present concentrations of Cd and most other metals in teeth are similar to or significantly lower than historical specimens, indicating that the current Cd levels in these marine mammals are in all probability natural, despite the elevated rates of aeolian metal deposition in Arctic regions. This incongruity may be explained by the process of 'biodepletion' (restricted transfer) of anthropogenic metals through food webs, previously reported in several marine food chains.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Sep EnglishHeavy metals; Lead; Historical account; Cadmium; marine mammals; Arctic; Canada, Northwest Terr., Igloolik I.; Canada, Northwest Terr., Mackenzie R. Delta; Arctic; History; Bioaccumulation; Mammals; Marine Animals; Marine mammals; Canada, Northwest Territories; Canada, Northwest Terr., Igloolik I.; Canada, Northwest Terr., Mackenzie R. Delta; Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus; Delphinapterus leucas; PNW, Canada White whale; lead Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate; X 24166 Environmental impact4248060iTDDEHeavy metals and methylmercury in tissues of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) and Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded in italy (South Adriatic sea)4.Storelli, M. M. Zizzo, N. Marcotrigiano, G. O. 1999<6Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology636 703-10,&Using Smart Source Parsing Dec EnglishAnimal; Dolphins: metabolism; Female; Italy; Metals, Heavy: analysis; Methylmercury Compounds: analysis; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption; Tissue Distribution; Trace Elements: analysis; Whales: metabolism10594143Environmental contamination in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): relationship between levels of metals, methylmercury, and organochlorine compounds in an adult female, her neonate, and a calf*$Storelli, M. M. Marcotrigiano, G. O. 2000<6Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology643f 333-40,&Using Smart Source Parsing Mar English>7Animal; Animals, Newborn; Dolphins; Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects; Environmental Pollutants: analysis; Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics; Female; Insecticides, Organochlorine: adverse effects; Insecticides, Organochlorine: analysis; Insecticides, Organochlorine: pharmacokinetics; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Metals, Heavy: adverse effects; Metals, Heavy: analysis; Metals, Heavy: pharmacokinetics; Methylmercury Compounds: adverse effects; Methylmercury Compounds: analysis; Methylmercury Compounds: pharmacokinetics; Pregnancy; Tissue Distribution 10757655 ~d10v81Kraus, S D Prescott, J H Knowlton, A R Stone, G S 1986SMigration and calving of western North Atlantic right whales, (Eubalaena glacialis) ? R  *#Best, P B Brownell, R Prescott, J R:4Report of the workshop on the status of right whalesSpecial Issue No. 10Rept. Int. Whal. Comm. Kraus, S D 1990\Rates and potential causes of mortality in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) H [ Mar. Mamm. Sci.6278-291F@Elements in liver tissues of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)tnKrone, C. A. Robisch, P. A. Tilbury, K. L. Stein, J. E. Mackey, E. A. Becker, P. R. O'Hara, T. M. Philo, L. M. 1999.(Marine Mammal Science [Mar. Mamm. Sci.].151e123-142nLivers from 20 bowhead whales taken in subsistence hunts at Barrow, Alaska, were analyzed for essential and non-essential elements. Concentrations of essential elements were similar to those found in other cetaceans. Non-essential element concentrations were generally comparable to other baleen whales and very low compared to most odontocetes. One deviation from this pattern was a relatively high level of hepatic cadmium that may be related to specific dietary factors of this krill-dependent species. No sex-related differences were found in element concentrations. Hepatic cadmium and mercury increased with animal length, and significant positive interelement correlations were found between copper/zinc and mercury/selenium. We found a mercury-to-selenium ratio much lower (1:40) than the frequently reported ratio of one to one. The data suggest that further studies of the postulated mercurydetoxifying role of selenium are warranted.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Jan English^WChemical composition; Cadmium; Mercury; Copper; Zinc; Selenium; Liver; Sex differences; USA, Alaska; Balaena mysticetus; PNW, USA, Alaska, Barrow Right whales; Black right whale; Bowhead whale Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; O 1050 Vertebrates, Urochordates and Cephalochordates; X 24163 Metabolism; X 24166 Environmental impact4451470@:Arsenic accumulation in the liver tissue of marine mammals& Kubota, R. Kunito, T. Tanabe, S. 20012+Environmental Pollution [Environ. Pollut.]. 1152303-312Arsenic concentrations were determined in livers of 226 individuals representing 16 different marine mammal species to elucidate its accumulation with age, sex, and feeding habits. Arsenic concentrations varied widely among species and individuals, and ranged from < 0.10 to 7.68 mu g g super(-1) dry weight. Marine mammals feeding on cephalopods and crustaceans contained higher arsenic concentrations than those feeding on fishes. No significant gender difference in arsenic concentration was found for almost all the species. Also, no apparent trend with age (or body length) in arsenic accumulation was found for most of the species. It was noted that two seal species, Baikal seal and Caspian seal, from landlocked water environments, contained lower arsenic concentrations than the marine species. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of arsenic accumulation in a wide range of marine mammal species.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp EnglishArsenic; Liver; Aquatic animals; Marine environment; Bioaccumulation; Age; Gender; Diets; marine mammals; Pollution detection; Chemical pollutants; Correlation analysis; Biological age; Sex; Food organisms; Mammalia; Phoca sibirica; Phoca caspica; Pinnipedia Mammals; Baikal seal; Pusa sibirica; Caspian seal; Pusa caspica; Pinnipeds; Seals Marine X 24166 Environmental impact; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms5344094jcPersistent organochlorine pollutants in ringed seals and polar bears collected from northern Alaskab[Kucklick, J. R. Struntz, W. D. J. Becker, P. R. York, G. W. O'Hara, T. M. Bohonowych, J. E.v 2002>7Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.]. 287 1-2jcBlubber samples from ringed seal (Phoca hispida; n = 8) and polar bear subcutaneous fat (Ursus maritimus; n = 5) were collected near Barrow, Alaska in 1996 as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) and retained in the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland (USA). The samples were analyzed for a variety of persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordane and metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and DDTs and metabolites. The geometric mean, on a wet mass basis, of capital sigma PCBs (sum of 29 congeners and congener groups) were 732 plus or minus 282 ng/g (1 S.D.) in seals and 3395 plus or minus 1442 ng/g in polar bears. The geometric mean of capital sigma DDTs, capital sigma HCHs ( alpha -, beta - and gamma -HCH) and HCB concentrations (wet mass basis) in seals and bears were 562 plus or minus 261 ng/g vs. 74.8 plus or minus 39 ng/g, 380 plus or minus 213 ng/g vs. 515 ng/g, and 17.4 plus or minus 10.1 ng/g vs. 183 plus or minus 153 ng/g, respectively. The geometric mean sum of chlordane ( capital sigma chlordane, sum of cis- and trans-chlordane, cis- and trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane and heptachlor epoxide) and dieldrin concentrations in ringed seals and polar bears were 753 plus or minus 617 ng/g vs. 720 plus or minus 315 ng/g and 38.6 plus or minus 22.8 ng/g vs. 130 plus or minus 65 ng/g, respectively. Apparent bioaccumulation factors (polar bear/ringed seal POP concentrations) were lower in the animals sampled near Barrow, Alaska than in those from locations in the Canadian Arctic. This suggests that polar bears are also preying on marine mammals from lower trophic levels than the ringed seals with correspondingly lower organochlorine levels, such as bowhead whale carcasses. PCB congener patterns in the samples demonstrated the metabolism of certain PCB congeners in the polar bear relative to the ringed seal in agreement with previous studies. Regional comparisons of animals collected in Alaska and Arctic Canada are presented.:4Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 45-59. 15 Mar EnglishBioaccumulation; Organochlorine compounds; Pollution effects; PCB; Polar environments; Body fat; hexachlorocyclohexane; chlordane; hexachlorobenzene; DDT; Marine organisms; persistent organic pollutants; PCB compounds; Wildlife; Marine mammals; Body burden; Pesticides; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Dieldrin; Metabolites; Pollution detection; Pollutant persistence; Phoca hispida; Ursus maritimus; Mammalia; USA, Alaska; PNW, USA, Alaska, Barrow Ringed seal; blubber; Polar bear; Mammals; Hexachlorocyclohexane Marine X 24156 Environmental impact; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; X 24133 Metabolism5361411 `@ Toxic Dinoflagellates and Marine Mammal Mortalities: Expert Consultation, Woods Hole, MA (USA),99395722Muir, D. Braune, B. DeMarch, B. Norstrom, R. Wagemann, R. Lockhart, L. Hargrave, B. Bright, D. Addison, R. Payne, J. Reimer, K. piSpatial and temporal trends and effects of contaminants in the Canadian Arctic marine ecosystem: a review  Animal Arctic Regions Bears Birds Canada Cytochrome P-450/metabolism *Ecosystem Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity Food Chain Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/toxicity Liver/enzymology Mammals Marine Biology Metals, Heavy/toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors B ;Recent studies have added substantially to our knowledge of spatial and temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in the Canadian Arctic marine ecosystem. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge of contaminants in marine biota in the Canadian Arctic and where possible, discusses biological effects. The geographic coverage of information on contaminants such as persistent organochlorines (OCs) (PCBs, DDT- and chlordane-related compounds, hexachlorocyclohexanes, toxaphene) and heavy metals (mercury, selenium, cadmium, lead) in tissues of marine mammal and sea birds is relatively complete. All major beluga, ringed seal and polar bear stocks along with several major sea bird colonies have been sampled and analysed for OC and heavy metal contaminants. Studies on contaminants in walrus are limited to Foxe Basin and northern Quebec stocks, while migratory harp seals have only been studied recently at one location. Contaminant measurements in bearded seal, harbour seal, bowhead whale and killer whale tissues from the Canadian Arctic are very limited or non-existent. Many of the temporal trend data for contaminants in Canadian Arctic biota are confounded by changes in analytical methodology, as well as by variability due to age/size, or to dietary and population shifts. Despite this, studies of OCs in ringed seal blubber at Holman Island and in sea birds at Prince Leopold Island in Lancaster Sound show declining concentrations of PCBs and DDT-related compounds from the 1970s to 1980s then a levelling off during the 1980s and early 1990s. For other OCs, such as chlordane, HCH and toxaphene, limited data for the 1980s to early 1990s suggests few significant declines in concentrations in marine mammals or sea birds. Temporal trend studies of heavy metals in ringed seals and beluga found higher mean concentrations of mercury in more recent (1993/1994) samples than in earlier collections (1981-1984 in eastern Arctic, 1972-1973 in western Arctic) for both species. Rates of accumulation of mercury are also higher in present day animals than 10-20 years ago. Cadmium concentrations in the same animals (eastern Arctic only) showed no change over a 10-year period. No temporal trend data are available for metals in sea birds or polar bears. There have been major advances in knowledge of specific biomarkers in Canadian Arctic biota over the past few years. The species with the most significant risk of exposure to PCBs and OC pesticides may be the polar bear which, based on comparison with EROD activity in other marine mammals (beluga, ringed seal), appears to have elevated CYP1A-mediated activity. The MFO enzyme data for polar bear, beluga and seals suggest that even the relatively low levels of contaminants present in Arctic animals may not be without biological effects, especially during years of poor feeding.oSci Total Environ 1999 230 1-3 83-144W Chan1998n yA GC/ECNI-MS method for the identification of lipophilic anthropogenic and natural brominated compounds in marine samples GC/ECNI-MS in both the full scan and selected ion monitoring modes was applied to study the patterns of brominated compounds in the blubber of marine mammals from a variety of locations. The adipose tissue of one polar bear was also studied. Occurrence of three major residues originating from the use of brominated flame-retardants (PBDE 47, 99, and 100) and several potential naturally occurring brominated compounds was studied in the samples. A series of three major natural brominated compounds (BC-1, BC-2, BC-3) recently identified in dolphins from Australia was included in this study. Two further brominated compounds, BC-10 and BC-11, were studied for the first time. ECNI-MS full scan spectra were obtained for BC-3 and BC-10. A natural mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1) and an unknown brominated compound (UBC-1) were investigated as well. Evidence for the natural production of these secondary metabolites and their bioaccumulation in higher organisms as well as analytical protocols for their detection in the environment are presented. Some of these naturally occurring compounds may be misinterpreted as anthropogenic brominated compounds. In ECNI-MS, brominated compounds are usually identified by the detection of the fragment ions m/z 79 ([79Br]-) and m/z 81 ([81Br]-). In this work, it is shown that monitoring of additional ion traces corresponding to [Br2]- (160 type), [HBr2]- (161 type), [BrCl]- (116 type), and [HBrCl]- (117 type) fragment ions allows distinguishing between different classes of brominated compounds. This technique was used to demonstrate that UBC-1 is neither a PBDE nor a PBB congener, whereas a second mixed halogenated compound (MHC-2) was identified as a result of the ECNI-MS response at m/z 114/116. Studies on blubber extracts of marine mammals from four continents resulted in the detection of significant differences in the global distribution of brominated compounds. Our results suggest that naturally occurring organobromines are more abundant than anthropogenic brominated compounds in several regions of the world./ Vetter, W.Adipose Tissue/*chemistry/metabolism Animal Bears/*metabolism Hydrocarbons, Brominated/*analysis/pharmacokinetics Mass Fragmentography/*methods Phenyl Ethers/analysis/pharmacokinetics Porpoises/*metabolism Seals/*metabolism Whales/*metabolism Anal Chem 200173204951-7.e Nov EnglishAryl hydrocarbon receptors; cDNA; TCDD; Rare species; Toxicity tests; DNA; Receptors; Analytical techniques; Amino acid sequence; Nucleotide sequence; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Bioaccumulation; Halogen compounds; Pollution effects; Delphinapterus leucas nucleic acid sequence; amino acid sequence prediction; Beluga whale; planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons; White whale Marine X 24155 Biochemistry; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics5412035 Phocoena phocoena; British Isles, North Sea; North Sea; ANE, British Isles, England, Cleveland, Tees Estuary; ANE, North Sea Waved whelk; English whiting; Atlantic cod; Harbor seal; Harbor porpoise; flame retardants; residual flow; nearshore dynamics; current direction X 24156 Environmental impact; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; AQ 00003 Monitoring and Analysis of Water and Wastes; SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution5533600 Fd^Overview of studies to determine injury caused by the Exxon Valdez oil spill to marine mammals4.Loughlin, T. R. Ballachey, B. E. Wright, B. A. :3Rice, S. D. Spies, R. B. Wolfe, D. A. Wright, B. A.798-808 0-913235-95-4 AFS BETHESDA, MD ( )~Marine mammal damage assessment studies after the Exxon Valdez oil spill concentrated on sea otters Enhydra lutris, harbor seals Phoca vitulina, Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus, killer whales Orcinus orca, and humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae. Sea otters and harbor seals were the most affected marine mammal; it was estimated that several thousand otters and several hundred harbor seals died within months of the spill. Steller sea lion, harbor seal, and sea otter numbers were monitored using aerial surveys. Studies of humpback whales and killer whales used photoidentification techniques to determine changes in abundance, distribution, mortality, and natality. Tissues from animals found dead in spill and control areas were analyzed for hydrocarbon levels. Sea otters, sea lions and harbor seals had elevated hydrocarbon levels, but only sea otters and harbor seals showed population declines associated with the spill. Humpback whales were not severely affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Killer whale numbers in the resident AB pod declined after the spill. Coincidental evidence supports the oil spill as the causative agent. 1996Conference Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symp., Anchorage, AK (USA), 2-5 Feb 1993 Proceedings of the exxon valdez oil spill symposium., afs, bethesda, md (usa), 1996 American Fisheries Society Symposium [AM. FISH. SOC. SYMP. ], vol. 18 English Book Monograph; Conferenceoinjuries; pollution effects; marine mammals; mortality causes; oil spills; oil pollution; bioaccumulation; petroleum hydrocarbons; Enhydra lutris; Phoca vitulina; Eumetopias jubatus; Orcinus orca; Megaptera novaeangliae; USA, Alaska; mammals; marine animals; water pollution effects; mortality; Enhydra lutris; Phoca vitulina; Eumetopias jubatus; Orcinus orca; Megaptera novaeangliae; INE, USA, Alaska, Alaska Gulf, Prince William Sound; INE, USA, Alaska, Alaska Gulf Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms /Ecology /Toxicology; X 24156 Environmental impact; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION3995325g  ^lfSpatial Distribution of TCPM-H and TCPM-OH in Blue Mussel and Fish from the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic SeaLFFalandysz, J. Strandberg, B. Strandberg, L. Bergqvist, P. A. Rappe, C. 1998d]Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]. no.3411-418F@Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPM-OH) was for the first time quantified as an environmental pollutant in harbor seal Phoca vitulina from Puget Sound in the North America by Walker et al. (1989). Further a global scale distribution of TCPM-OH in the animals higher in their position in a trophic web such as herring gull Larus argentatus, peregrine falcon Falcon peregrinus anatum, great blue heron Ardea heroidas, beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas, harp seal Phoca groenlandica, polar bear Ursus maritimus, northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus, Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazela, Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea and Californian sea lion Zalophus californianus was indicated by Jarman et al. (1992). TCMP-OH was also quantified in marine mammal such as ringed seal Phoca hispida from the Baltic Sea (Zook et al. 1992).0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Sep English*#Spatial distribution; Pollution; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol; Baltic Sea; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Alcohols; Bioaccumulation; Marine fish; Marine molluscs; Baltic Sea, Gdansk Gulf; North America, Puget Sound; Mussels; Fish; Gulfs; Organic Compounds; Marine Environment; Trophic Level; Quantitative Analysis; Pollutant Identification; Marine pollution; Aquatic organisms; Pisces; Contamination; Poland, Gdansk Gulf; Pisces; Mytilus edulis; ANE, Poland, Pomorskie, Gdansk Gulf; ANE, Baltic Sea, Gdansk Gulf Edible blue mussel; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol; ANE, Poland, Gdansk, Gdansk Gulf; tris(4-chlorophenol)methanol; Blue mussel Marine X 24156 Environmental impact; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicologyg4518168eXQSubsistence uses of fish and wildlife before and after the Exxon Valdez oil spillFall, J. A. Field, L. J. :3Rice, S. D. Spies, R. B. Wolfe, D. A. Wright, B. A.819-836 0-913235-95-4 AFS BETHESDA, MD ( )The Exxon Valdez oil spill fouled waters and beaches used for subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering by 2,200 residents of 15 Alaska Native communities. In the year after the spill, subsistence harvests declined by as much as 77% compared to pre-spill averages in 10 of these villages, primarily because of the villagers' uncertainty about the safety of using subsistence foods that might have been contaminated by the oil. An Oil Spill Health Task Force formed to respond to these concerns. The task force coordinated a subsistence foods testing program and communicated the program's findings to the affected users. During the 3 years of these studies, marine invertebrate, fish, and marine mammal tissue samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for aromatic contaminants (ACs). Most samples had AC concentrations less than 10 parts per billion (ppb). An expert toxicological committee convened to review the study findings. The committee concluded that finfishes from all areas were safe to eat, but that intertidal invertebrates from specific areas, which had reported concentrations of greater than 1,000 ppb, should not be consumed. The success of the risk communication program in the villages was mixed, in part because of the limited number of sampling locations and samples and the long intervals between the collection of samples and communication of the interpreted results. By the end of the third year after the spill, subsistence harvest levels had rebounded but remained below pre-spill norms in several communities, especially those of Prince William Sound. Although there was evidence of recovery of subsistence uses, some households returned to using subsistence foods despite continued misgivings because of economic and cultural reasons. 1996Conference Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symp., Anchorage, AK (USA), 2-5 Feb 1993 Proceedings of the exxon valdez oil spill symposium., afs, bethesda, md (usa), 1996 American Fisheries Society Symposium [AM. FISH. SOC. SYMP. ], vol. 18 English Book Monograph; ConferenceF?oil spills; pollution effects; ecosystem disturbance; bioaccumulation; human food; artisanal fishing; aromatic hydrocarbons; petroleum hydrocarbons; hazard assessment; USA, Alaska; food contamination; social aspects; water pollution effects; fishing; foods; wildlife; USA, Alaska; INE, USA, Alaska, Alaska Gulf, Prince William Sound sociological aspects Marine Q5 01524 Public health, medicines, dangerous organisms; O 1070 Ecology /Community Studies; X 24156 Environmental impact; X 24120 Food, additives & contaminants; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTIONP3995327vInfluence of Chemical and Biological Factors on Trophic Transfer of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Northwater Polynya Marine Food Web0)Fisk, A. T. Hobson, K. A. Norstrom, R. J.a 2001Bd( hrlOrganochlorine and metal contaminants in baleen whales: A review and evaluation of conservation implications("O'Shea, T. J. Brownell, R. L., Jr.& Science of the Total EnvironmentSci. Total Environ.a 154, 2-3g179-200The literature on organochlorine and metal contaminants in tissues of baleen whales (Cetacea) includes data for approximately 1000 individuals in 10 species from various oceans of the world. Concentrations of these contaminants in tissues of baleen whales are low. Sources of variation in organochlorine concentrations in whales include age, sex, region of exposure, and feeding habits. Concentrations of capital sigma DDT and PCBs in baleen whales appear higher in the northern hemisphere than in the southern oceans, perhaps due to greater contamination of northern ecosystems and a higher incidence of fish in the diet. However, maximum concentrations are generally lower in tissues of baleen whales than in other marine mammal species, both on global and local scales. This is predictable based on the general distribution, habitats and trophic levels of baleen whales. We reviewed laboratory studies on the effects of selected organochlorine contaminants on direct mortality and impaired reproduction in other mammals, and critically examined observations attempting to link organochlorines to reproductive and population effects in marine mammals. There is no firm basis to conclude that the contaminants reviewed herein have affected baleen whale populations. Although more information on contaminants in baleen whales would be of value, as a matter of priority, research and management actions should focus on reducing human-caused mortality and increasing habitat carrying capacity for these species.iConference International Symposium on Marine Pollution -- Mammals and Toxic Contaminants, Kamogawa (Japan), 6-8 Feb 1993 1994 Englishi 1994organic compounds; heavy metals; water pollution effects; tissue analysis; whales; DDT; mortality; bioaccumulation; polychlorinated biphenyls; marine mammals; organochlorine compounds; PCB compounds; pollution effects; PCB; mortality causes; population characteristics; reviews; marine organisms Marine SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology /Toxicology; X 24156 Environmental impact383275620529712:3Cause of seal die-off in 1988 is still under debate O'Shea, T. J.Animal Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity Immune System/drug effects Morbillivirus Infections/epidemiology/etiology/mortality/*veterinary Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*toxicity *Seals/immunology/virologyScience 2000 290 5494 1097.e O'Shea, T. J. 2000PCBs not to blameScienced 288 5473 1965-1966.20331413Animal *Distemper Virus, Phocine Environmental Pollutants/analysis/*toxicity Europe Morbillivirus Infections/etiology/mortality/*veterinary Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis/*toxicity *Seals 841757964.Anatomy and vasculature of a minke whale heartThe heart from a 4-m-long minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) was studied to determine the details of its anatomy and to consider cardiac adaptations to diving. The volume fraction (Vvc) of capillaries in the wall of the left ventricle was determined at different levels from base to apex and at different depths from epi- to endocardium using a light microscopic stereologic technique. Typical of cetaceans, this minke whale heart was distinctly flattened dorsoventrally. A moderator band, characteristic of ungulate hearts, spanned the right ventricle. The right and left atrioventricular valves were tricuspid and bicuspid, respectively. The right coronary artery supplied the dorsal and right lateral myocardium. The left coronary artery supplied the ventral and left lateral myocardium. An anastomosis between the dorsal and ventral interventricular arteries occurred in the dorsal interventricular groove. Stereologically, a decreasing transmural gradient in Vvc was identified between the epicardium and the subepicardium at 15 cm from the apex. Our results, however, did not reveal any significant deviations in the pattern of capillary distribution in the wall of the left ventricle between this baleen whale and terrestrial mammals. Measurements of the heart, great vessels, coronary vasculature, and ventricular walls are also given, and they suggest a physiologic and adaptive right ventricular hypertrophy. Based on these and other observations, we propose that the relatively great thickness of the right ventricle and the distinctive shape of the cetacean heart are adaptations to the hemodynamic changes and collapse of the thorax associated with apneic diving.(!Ochrymowych, C. Lambertsen, R. H.Animal Aorta/anatomy & histology Cetacea/*anatomy & histology Coronary Vessels/*anatomy & histology Heart/*anatomy & histology/innervation Heart Atrium/anatomy & histology Heart Valves/anatomy & histology Heart Ventricle/anatomy & histology Male Pulmonary Artery/anatomy & histology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface Properties Whales/*anatomy & histologyo Am J Anat@ 1984 169@2 165-75.rpositive correlation to the corresponding selenium concentrations. Blood concentrations of mercury and cadmium up to 2421 and 31 100 mu g/l, respectively, were found in the sperm whales. Cadmium concentration averaged 500-1000 times higher in stranded sperm whales than in the pilot whales. The mercury and cadmium concentrations dramatically exceed levels which are associated with severe toxicity in several other mammal species.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Apr English Heavy metals; Selenium; Blood; Lead; Mercury; Cadmium; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; Toxicity; Pollution effects; Stranding; Blood levels; Marine pollution; Mammalia; Globicephala melas; Physeter catodon; Denmark; Metals; Whales; Water Pollution Effects; Mammals; Globicephala melas; Physeter catodon; ANE, Atlantic, Faeroe Is.; ANE, Denmark Sperm whale; Pilot whale X 24163 Metabolism; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; SW 3030 Effects of pollution4729102 |*Reproductive system impairment of mice fed diets containing beluga whale blubber from the St Lawrence estuary and arctic populationsB8Intercellular communication, homeostasis, and toxicology Ruch, R. J. 2002PIToxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology682 265-6>7The article highlighted in this issue is "Inhibition of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication by Perfluorinated Compounds in Rat Liver and Dolphin Kidney Epithelial Cell Lines in Vitro and Sprague-Dawley Rats in Vivo" by W. Hu, P. D. Jones, B. L. Upham, J. E. Trosko, C. Lau, and J. P. Giesy (pp. 429-436).jcUsing Smart Source Parsing Aug Comment on: Toxicol Sci. 2002 Aug;68(2):429-36 [AN=12151638] EnglishCell Communication: drug effects; Cell Communication: physiology; Evolution; Homeostasis: physiology; Mice; Rats; Toxicology: methods; Toxicology: trends; Xenobiotics1215161999343976d]Ruddle, F. H. Amemiya, C. T. Carr, J. L. Kim, C. B. Ledje, C. Shashikant, C. S. Wagner, G. P..'Evolution of chordate hox gene clustersmAnimal Base Sequence Chickens DNA, Complementary *Evolution, Molecular Fishes Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics Human Mice Molecular Sequence Data *Multigene Family Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Whales ZebrafishIn this article, we consider the role of the Hox genes in chordate and vertebrate evolution from the viewpoints of molecular and developmental evolution. Models of Hox cluster duplication are considered with emphasis on a threefold duplication model. We also show that cluster duplication is consistent with a semiconservative model of duplication, where following duplication, one daughter cluster remains unmodified, while the other diverges and assumes a new architecture and presumably new functions. Evidence is reviewed, suggesting that Hox gene enhancers have played an important role in body plan evolution. Finally, we contrast the invertebrates and vertebrates in terms of genome and Hox cluster duplication which are present in the latter, but not the former. We question whether gene duplication has been important in vertebrates for the introduction of novel features such as limbs, a urogenital system, and specialized neuromuscular interactions.Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999 870 238-48voDomoic acid binds iron and copper: a possible role for the toxin produced by the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschiaRue, E. Bruland, K. 2001$Marine Chemistry [Mar. Chem.].76 1-2A & Toxigenic species of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia can produce domoic acid (DA), an analog of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and known to cause the human illness amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Although the trophic transfer of this phycotoxin resulting in mass marine bird and mammal mortality has recently been demonstrated, the physiological role of domoic acid to the causative organism is still unknown. Domoic acid is a small tricarboxylate amino acid whose structure resembles that of known iron-complexing agents produced by terrestrial plants, such as mugineic acid. This similarity in chemical structure of domoic acid to other phytosiderophores suggests a role for domoic acid as a trace metal chelator. Using a highly sensitive adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric technique, we investigated the iron and copper-binding characteristics of domoic acid revealing it does form chelates with both iron and copper and with the following conditional stability constants: K sub(FeDA,Fe(III)') super(cond)=10 super(8.7 plus or minus 0.5) M super(-1) and K sub(CuDA, Cu(II)') super(cond)=10 super(9.0 plus or minus 0.2) M super(-1) (K sub(FeDA,Fe3+) super(cond)=10 super(18.7 plus or minus 0.5) M super(-1) and K sub(CuDA, Cu2+) super(cond)=10 super(10.3 plus or minus 0.2) M super(-1)). Certain Pseudo-nitzschia species may therefore produce domoic acid to selectively bind trace metals in order to either increase the availability of an essential micronutrient, such as in the case of iron, or to decrease the availability of a potentially toxic trace metal, such as in the case of copper. The strength with which domoic acid binds iron and copper in seawater combined with concentrations of dissolved domoic acid potentially produced and released during toxic bloom conditions render dissolved iron and copper sufficiently bound to domoic acid in seawater so as to affect their chemical speciation and thus their biological availability. In addition, domoic acid may be particularly important in solubilizing particulate iron suspended in these coastal waters where Pseudo-nitzschia blooms tend to occur. Thus, possible physiological roles for domoic acid with respect to the harmful algal species Pseudo-nitzschia may include the acquisition (iron) or detoxification (copper) of trace metals in seawater.<5Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 127-134. 1 Oct English~Phytoplankton; Poisonous organisms; Plant physiology; Ecophysiology; Biological poisons; Amino acids; Chemical reactions; Iron; Uptake; Nutrients (mineral); Detoxification; Copper; Heavy metals; Trace metals; Chelates; Domoic acid; Algae; Trace elements; Sea water; Diatoms; Siderophores; Amnesic shellfish poisoning; phycotoxins; Marine Environment; Toxins; Biochemistry; Molecular Structure; Chelating Agents; Chemical Analysis; Marine pollution; Chelation; Algal blooms; Seawater; Pseudo-nitzschia Binding characteristics; Domoic acid; Diatoms Q1 01226 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 1080 Multi-disciplinary Studies; X 24172 Plants; K 03039 Algae; SW 0810 General; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q1 01422 Environmental effects; O 1010 Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi and Plants; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 0880 Chemical processes5210770 : 21469092}Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hydrocarbon receptor structuresPolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are highly toxic environmental contaminants, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent dioxin. Here, we studied the effects of TCDD on bone. Two rat strains, Han/Wistar (H/W) and Long-Evans (L-E), were used because they exhibit a 1000-fold sensitivity difference in acute lethality of TCDD, which difference is related to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). TCDD inhibited the tibial growth dose dependently, the effect being manifested at lower doses in the more sensitive L-E strain. In H/W rats the effect of TCDD was seen only at the high dose of 170 microg/kg (p < 0.05), whereas in the sensitive L-E rats a significant reduction of bone growth was already seen at 1.7 microg/kg (p < 0.01). This reduction was caused by the smaller tibial size because the diaphyseal bone mineral density (BMD) did not change. The three-point bending breaking force of the tibia was significantly reduced in H/W rats at 170 microg/kg (p < 0.05), but tibial stiffness was lower already at the dose of 17 microg/kg (p < 0.05). In the sensitive L-E strain, both breaking force and stiffness were reduced at the dose of 17 microg/kg (p < 0.001). These results indicate that TCDD dose-dependently interferes with bone growth, modeling, and mechanical strength. The altered transactivation domain of AHR is associated with a lower sensitivity of bone to TCDD in H/W rats, suggesting that AHR plays a role in modulating the effects of dioxins on bone.HBJamsa, T. Viluksela, M. Tuomisto, J. T. Tuomisto, J. Tuukkanen, J.J Bone Miner Res 200116101812-20.{Levels of organochlorine compounds, including PCDDS and PCDFS, in the blubber of cetaceans from west coast of North AmericaXQJarman, W. M. Norstrom, R. J. Muir, D. C. G. Rosenberg, B. Simon, M. Baird, R. W.h Marine Pollution BulletinoMar. Pollut. Bull.325s426-436nnhLevels of organochlorine compounds (PCDD, PCDF, PCB and organochlorine pesticides) were determined in cetaceans collected from the west coast of North America between 1986 and 1989. The samples included gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), killer whale (Orcinus orca), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) and Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) collected in British Columbia, and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) collected in British Columbia and central California. TCDD and TCDF levels ranged from 1 to 8 ng/kg and 2.0 to 109 ng /kg, respectively. The patterns of the PCDDs and PCDFs in the British Columbia porpoises were consistent with implication of chlorophenols as the source of the PCDDs and PCDFs, which were either present in wood chips used in bleached kraft paper mills, or came from direct contamination by chlorophenols. No PCDDs or PCDFs were detected in the California samples. One false killer whale sample had exceptionally high levels of DDT compounds (1700 mg/kg DDE, 120 mg/kg DDT and 40 mg /kg o,p'-DDT) and Toxaphene (89 mg/kg). PCB levels in the cetaceans were highest in the false and killer whales (22 to 46 mg/kg GM), and lowest in the Risso's dolphin (1.7 mg/kg). Levels of DDE in the British Columbia harbour porpoises were 6.0 mg/kg, and probably reflect the accumulation of global background levels of DDE. 1996 English 1996<5INE, Canada, British Columbia; INE, USA, California; marine mammals; chlorinated hydrocarbons; bioaccumulation; PCB; pesticides; pollution surveys; PCB compounds; USA, California; Canada, British Columbia; polychlorinated dibenzofurans; polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins; pesticides (organochlorine); Cetacea Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms /Ecology /Toxicology; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24156 Environmental impact; X 24136 Environmental impact; X 24133 Metabolism; X 24153 Metabolism; D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate3939361d]Notes on the biology of the Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene) in the northern Gulf of Mexico2,Jefferson, T. A. Odell, D. K. Prunier, K. T.Marine Mammal ScienceMar. Mamm. Sci.e114r564-573aData were available to us from 96 Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene) specimens stranded in the Gulf of Mexico; however, many of these were museum specimens with little or no associated biological data. From 1981 to 1992 at least 11 Clymene dolphins were collected by the Texas Marine Mammal Stranding Network (TMMSN). Five of the 11 individually stranded Clymene dolphins were live stranded, and four of these were taken to holding tanks where they subsequently died (the remaining animal was released at sea). The other six were dead when recovered by TMMSN personnel, but all were fresh, with some remnants of the color pattern still visible. Necropsies were performed on most specimens by veterinarians at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory System (Texas A&M University, College Station, TX). In addition to collection of samples for toxicology, reproductive biology, and other studies, tissues were examined for parasitic infestations and other pathologic conditions. External measurements were taken by various observers, following Norris (1961). Skulls and postcranial skeletons of stranded dolphins were prepared and deposited in the Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection (TCWC, College Station, TX). 1995 English 1995animal physiology; marine mammals; stranding; data collections; carcasses; bioassays; animal morphology; Stenella clymene; Mammalia; ASW, USA, Gulf Coast Marine Q1 01371 General; O 1050 Vertebrates, Urochordates and Cephalochordates3833436 PassessmentRLMercury, organic-mercury and selenium in small cetaceans in Taiwanese waters6/Chen, M. H. Shih, C. C. Chou, C. L. Chou, L. S. 20026/Marine Pollution Bulletin [Mar. Pollut. Bull.].t45 1-12Total Hg ( capital sigma Hg), organic-Hg (O-Hg) and Se bioaccumulations in small cetaceans distributed in Taiwanese waters of the Taiwan Strait and the southwestern Pacific have been investigated for the first time. The results could represent the baseline metal concentrations of marine mammals in the southwestern Pacific, where volcanic activities are possibly the major source of mercury to the environments. Muscle samples of four species of small cetaceans were collected from animals accidentally caught by tuna-longline fisheries from 1994 through 1995. In total, 53 pantropical spotted dolphins, Stenella attenuata, nine spinner dolphins, S. longirostris, five bottlenose dolphins, Turiops truncatus and four Risso's dolphins, Grampus giseus were analyzed. In addition, two stranded pantropical spotted dolphins were investigated. Cold vapour AAS and ICP-MS were used in the analysis of Hg and Se, respectively. Significant species difference was found in the four species of small cetaceans. Among them, the pantropical spotted dolphin showed the highest mean concentration (mg/kg wet wt.) of both capital sigma Hg (3.64 plus or minus 2.19) and O-Hg (2.79 plus or minus 1.23), whereas the Risso's dolphin had the highest mean concentrations of Se (1.77 plus or minus 1.29). There was no significant sex difference with respect to metal bioaccumulation in the samples of S. attenuata. Significant correlations between body length (BL) and capital sigma Hg, as well as O-Hg concentrations were observed in pantropical spotted (Sa) and spinner dolphins (Sl). The linear relationships were Sa: capital sigma Hg = -8.290 + 0.066BL, r = 0.421; Sl: capital sigma Hg = -2.735 + 0.025BL, r = 0.875; Sa: O-Hg = -3.723 + 0.036BL, r = 0.408; and Sl: O-Hg = -3.017 + 0.025BL, r = 0.870. However, a demethylation phenomenon that decreasing the percentage of O-Hg coupled with increasing levels of Se was observed when the capital sigma Hg concentrations in the muscle tissues of dolphins reached 4 mg/kg wet wt.v4.Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 237-245 EnglishTMMarine mammals; Mercury; Selenium; Heavy metals; Fate; Chemical pollutants; Bioaccumulation; Muscles; Environmental effects; Volcanic eruptions; Baseline studies; Volcanoes; Eruptions; Chemical pollution; Marine organisms; Mercury-197; Animals (Mammals) (Marine); Muscle; Taiwan, Taiwan Strait; Taiwan, Pacific Ocean; Water Pollution Effects; Fate of Pollutants; Metals; Distribution; Data Collections; Mercury in marine life; Mercury in seawater; Metals in marine life; Stenella attenuata; Stenella longirostris; Turiops truncatus; Grampus giseus; Cetacea; Stenella; Tursiops truncatus; ISEW; ISEW, Pacific, Taiwan Strait; Taiwan; Pacific Ocean, Southwest; ISEW, Taiwan Pantropical spotted dolphin; Long-snouted spinner dolphin; Cetaceans; Dolphins; Spotted dolphins; Bottle-nosed dolphin Q1 01422 Environmental effects; Q5 01505 Prevention and control; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution; X 24166 Environmental impact; SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution; O 1080 Multi-disciplinary Studies; M2 551.460.09:504.42.054; Q1 01371 General; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; M2 551.465.85719562~60Muir, D.C.G. K. Koczanski B. Rosenberg P. Beland 1996Persistant organochlorines in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence River estuary. II. Temporal trends, 1982-1994 - B Environmental Pollution@932 235-2454-PCB, beluga, DDT, TEF, TCDD-equivalents, TEQspiSpatial and temporal trends and effects of contaminants in the Canadian Arctic marine ecosystem: a reviewMuir, D. Braune, B. DeMarch, B. Norstrom, R. Wagemann, R. Lockhart, L. Hargrave, B. Bright, D. Addison, R. Payne, J. Reimer, K.i 1999B;Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.]. no.  This paper reviews the current state of knowledge of contaminants in marine biota in the Canadian Arctic and where possible, discusses biological effects. The geographic coverage of information on contaminants such as persistent organochlorines (OCs) (PCBs, DDT- and chlordane-related compounds, hexachlorocyclohexanes, toxaphene) and heavy metals (mercury, selenium, cadmium, lead) in tissues of marine mammal and sea birds is relatively complete. All major beluga, ringed seal and polar bear stocks along with several major sea bird colonies have been sampled and analysed for OC and heavy metal contaminants. Studies on contaminants in walrus are limited to Foxe Basin and northern Quebec stocks, while migratory harp seals have only been studied recently at one location. Contaminant measurements in bearded seal, harbour seal, bowhead whale and killer whale tissues from the Canadian Arctic are very limited or non-existent. Many of the temporal trend data for contaminants in Canadian Arctic biota are confounded by changes in analytical methodology, as well as by variability due to age/size, or to dietary and population shifts. Despite this, studies of OCs in ringed seal blubber at Holman Island and in sea birds at Prince Leopold Island in Lancaster Sound show declining concentrations of PCBs and DDT-related compounds from the 1970s to 1980s then a levelling off during the 1980s and early 1990s. For other OCs, such as chlordane, HCH and toxaphene, limited data for the 1980s to early 1990s suggests few significant declines in concentrations in marine mammals or sea birds. Temporal trend studies of heavy metals in ringed seals and beluga found higher mean concentrations of mercury in more recent (1993/1994) samples than in earlier collections (1981-1984 in eastern Arctic, 1972-1973 in western Arctic) for both species. Rates of accumulation of mercury are also higher in present day animals than 10-20 years ago. Cadmium concentrations in the same animals (eastern Arctic only) showed no change over a 10-year period. No temporal trend data are available for metals in sea birds or polar bears. The species with the most significant risk of exposure to PCBs and OC pesticides may be the polar bear which, based on comparison with EROD activity in other marine mammals (beluga, ringed seal), appears to have elevated CYP1A-mediated activity. The MFO enzyme data for polar bear, beluga and seals suggest that even the relatively low levels of contaminants present in Arctic animals may not be without biological effects, especially during years of poor feeding.ztUsing Smart Source Parsing 1-3, pp. 83-144. 1 Jun Special Issue: Contaminants in Canadian Arctic ecosystems. EnglishMarine ecosystems; Polar environments; Polluted environments; PCB; Pesticides; Reviews; Organochlorine compounds; Mercury; Canada, Arctic Area; Marine pollution; Contaminants; Heavy metals; Biota; Aquatic birds; Wildlife; Historical account; Bioindicators; marine mammals; Canada; Arctic; Ecosystem disturbance; Pollution effects; Pollutant persistence; DDT; Bioaccumulation; Food chains; Water Pollution; Marine Environment; Birds; Seals; Polar Regions; Organic Compounds; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Mammalia; Aves; PNW, Canada, Arctic Archipelago Mammals; Birds Marine X 24250 Reviews; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 3030 Effects of pollution4590527 ^Y \Qualls, C. W., Jr.X Quellard, N. Race, G.p Ralls, K. Ramesh, A. Ramsay, M. A. Ramsay, M.A. Randi, E. Rappe, Cp Rappe, C. Rassart, E.Rathbun, G. B. Rawson, A. J. Ray, Sp Ray, S. Read, A. J. Receveur, O. Reddy, M. Reddy, M. L. Reeb, D.p Reed, M. Reeve, R. Reeves, R. R. Reeves, R.R. Regev, S. Regoli, A. Reich, S. Reid, K. Reid, R. Reid, R. J. Reif, J. Reif, J. S.Reijinders, P.J.H.X Reijnders, P.Reijnders, P. J.Reijnders, P. J. H.Reijnders, P.J.Reijnders, P.J.H.Reijnders, Peter J.H. Reimer, K. Reiner, E. Ren, L. Render, J. A. Render, J.A.Rennie, C. J., 3rdX Renouf, D.Reppert, S. M. Restum, J. C. Reyero, M. I. Rhinehart, H.Rhinehart, H. L.Rhinehart, H.L. Ribeyre, F. Rice, S. D. Ridgway, S.Ridgway, S. H. Ridoux, V. Riedman, M. Rima, B. K. Ringdal, O. Ringer, R. K.Riseborough, R. W.X Robinson, I.Robisch, P. A. Rochat, H. Rodier, D.J.Roditi-Elasar, M. Rodrigue, J.Rodriguez, D. H. Roex, E. Rogan, E.Roig-Navarro, A. F. Rolland, R. Romeo, M. Romero, F. J. Romijn, Cafm Ronneau, C. Roos, Ap Roose, P.Rosenbaum, H. C. Rosenberg, B. Ross, H. M. Ross, Pp Ross, P. Ross, P. S. Ross, P.S.Ross, Peter S. Rossi, R. Rother, J. A.Rotterman, L. M. Rowles, T. Rowntree, V Rowntree, V J Rowntree, V.Rowntree, V. J. Ru, B. Ruby, S. Ruch, R. J. Rucinska, L. Ruddle, F. H. Rue, E. Ruelas, J. R. Rugh, D. J. Ryan, J.J. Sadler, MC Sadove, S. Sadove, S.S. Saeki, H. Saeki, K.Saeki, Kazutoshi Safe, S. Safieh, B. Sager, G. Sahlin, L. Said, M. R. Saila, S. B. Sakai, S.Sakakibara, A. Sakata, M.Salgado, V. L. Saliki, J. T.Salvador, S. M. Sampieri, F.Sampson, E. J. Sandau, C. D. Sandau, C.D.Sandau, Courtney D.X Sandhu, S.Sangalang, G. B.Santella, R. M. Santos, M. B.Santos, M. C. U.Santostefano, M. Sargeant, D E Scarcelli, V. Scatolini, S. Schaeff, C.Schaeff, C. M.Schaeffer, J.E.Schandorff, S.Schantz, M. M. Schantz, M.M. Schell, D. M.Schiller, S.B. Schintu, M. Schipholt, I.Schlezinger, J. J.Schlezinger, J.J. Schliebe, S.Schlotterer, C. Schneider, K.Scholin, C. A. Scholz, E. Schulz, D E Schurig, V. Schuster, I. Schwacke, L.Schwacke, L. H.Schweinsburg, Ray E. Sears, R. Secchi, E. R. Segstro, M. Seinen, W.Senthilkumar, K. Sequeira, M.Sericano, J. L.Serlcano, J. L. Serrano, R. Shang, E. Shao, Q.Sharova, L. V.Shashikant, C. S. Shaw, S.p Shaw, S. D. Shaw, S.D. Shea, Dp Shea, D.to human health risk. However, as fipronil is a relatively new insecticide that has not been in use for long enough to evaluate the risk it may pose to human health, from data on human exposure to the product, a precautionary approach may be warranted. The use of some fipronil-based products on domestic animals is not recommended where handlers spend significant amounts of time grooming or handling treated animals. In general, it would appear unwise to use fipronil-based insecticides without accompanying environmental and human health monitoring, in situations, regions, or countries where it has not been used before, and where its use may lead to its introduction into the wider environment or bring it into contact with people. Further work is needed on the impacts of fipronil on nontarget vertebrate fauna (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) in the field before the risk to wildlife from this insecticide can be adequately validated. Further field study of the effects of fipronil on the nutrient cycling and soil water-infiltration activities of beneficial termites is required to assess the ecological impacts of the known toxicity of fipronil to these insects.("Using Smart Source Parsing English,&Animal; Animals, Wild; Biodegradation; Environmental Monitoring: methods; Human; Insecticides: chemistry; Insecticides: metabolism; Insecticides: toxicity; Plants: drug effects; Pyrazoles: chemistry; Pyrazoles: metabolism; Pyrazoles: toxicity; Soil Pollutants: analysis; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't12442503 D>Residues of organohalogen compounds in various dolphin tissues2,Tirpenou, A. E. Tsigouri, A. D. Gouta, E. H. 1998<6Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology602u 216-24,&Using Smart Source Parsing Feb EnglishAnimal; Aroclors: analysis; Comparative Study; Dolphins: metabolism; Environmental Monitoring; Insecticides, Organochlorine: analysis; Kidney: chemistry; Liver: chemistry; Mediterranean Sea; Spleen: chemistry; Water Pollutants, Chemical: analysis9470981 Examination of the bioaccumulation of halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles in an Arctic marine food web using stable nitrogen isotope analysisB;Tittlemier, S. A. Fisk, A. T. Hobson, K. A. Norstrom, R. J.  20022+Environmental Pollution [Environ. Pollut.]. 1161 85-93Concentrations of four possibly naturally produced organohalogens - 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4-tribromo 4,5,5'-trichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br sub(3)Cl sub(3)), 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo 5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br sub(4)Cl sub(2)), 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4',5-pentabromo 5'-chloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br sub(5)Cl) and 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromo 2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br sub(6)) - were quantitated and the extent of their magnification through an entire Arctic marine food web [measured as integrated trophic magnification factors (TMFs)] were calculated. The food web consisted of three zooplankton species (Calanus hyperboreus, Mysis oculata, and Sagitta sp.), one fish species [Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida)], four seabird species [dovekie (Alle alle), black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), and glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)], and one marine mammal species [ringed seal (Phoca hispida)]. Trophic levels in the food web were calculated from ratios of stable isotopes of nitrogen ( super(15)N/ super(14)N). All halogenated dimethyl bipyrrole (HDBP) congeners were found to significantly (P < 0.02) biomagnify, or increase in concentration with trophic level in the invertebrate - fish - seabird food web. DBP-Br sub(4)Cl sub(2) (TMF = 14.6) was found to biomagnify to a greater extent than DBP-Br sub(3)Cl sub(3) (TMF = 5.2), DBP-Br sub(5)Cl (TMF = 6.9), or DBP-Br sub(6) (TMF = 7.0), even though the K sub(ow) of DBP-Br sub(4)Cl sub(2) was predicted to be lower than those of DBP-Br sub(5)Cl and DBP-Br sub(6). None of the four HDBP congeners in ringed seals followed the general trend of increasing concentration with trophic level, which was possibly due to an ability of the seals to metabolize HDBPs.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp EnglishBioaccumulation; Food webs; Trophic levels; Marine ecosystems; Pollution monitoring; Polar environments; Nitrogen; Isotopes; Marine organisms; Aquatic birds; Zooplankton; Halogenated compounds; Wildlife; Marine environment; Water pollution; halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles; Pollution effects; Chemical pollutants; Halogenated hydrocarbons; Marine fish; Marine birds; Marine mammals; Trophic relationships; Calanus hyperboreus; Mysis oculata; Sagitta; Boreogadus saida; Cepphus grylle; Rissa tridactyla; Phoca hispida; Alle alle; Larus hyperboreus; Arctic Ocean; PN, Arctic Ocean halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles; Arctic cod; Black guillemot; Black-legged Kittiwake; Ringed seal; Dovekie; Glaucous gull; Birds; Magnification factors Marine D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24156 Environmental impact; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms5327749anisms.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Oct EnglishMarine organisms; Mass spectroscopy; Gas chromatography; brominated compounds; blubber; Sponges; Food organisms; Marine mammals; Diets; Bromine compounds; Metabolites; Halogen compounds; Biochemical composition; Uptake; Trophic relationships; Bioaccumulation; Dysidea; Kogia breviceps bioaccumulation; Pygmy sperm whale; Sponge halogenated natural products; blubber Marine X 24173 Animals; Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics5527992 j(#Fluorides/adverse effects/*analysiser(%Fluorocarbons/blood/*pharmacokineticsFluorocarbons:Fluorocarbons: analysisFluorocarbons: bloodFluorocarbons: chemistry$Fluorocarbons: pharmacokineticsFluorocarbons: toxicity,)Fluorosis, Dental/epidemiology/veterinary fluviatilis foetusFood Food (seeFood (see also Animal$Food Additives/*adverse effectsdv Food AnalysisFood availability Food Chain food chains Food chains (see also FoodFood consumptionFood contamination Food Contamination/*analysis$ Food Contamination: analysis Food fishFood organismsFood Poisoning/veterinary Food webs$ Food webs (see also Food chains)$Food, additives & contaminantsFoods foodstuffs) ForecastingtaForelimb/*abnormalitiesnd foulingFouling controlFragmentography FranceFrance, CorsicaFraser's dolphin Free RadicalsFreezing storage Fresh Water FreshwaterFreshwater fishFreshwater organismsFreshwater pollutionFruit/chemistryExFuelsFungi fungicidesG$G 07220 General theory/testing,&G 07220 General theory/testing systems G 07403 Gadus morhuaGammarid amphipods Gammaridea Gammarus Ganges RiverGanges River Dolphin gangeticaGap Junctions:Gap Junctions: physiologyGasGas chromatography4.Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/chemically inducedmGastropods (Whelks) Gdansk GulfGdansk, Gdansk GulfGel GenderGene expression,)Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Gene familiesGene FrequencyPol GeneralGenesGenes, Viral/geneticsGenes, Viral: genetics GeneticsGenetics, Populatione$Genitalia, Female/drug effectssdv0+Genitalia, Female/pathology/physiopathology83Genitalia, Male/*drug effects/*growth & development0 Genitalia, Male/drug effectst GenotoxicityGenotoxicity testing Genotypegeographic variations GeographicalGeographical distributionGeographical variations Geography Geologic Sediments/*analysiss George I. Germany, Westgiant Glaucous gull Globicephala macrorhynchusGlobicephala melaenaGlobicephala melasGlobicephalus melasGlobicephalus meleanus($Gonadotropins, Pituitary/*metabolism (%Gonads/anatomy & histology/physiology GonatusGov'tGov't, Non-P.H.S.Government Agencies GrampusGrampus giseusGrampus griseus Gray seal Gray whale Great Britain/epidemiologyrtaGreat Lakes RegionysiGREAT-LAKES FISH; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; CHICK-EDEMA DISEASE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY; RHESUS-MONKEYS; MUSTELA-VISON; AROCLOR 1254; EATING BIRDS; PCB2\ GreeceGreen sea turtle Green turtleGreenhouse Effect GreenlandGreenland right whaleGreenland, OestgroenlandGrey Grey whale griseus Growth Growth curves Growth rateGrowth/drug effects*a Guinea PigsMaGulfGulfsGymnodinium breveH$H 3000 Environment and EcologyH 8000 RadiationH SE1.21 WILDLIFE H SE3.21,&H SE3.21 WATER POLLUTION/WATER QUALITY H SE3.26 MERCURY POLLUTION H SE4.24 FOOD H SE4.24 FOOD CONTAMINATION,'H SE5.1 BASIC APPROACHES, CONCEPTS, ANDH SM3.8.6 DIETH-2 Antigens/*geneticsy0 H3 33095H3 33105 Disorders habitathabitat selection habitats HaematologyHairHair/metabolismonHalichoerus grypusHaliphron atlanticusHalogen compounds Halogenatedhalogenated compounds$halogenated dimethyl bipyrrolesHalogenated hydrocarbons Halogens(#Halogens/analysis/*pharmacokinetics ("Halogens/analysis/pharmacokinetics Halogens:Halogens: analysis*.TBES4{a;- $nZr +7 fw3oT[#y9=W.t22I//.Ta'/ls'//242#7'==->+-<`Z,/]E= lZS<[;]D>4O_%D. T(9])) :TE%5OJd<LEanisms.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Oct EnglishMarine organisms; Mass spectroscopy; Gas chromatography; brominated compounds; blubber; Sponges; Food organisms; Marine mammals; Diets; Bromine compounds; Metabolites; Halogen compounds; Biochemical composition; Uptake; Trophic relationships; Bioaccumulation; Dysidea; Kogia breviceps bioaccumulation; Pygmy sperm whale; Sponge halogenated natural products; blubber Marine X 24173 Animals; Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics5527992 +H Biological Markers: analysisBiological poisonsBiological resistanceBiological Samplesbiological samplingBiological stressBiological surveysbiomagnification Biomarkers Biomechanicsn biophysics biopsies BiopsyBiosensing TechniquesBiota Biotechnology BioticBiotic factorsbiotransformation bioturbation BiphenylsBiphenyls: bloodBiphenyls: chemistryBiphenyls: metabolismBiphenyls: toxicity bird eggsBirds("Birds (see also Individual groups)Birds/*metabolismBirds/metabolismBirth Weight/drug effects Biscay BayBlack guillemotBlack right whaleBlack-legged KittiwakeBlood Blood (see Blood cellsBlood corpuscles Blood levels bloomsBlotting, Western Blotting, Western: veterinary Blubberblubber analysisBlubber biopsies blubber diet blubber PBDE concentrations Blue mussel Blue whale boat surveysBoatsBody Body burdenBody conditions Body fat Body length body organs Body size Body Temperature Regulation\ body weightBody Weight/drug effectss BoidaeBoneBone and Bones/*chemistry<8Bone Diseases/chemically induced/epidemiology/veterinaryBoreogadus saida0,Bornanes/*chemistry/isolation & purification Bottle-nosedBottle-nosed dolphinBottle-nosed dolphinsBottlenose dolphinbottlenose dolphins Bowhead whale BrackishBrackishwater pollution(#Bradyrhizobium/genetics/*metabolismicBraerBraer oil spillBrainBrain Chemistry0,Brain Diseases/chemically induced/veterinary Brain/drug effects/pathology$Brain/parasitologyn/i BrazilBrazil, Cananeia Estuary breast milkBreeding success brevetoxin Brevetoxins breviceps BritishBritish Columbia British IslesBritish Isles,British Isles, England,)British Isles, England, Lincolnshire FensBritish Isles, North SeaBritish Isles, Scotland$!British Isles, Scotland, ShetlandBritish Isles, Wales$British Isles, Wales, New Quaybrominated compounds brominated diphenyl ethersBrominated hydrocarbons BromineBromine compounds(%Bromine Compounds/*analysis/chemistry0+Bronchi/anatomy & histology/*embryologybronchopneumonia(#Brucellosis/epidemiology/veterinaryBuccinum undatumBunodosuma granulifera burden butyltinbutyltin compounds By catch byproducts Byrde's whale CadmiumCadmium: analysisCadmium: pharmacokinetics caesium Caesium 137Calanus hyperboreus CalciumCalcium/metabolismnolCalcium: analysis,&Calculi/etiology/pathology/*veterinarytho Calibrationsu CaliforniaCalifornia GulfCalifornia sea lionCalifornia sea lionsCalifornia Sur California Sur, La Paz BayCalifornia/epidemiologyy/ californianus Calliactis CallinectesCallorhinus ursinus Calves Canada Canada,Canada, Arctic Canada, Arctic ArchipelagoCanada, British ColumbiaCanada, Hudson BayCanada, Hudson StraitCanada, NewfoundlandCanada, Northwest($Canada, Northwest Terr., Igloolik I.<7Canada, Northwest Terr., Inuvik Region, Mackenzie Delta Canada, NovaCanada, Nova ScotiaCanada, Ontario L.Canada, QuebecCanada, Quebec, St.($Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary$Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence R. Canada, St.Canada, St. Lawrence Canada, St. Lawrence EstuaryCanada, St. Lawrence GulfCanada, St. Lawrence R.Canada/epidemiologyem Cancer Caprellidea captivity carbon Carbon 13Carbon dioxideCarbon isotopes CarcassesCarcinogenicity4V Shaw, S.D. 1998|uOrganochlorines and biomarkers of immune and endocrine effects in pacific harbor seal and northern elephant seal pups  New York, NY 2+Columbia University School of Public Health Ph.D. Thesis ^XIsolation and identification of saxitoxin from the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus L("Shimizu, Y. Walker, C. K. Wang, R.WHOI-89-36; CRC-89-6:3In November, 1987, a dozen humpback whales were found dead on the beaches of Cape Cod. The investigation of the deaths of the whales has been conducted by a team of specialists assembled by the New England Aquarium and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The test of the whale stomach contents pointed to mackerel as the possible culprit. At the request of the group and also the State of Rhode Island Health Department, we undertook the isolation of the toxic principle in the mackerel caught in Rhode Island water. We have been analyzing mackerel samples caught at different times and places. All the samples of S. scombrus analyzed have shown almost identical levels of toxicity (ca. 2 mouse units/g liver). The findings seem to point to an endogenous factor specific to the species as the origin of the toxin.:4Conference Toxic Dinoflagellates and Marine Mammal Mortalities: Expert Consultation, Woods Hole, MA (USA), 8-9 May 1989 TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATES AND MARINE MAMMAL MORTALITIES., 1989, pp. 42-44, Technical report. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole MA [TECH. REP. WOODS HOLE OCEANOGR. INST.] English 1989Report; Conference Scomber scombrus; ANW, USA, Rhode Island; biological poisons; mortality causes; Dinophyta; bioaccumulation; saxitoxin; USA, Rhode Island saxitoxin Marine Q1 01483 Species interactions: general; Q5 01524 Public health, medicines, dangerous organisms; X 24173 Animals2751700 l Lymphocytes: drug effectsLymphocytes: immunologyM 13092 PlasmaM 13134 Others M1 200 Human4.M1 200 Human Population-Biosphere Interactions M1 220 HumanM2 551.460.09:504.42.054 M2 551.465.8 macrocephalus macrophages Macrophages, Peritoneal: drug Magnetic Resonance Imaginggy\$Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopyhe,'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methodsy/ MagnificationMagnification factorsMaleMalesMallotus villosus Mammalia mammalianMammalian physiology MammalsMammals/metabolismbolMammals: metabolism Mammary Neoplasms/*pathologytman Man-inducedMan-induced effects managementmanagement and recreation0*Mandibular Fractures/pathology/*veterinary Manganese ManitobagManitoba, Churchill Mar del Plata MarineMarine AnimalsMarine Biologygyl Marine birdsMarine crustaceansMarine ecosystemsMarine environmentMarine environment (see,'Marine environment (see also Sea water)marine environments Marine fauna Marine fishmarine fisheriesMARINE FOOD-CHAINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; METHYL SULFONES; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; DIOXINS PCDDS; INDUCTION; SEALS; TOXICITY; ACCUMULATIONmarine invertebrates marine mammalMarine Mammal Commission Marine Mammal Protection ActMarine mammalsMarine molluscsmarine mollusksmarine organismMarine organisms Marine parksMARINE POLLUTIONMarine Sanctuarymarine sedimentsMarine Toxins/*poisoningy$ Marine Toxins/analysis/poisoningsMarine Toxins: chemistryMarine Toxins: toxicityMarine transportation maritimusMassMass Fragmentography Mass Fragmentography/*methodsMass Fragmentography:Mass spectrometryMass spectroscopy materialsMaternal-Fetal ExchangeMathematical models maturitymaune environmentmeasuring techniquesMeatMeat/*analysisfec Meat/analysisMeat:MEDMED,MED, Adriatic Sea, SouthMED, Aegean Sea MED, Eastern Mediterranean MED, France MED, Israel MED, ItalyMED, Italy, LazioMED, Italy, Puglia0-MED, Ligurian Sea, International Ligurian Sea MED, SpainMED, Tyrrhenian Sea MED, Western Mediterranean$medicines, dangerous organisms MediterraneanMediterranean RegionMediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea, Ligurian megalops MegapteraMegaptera novaeangliaemembrane currents membranes MercuryMercury compounds Mercury inMercury in marine lifeMercury Poisoning:Mercury Poisoning: urine Mercury-197Mercury: adverse effectsMercury: analysisMercury: toxicityMercury: urineMerlangius merlangus MesoplodonMesoplodon bidensMesoplodon densirostrisMessenger: genetics Metabolism Metabolitesmetallothioneinmetallothionein-IMetallothionein: Metallothionein: chemistry Metallothionein: metabolismMetallothioneins MetalsMetals in marine life Metals,Metals, Heavy/toxicitytedMetals, Heavy:$Metals, Heavy: adverse effectsMetals, Heavy: analysis$Metals, Heavy: pharmacokinetics$!Metals/*analysis/pharmacokineticsMetals/adverse effectsica resulting from capture stress. Animals' diets can be monitored for contaminant levels. With these data, the expertise and facilities available at the Navy laboratory and in collaboration with other experts in the field, controlled studies can be designed to monitor and assess dietary exposure, measurable immune and neurologic responses and assess reproductive and transgenerational effects of contaminants. Biomarkers can be developed to relate the health of individual animals relative to contaminant exposures. Such investigations of natural exposure and response scenarios are a logical adjunct to traditional laboratory toxicity studies.vpUsing Smart Source Parsing pp. 171-182. 2 Jul Thematic Issue: Toxicology and Risk Assessment Approaches. EnglishReproduction; Pollution monitoring; Organochlorine compounds; Blood; Milk; Bioaccumulation; Body fat; Marine pollution; blubber; Bioindicators; Sexual reproduction; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Animals (Mammals) (see also Individual names); Toxicity (see also Lethal limits); Chlorinated organic compounds; Pollutants; Drifters; Pollution indicators; Monitoring; Marine Mammals; Water Pollution Effects; Organic Compounds; Chlorides; Toxicity; Animal Physiology; Mammalia; Tursiops truncatus; INE, USA, California, San Diego Bay Mammals; Bottle-nosed dolphin; marine mammals X 24153 Metabolism; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution; SW 3030 Effects of pollution5171334cF?The management of Irish waters as a whale and dolphin sanctuaryRogan, E. Berrow, S. D. (!Blix, A. S. Walloe, L. Wltang, O. 0-444-82070-1 ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. AMSTERDAM (NETHERLANDS)On 7th June 1991 the Irish Government declared Ireland a whale and dolphin sanctuary. The sanctuary declaration covered the State's entire exclusive fishery limit (200 miles from the coast). This paper examines the management of Irish waters for whales and dolphins. The historical relationship between cetaceans and people in Ireland is reviewed and the potential threats to cetacean species in Ireland examined. Data on contaminant levels (radionuclides, heavy metals) in stranded and by-caught animals are presented together with aspects of the biology (parasites, diet) of small cetaceans in Irish waters. The interaction between cetaceans and fisheries and the development of whale-watching in Ireland is also discussed. It is argued that proper conservation requires not only the relevant scientific study but the creation of the political will if conservation measures are to be effective. 1995Conference Int. Symp. on the Biology of Marine Mammals in the North East Atlantic, Tromso (Norway), 29 Nov-1 Dec 1994 WHALES, SEALS, FISH AND MAN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE BIOLOGY OF MARINE MAMMALS IN THE NORTH EAST ATLANTIC HELD IN TROMSO, NORWAY, 29 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1, 1994., ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V., AMSTERDAM (NETHERLANDS), 1995, 671, DEV. MAR. BIOL. , vol. 4 English Book Monograph; Conference1xqMarine Q5 01523 Conservation, wildlife management and recreation; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicologyi3974315iFO/#3Z@#8Jd/E H`'nSP@^v\y-\L!O% .Z>(."*LoPpt)W]f=cv4c+N[sin'Wq*$S3Y1:;2IVQ9l8ETh">0<6jM(, D{e7=k`-w m7Be5_~CFp9 Rar2g?KDgolCulturedy/methods/*veterinary 5,0p8P8`1PPŀ08P8ꀠ8PP81$P1ŀ08UXY 5H$H"2\"31Yŀ18,)Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/blood/*metabolism<0-8P8`1PPŀ08P8ꀠ8PP81$P.1ŀ08UXY 5H$H"2\"31Yŀ1s the first report that addresses the mechanism of mercury-selenium antagonism in cultured cetacean cells at the cellular level.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Nov EnglishB90%) had detectable levels of the anthropogenic radionuclide super(137)Cs, with a mean level observed in all samples of 0.67 Bq kg super(-1) dry weight plus or minus 0.81 (SD). Converted to wet weight, the mean was 0.21 Bq kg super(-1) plus or minus 0.19 SD. The median activity observed was 0.45 Bq kg super(-1) dry weight (0.18 Bq kg super(-1) wet weight) with a range from detection limits to 6.7 Bq kg super(-1) dry weight (1.1 Bq kg super(-1) wet weight). These findings confirm expectations that current anthropogenic gamma emitter burdens in marine mammals used in the North American Arctic as subsistence food resources are well below activities that would normally merit public health concern ( similar to 1000 Bq kg super(-1) wet weight). Some differences among species and tissues were observed. Beluga tissues had slightly higher mean burdens of super(137)Cs overall, and epidermis and muscle tissues in bowhead and beluga whales typically had higher burdens than other tissues analyzed. Low levels of the neutron activation product super(108m)Ag (half-life 418 yr.), probably bioaccumulated from bomb fallout sources, were observed in 16 of 17 beluga livers analyzed, but were not found in any other tissues of beluga or in any other species sampled. A subset of 39 samples of various tissues was analyzed for the alpha and beta emitters super(239,240)Pu and super(90)Sr. Plutonium levels were near the threshold of detectability ( similar to 0.1 Bq kg super(-1) dry weight) in 6 of the 39 samples; all other samples had no detectable plutonium. A detectable level of super(90)Sr (10.3 plus or minus 1.0 Bq kg super(-1) dry weight) was observed in only one of the 39 samples analyzed, a bowhead epidermis sample. Although the accumulation of super(108m)Ag has not been previously reported in any marine mammal livers, all of our analytical measurements indicate that only very low levels of anthropogenic radioactivity are associated with marine mammals harvested and consumed in the North American Arctic.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Jun EnglishRadioisotopes; Radioactive pollution; Bioaccumulation; Marine organisms; Hunting; Polar environments; North America; Whaling; Polar zones; Arctic zone; Caesium 137; Silver isotopes; Strontium isotopes; Radioactive contamination; Marine mammals; Human food; Public health; Food contamination; Arctic; Delphinapterus leucas; Balaena mysticetus; Canada; USA, Alaska; Arctic hunting; Delphinapterus leucas; Balaena mysticetus; USA, Alaska; Canada Whaling; White whale; Bowhead whale; Greenland right whale Marine D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate; Q5 01524 Public health, medicines, dangerous organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; P 8000 RADIATION; H 8000 Radiation Safety/Electrical Safety; D 04672 Mammals4737195oJXZTWatanabe, S. T. Shimada S. Nakamura N. Nishiyama N. Yamashita S. Tanabe R. Tatsukawa 1989RKSpecific profile of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 in dolphin and whalesHMar. Environ. Res.$Marine Environmental Research 27 51-65Contamination of Tris(4-Chlorophenyl) Methane and Tris(4-Chlorophenyl) Methanol in Marine Mammals from Russia and Japan: Body Distribution, Bioaccumulation and Contamination StatusF@Watanabe, M. Tanabe, S. Miyazaki, N. Petrov, E. A. Jarman, W. M. 1999:3Marine Pollution Bulletin [Mar. Pollut. Bull.]. no.cFour seal species (Phoca caspica, Phoca sibirica, Phoca hispida and Phoca largha) and one whale (Orcinus orca) from Russia and Japan were examined to determine the body distribution, bioaccumulation and contamination status of tris(4-chlorophenyl) methane (TCPMe) and tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol (TCPMOH). Lipid normalized concentrations of TCPMe and TCPMOH were comparable in various organs and tissues, implying that their body distribution is followed to the lipid-dependent accumulation, similar to that for other organochlorines. The highest body burden of these compounds was found in the blubber. Bioaccumulation potential of TCPMe and TCPMOH was high and comparable to PCBs and DDTs. Relatively higher concentrations of TCPMe and TCPMOH were observed in Caspian seal than in other seal species examined. TCPMOH concentration in killer whale was the highest of the marine mammals examined. Another peak detected had similar mass spectrum to TCPMOH, however, at a different retention time, suggesting the presence of an isomer of TCPMOH.Conference 2. Int. Conf. on Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology, Hong Kong (P.R. China), Jun 1998 Using Smart Source Parsing 1-12, pp. 393-398. Jan-Dec English6/Bioaccumulation; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Marine mammals; Public health; Seafood; Russia; Japan; Contamination; Marine Animals; Lipids; Marine pollution; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol; Phoca caspica; Phoca sibirica; Phoca hispida; Phoca largha; Orcinus orca; Orcinus orca; Phoca largha; Phoca caspica; Phoca sibirica; Phoca hispida; INW, Russia; INW, Japan Killer whale; Spotted seal; Ringed seal Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION 4621709lD=Accumulation of heavy metals in Caspian seals (Phoca caspica)f`Watanabe, I. Kunito, T. Tanabe, S. Amano, M. Koyama, Y. Miyazaki, N. Petrov, E. A. Tatsukawa, R. 2002<6Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology431 109-20Concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, and Hg) were determined in the muscle, liver, and kidney of 42 Caspian seals and fishes collected from the Caspian Sea in 1993. Higher Mn and lower Fe and Cu concentrations were found in the liver in comparison with other marine pinnipeds. Lower Cu concentrations in the liver appear to be a common feature in small seals belonging to subgenus Pusa, which include ringed, Baikal, and Caspian seals. However, low Fe and high Mn in livers were specific to Caspian seal. Concentrations of toxic metals such as Hg and Cd were relatively low. Pinniped species can be divided into two groups, based on accumulations of Cd or Hg in the liver. Interestingly, it was found that Cd-accumulating groups feed on invertebrates, whereas the preferred diet of Hg accumulators is fish. Caspian seals seemed to belong to the Hg-accumulating group.Cd and Hg concentrations in the liver and kidney of young animals increased with age. Mercury concentrations in adult animals increased with age continuously, whereas Cd concentrations in adult animals decreased. This trend might be due to preferential feeding habits and shift in ratio of Hg and Cd in the diet ( i.e., invertebrates to fish).e,&Using Smart Source Parsing Jul EnglishAge Factors; Animal; Biological Availability; Diet; Environmental Exposure; Female; Invertebrates; Liver: chemistry; Male; Metals, Heavy: pharmacokinetics; Seals; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tissue Distribution; Water Pollutants: pharmacokinetics 12045881U d=Cadmium: pharmacokinetics^XThe effects of pollutants and contaminants on steroidogenesis in fish and marine mammals2+Freeman, H. C. Sangalang, G. B. Uthe, J. F. 0)Cairns, V. W. Hodson, P. V. Nriagu, J. O.f197-212o 0-471-88014-0t0*In the present paper the authors present some examples of studies in their laboratory on the effects of trace quantities of chemical contaminants administered in vivo and in vitro on steroid hormone metabolism in fish (Salvelinus fontinatis ) and in a marine mammal, the seal (Phoca groenlandica ). 1984Contaminant effects on fisheries., 1984 Advances in Environmental Science and Technology [ADV. ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL.], vol. 16 English Book Monograph pollutants; pollution effects; steroids; hormones; metabolism; cadmium; PCB; mercury; steroid hormones; Salvelinus fontinatis; Phoca groenlandica Marine; Brackish; Freshwater Q1 01504 Effects on organisms; X 24165 Biochemistry; H3 33095 Disorders; H3 33105 Disorders0999024jdDistribution of mercury in the organs and tissues of five toothed-whale species of the Mediterranean*#Frodello, J. P. Romeo, M. Viale, D. 20006/Environmental Pollution [Environ. Pollut.]. no.3447-452Mercury levels were determined in the tissues and organs (lung, liver, kidney, skin, muscle, bone) of five toothed-whales stranded along the Corsican coast between November 1993 and February 1996. The species taken into consideration were the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, the common dolphin Delphinus delphis, the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba, the pilot whale Globicephala melas and the Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus. The variation in mercury levels between the different tissues and organs (lung, liver, kidney, skin, muscle, bone) of the cetacean species are discussed as regards storage, biotransformation and elimination. In all cases, the liver appears to be the preferential organ for mercury accumulation (with concentrations as high as 4250 mu g Hg/g dw and 3298 mu g Hg/g in the livers of Tursiops truncatus and Grampus griseus, respectively). The kidney and lung are the next organs in terms of mercury uptake followed by the muscle, bone and skin. The stomach contents of Grampus griseus and D. delphis were determined and consisted of cephalopods for Grampus griseus, and of sardines Sardina pilchardus and mackerels Trachurus sp. for D. delphis. Cephalopods had higher mercury concentrations (25.4 mu g Hg/g dw) than fish (ca 1 mu g Hg/g). These contents represent only one meal and mercury levels found in livers may integrate mercury uptake having occurred during the whole life span of animals.;,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp EnglishlMercury; Lung; Liver; Kidney; Skin; Muscles; Bone; Mediterranean Sea; Organs; Tissues; Marine organisms; Mammalia; Cetacea; Tursiops truncatus; Grampus griseus; Delphinus delphis; Stenella coeruleoalba; Globicephala melas; France, Corsica; Marine mammals; Pollution effects; Bioaccumulation; Food organisms; Mercury-197; Animals (Mammals) (Marine); Lungs (see also Respiratory system); Kidneys; Muscle; Tissues (Biological); Whales; Tissue Analysis; Water Pollution Effects; Globicephala melas; Delphinus delphis; Stenella coeruleoalba; Grampus griseus; Tursiops truncatus; Cetacea; Cephalopoda; MED Risso's dolphin; Bottle-nosed dolphin; Saddle-backed dolphin; Striped dolphin; Cetaceans; Octopuses Marine X 24163 Metabolism; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; X 24166 Environmental impact4729023&|Preliminary study of chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in Cetacea stranded along the Tyrrhenian coast of Latium (central Italy)4.Focardi, S. Marsili, L. Fabbri, F. Carlini, R. ,&Evans, P. G. H. Aguilar, A. Smeenk, C.108-110n4-The first results of an investigation on the concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the tissues of cetaceans stranded along the Tyrrhenian coast are reported. The present data refer in particular to two species common in the Mediterranean: the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba and the bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus, many specimens of which are found dead along the Italian coasts each year. The present samples come mainly from the central Tyrrhenian coast (Latium coast). The congeners of PCBs were analysed in order to evaluate their actual toxicity. The results are not sufficient to show any differences between two species, which are known to have different habits. As regards the relationships between contaminant levels, sex and age, the figures for muscle of striped dolphin clearly show an increase in all contaminants with body length in males. In females, contaminant levels remain stable or decrease from 170-180 cm body length, which presumably corresponds to sexual maturation. This has also been found in other species of cetaceans.3 1990D>Conference 4. Annu. Conf. of the European Cetacean Society, Palma de Mallorca (Spain), 2-4 Mar 1990 European research on cetaceans. 4. proceedings of the fourth annual conference of the european cetacean society, palma de mallorca, spain, 2-4 march 1990., 1990 Summary only. English Book Monograph; Conference; Summarymarine mammals; chlorinated hydrocarbons; pollution effects; Stenella coeruleoalba; Tursiops truncatus; MED, Italy, Lazio Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms3838192h5& *b\Environmental contamination and marine mammals in coastal waters from Argentina: An overviewTMMarcovecchio, J. E. Gerpe, M. S. Bastida, R. O. Rodriguez, D. H. Moron, S. G.& Science of the Total EnvironmentSci. Total Environ.s 154p 2-3141-151Environmental contamination become an increasing global problem. Different scientific strategies have been developed in order to assess the impact of pollutants on marine ecosystems. The distribution of toxic contaminants in tissues of different marine mammal species - both cetaceans and pinnipeds - has been studied in many ecosystems, as well as several related ecological processes, like pollutant accumulation or transfer through the food web. A research program directed towards evaluating the occurrence of pollutants in marine mammals from the coastal waters of Argentina (southwestern Atlantic Ocean) has been developed since 1985, and includes the study of heavy metal contents in stranded or incidentally caught animals. The marine mammal species studied during this period were: the seals Otaria flavescens and Arctocephalus australis, and small cetaceans Tursiops gephyreus, Pontoporia blainvillei, Kogia breviceps and Ziphius cavirostris. In most of the cases, high contents of heavy metals (total mercury, cadmium, zinc, and copper) have been recorded. Moreover, liver showed the maximum capability for accumulation of heavy metals in all studied species. The biological and ecological characteristics of each species of the above-mentioned marine mammals (feeding habits, age, migratory pathways, or sex) contributed to the understanding of the metal sources. Considering the results as obtained during the study period it can be assumed that: (1) The global distribution of toxic contaminants also affects the southwestern Atlantic Ocean ecosystems, and (2) Marine mammals could be appropriate bioindicator species in order to assess this kind of environmental problem.Conference International Symposium on Marine Pollution -- Mammals and Toxic Contaminants, Kamogawa (Japan), 6-8 Feb 1993 1994 English 1994Argentina; coastal waters; marine animals; mammals; heavy metals; bioindicators; water pollution effects; tissue analysis; seals; liver; bioaccumulation; marine mammals; pollution indicators; indicator species; pollution surveys; PSW, Argentina; marine organisms; mercury; cadmium; zinc Marine SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology /Toxicology; X 24166 Environmental impact3832758B;Polychlorinated biphenyls in blue crabs from South Carolina"Marcus, J. M. Mathews, T. D.<6Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology&Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.395857-862The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) is one of the most valuable fishery resources in South Carolina. Because of their omnivorous feeding characteristics, wide distribution and close association with bottom sediments, the potential exists for blue crabs to bioaccumulate pollutants residing in those sediments. During the spring of 1985, commercial crab fishermen in Beaufort County, South Carolina, contacted the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (SCWMRD) concerning their perceptions of significantly declining catch rates in the Campbell Creek-Whale Branch area. The SCWMRD initiated analysis of crab tissue from the area to ascertain the body burdens of PCBs. Initial screening results indicated potentially significant levels of PCBs in blue crabs. 1987 English 1987mortality; PCB; bioaccumulation; food chains; Callinectes sapidus; USA, South Carolina; pollution effects; human food; ANW, USA, South Carolina Marine; Brackish Q1 01504 Effects on organisms; Q1 01281 General; Q1 01524 Public health, medicines, dangerous organisms; O 4020 POLLUTION - ORGANISMS; X 24156 Environmental impact; X 24120 Food, additives & contaminants; X 24153 Metabolism; D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate; P 2000 FRESHWATER POLLUTION20384566J2^@9Payne, R Rowntree, V Perkins, J S Cooke, J G Lankester, K 1990|Population size, trends, and reproductive parameters of right whales, (Eubalaena australis) off Pensinsula Valdes, Argentina G Z .(Reports International Whaling CommissionSpecial Issue 12271-278Effect of the 1990 die-off in the northern Italian seas on the developmental stability of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833)jdPertoldi, C. Podesta, M. Loeschcke, V. Schandorff, S. Marsili, L. Mancusi, C. Nicolosi, P. Randi, E. 2000F@Biological Journal of the Linnean Society [Biol. J. Linn. Soc.].711v 61-70tDevelopmental stability of the community of striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833), that died during the Mediterranean epizootic of 1990 was compared with that of the population prior to and after the epizootic, to assess whether animals that died were the developmentally less stable individuals in the population. Significantly higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) were found in those individuals that died. Tissue levels of organochlorine pesticide residues and PCBs were determined and the correlation between contaminant concentration and FA was tested. No correlations were found between the contaminant level and FA.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Sep English Population genetics; Mortality causes; Fish kill; Population structure; Natural selection; Pesticides; Development; Fluctuating asymmetry; Stenella coeruleoalba; MED, Italy Striped dolphin Q1 01443 Population genetics; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; D 04672 Mammals475773896230773VOEpidermal ultrastructure of the southern right whale calf (Eubalaena australis)nAn ultrastructural analysis by transmission and scanning electron microscopy was carried out on normal epidermis of six southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) calves which stranded over a period of several months at Peninsula Valdes, Argentina. This was undertaken to 1) provide the first normal skin ultrastructural data on this highly endangered species which is known to display skin pathology in some instances, and 2) to elucidate further the integumentary specializations which have developed in diving marine mammals. Southern right whale lipokeratinocytes demonstrated parakeratosis and numerous intracellular lipid bodies, keratin and melanosomes, as reported for other cetacean species, but showed several unique ultrastructural features as well. These included a high prevalence of intranuclear inclusion bodies resembling small fragments of cytoplasmic keratin, and close structural relationship between cytoplasmic lipid droplets and the nucleus. The subcellular morphology supported the concept of possible nuclear import of cytoplasmic keratin and lipid metabolites through enlargements of the nuclear pore complex or other disruptions of the nuclear envelope. The light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy also revealed an irregular contour of the lipokeratinocytes which comprised the thick stratum externum, and surface flaking of the outermost cells which were covered by stubby microvillous-like remnants of intercellular junctions. These results thus suggest that the long-tem aquatic evolution of this cetacean species has resulted in a number of integumentary specializations and that investigation of their submicroscopic cytology may help elucidate the general cell biology of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions.s&Pfeiffer, C. J. Rowntree, V. J.Animal Epidermis/*ultrastructure Female Keratinocytes/ultrastructure Male Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Whales/*anatomy & histologyu J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1996282E277-86. nts levels>8Biological exposure models for oil spill impact analysis&Xiong, De-Qi Reed, M. Ekrol, N. 2000(!Journal of Environmental Sciences124482-485The oil spill impact analysis (OSIA) software system has been developed to supply a tool for comprehensive, quantitative environmental impact assessments resulting from oil spills. In the system, a biological component evaluates potential effects on exposed organisms based on results from a physico-chemical fates component, including the extent and characteristics of the surface slick, and dissolved and total concentrations of hydrocarbons in the water column. The component includes a particle-based exposure model for migratory adult fish populations, a particle-based exposure model for spawning planktonic organisms (eggs and larvae), and an exposure model for wildlife species (sea birds or marine mammals). The exposure model for migratory adult fish populations simulates the migration behaviors of fish populations migrating to or staying in their feeding areas, over-wintering areas or spawning areas, and determines the acute effects (mortality) and chronic accumulation (body burdens) from the dissolved contaminant. The exposure model for spawning planktonic organisms simulates the release of eggs and larvae, also as particles, from specific spawning areas during the spawning period, and determines their potential exposure to contaminants in the water or sediment. The exposure model for wild species calculates the exposure to surface oil of wildlife (bird and marine mammal) categories inhabiting the contaminated area. Compared with the earlier models in which all kinds of organisms are assumed evenly and randomly distributed, the updated biological exposure models can more realistically estimate potential effects on marine ecological system from oil spill pollution events. 0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Dec English2,Petroleum; Oil spills; Mathematical models; Risk assessment; Wildlife; Marine pollution; Environmental impact; Migratory species; Pollution effects; Computer programs; Hydrocarbons; Analytical techniques; Fate; Chemical pollutants; Petroleum hydrocarbons; Dissolved chemicals; Physicochemical properties; Oil slicks; Toxicity; Marine fish; Spawning populations; Ichthyoplankton; Fish eggs; Fish larvae; Marine birds; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; Body burden; Lethal effects; Environmental Effects; Fish Populations; Plankton; Spawning; Fish Migration; Water Pollution Effects OSIA; computer programs; exposure model; overwintering; feeding migrations X 24190 Polycyclic hydrocarbons; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01502 Methods and instruments; O 4095 Instruments/Methods; SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution4850853'sc$sdrN 2000 TY - JOURZTHigh Levels of PCB and p,p'-DDE Found in the Blubber of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Marine Pollution Bulletin406559-561a6-Hayteas, David L. Duffield, Deborah A. UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-40CJYDY-D/1/ed8641b0c2ed42a023d1f9fdf59e9b27yHeaton, S.N. Bursian, S.J. Giesy, J.P. Tillitt, D.E. Render, J.A. Jones, P.D. Verbrugge, D.A. Kubiak, T.J. Aulerich, R.J.O 1995Dietary exposure of mink to carp from Saginaw Bay, Michigan .1. Effects on reproduction and survival, and the potential risks to wild mink populations"Arch Environ Contam Toxicols<6Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology283334-343iGREAT-LAKES FISH; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; CHICK-EDEMA DISEASE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY; RHESUS-MONKEYS; MUSTELA-VISON; AROCLOR 1254; EATING BIRDS; PCBNNHRJ Aulerich, Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USAyHeaton, S.N. Bursian, S.J. Giesy, J.P. Tillitt, D.E. Render, J.A. Jones, P.D. Verbrugge, D.A. Kubiak, T.J. Aulerich, R.J.  1995d^Dietary exposure of mink to carp from Saginaw Bay, Michigan .2. Hematology and liver pathology"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"<6Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology293 411-417 OTTER LUTRA-LUTRA; GREAT-LAKES FISH; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY; TISSUE RESIDUES; RHESUS-MONKEYS; MUSTELA-VISON; TOXICITY; REPRODUCTION; RATSNHRJ Aulerich, Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA Helle, E M Olsson S Jensen 1976D=PCB levels correlated with pathological changes in seal uteri Ambio 5d5261-26382J. Hellou C. Upshall I.H. Ni J.F. Payne Y.S. Huang 1991_Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) from the northwest Atlantic 0 B &Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21135-140Polychlorinated naphthalenes and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from the eastern Canadian Arctic<6Helm, P. A. Bidleman, T. F. Stern, G. A. Koczanski, K. 20022+Environmental Pollution [Environ. Pollut.].o 119t1  69-78 Blubber collected from beluga whales and ringed seals during subsistence hunts in the southern Baffin Island region of the Canadian Arctic were analysed for polychlorinated naphthalenes and eight planar PCB congeners (mono-ortho PCBs: 105, 114, 118 and 156; non-ortho PCBs: 77, 81, 126, 169). capital sigma PCN (3-7 Cl) concentrations in blubber ranged from 35.9-383 pg/g (lipid weight; lw) in beluga and 35.4-71.3 pg/g (lw) in ringed seal. These represent the first measurements of PCNs in marine mammals in the Canadian Arctic, mammals which are an important part of the traditional diet of the indigenous population. capital sigma CoplPCB concentrations were much higher, ranging from 15.5-317 ng/g (lw) in beluga whale blubber and 16.5-40.9 ng/g (lw) in ringed seal blubber. PCNs and coplanar PCBs both exhibit dioxin-like toxicity. Although average capital sigma PCN concentrations were less than 1% of capital sigma CoplPCBs, PCNs contribute up to 11% of TEQ relative to the coplanar PCBs based on TEFs determined by H4IIE enzyme assays.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp English^XMarine organisms; Bioaccumulation; PCB compounds; Polar environments; polychlorinated naphthalenes; Contaminants; PCB; Pollution detection; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Chemical pollutants; Fats; Marine mammals; Arctic zone; Mammalia; Delphinapterus leucas; Phoca hispida; Canada; Arctic; PNW, Canada, Arctic Archipelago; PNW, Canada, Nunavut, Baffin I. Mammals; Beluga whale; Ringed seal; polychlorinated naphthalenes; planar PCB congeners; blubber; White whale Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24156 Environmental impact; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology5402490 6/Henderson, R.J. Kalogeropoulos, N. Alexis, M.N. 1994b[The lipid composition of selected tissues from a Mediterranean monk seal, Monachus monachusr Lipids Lipids298577-582RKFATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; BLUBBER; FISHtnhRJ Henderson, Univ Stirling, Dept Biol & Molec Sci, NERC, Aquat Biochem Unit, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotlandal poisons; mortality causes; environmental conditions; algal blooms; ecosystem management; Trichechus manatus latirostris; Gymnodinium breve; USA, Florida; diseases; toxicity epizootics Marine D 04672 Mammals; K 03039 Algae; Q1 01484 Species interactions: parasites and diseases; Q1 01482 Ecosystems and energetics; Q1 01485 Species interactions: pests and control; Q1 01371 General; Q1 01422 Environmental effects; O 1070 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY/ ECOLOGY; Q5 01522 Protective measures and control2536995 n#6 JCMethylmercury and total mercury in tissues of Arctic marine mammals82Wagemann, R. Trebacz, E. Boila, G. Lockhart, W. L. 1998>7Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.].t 218a1  19-31of_Concentrations of methylmercury, total mercury and selenium in marine mammal tissues were determined in liver, muscle, skin (muktuk) and blubber of belugas, ringed seals and narwhal, using atomic absorption and capillary gas chromatography with ECD detection. Mean MeHg levels in the types of tissues analysed, except blubber, generally exceeded the Canadian Federal Consumption Guideline for mercury in fish (0.5 mu g/g wet wt.). A spatial trend of higher MeHg levels in western compared to eastern Arctic belugas and ringed seals was found which followed a similar trend observed for total mercury. Factors which could explain this trend are discussed. Robust linear regression of MeHg on total Hg and MeHg on age of animals was performed and a strong correlation between the two variables was found in each case. The ratio of MeHg to total mercury as indicated by the regression coefficients was close to one for muscle and skin (muktuk) while for liver it was less than or equal to 1. The mean percentage of MeHg in the liver of marine mammals was 3-12% of the total Hg in this tissue depending on species and location. It is postulated that the formation and deposition of mercuric selenide in the liver is part of the demethylation process in this tissue. This is based on the relatively low fraction of MeHg in the liver not withstanding the fact that the predominant form of mercury taken up via food is MeHg. The long half-life for total mercury and the relatively short half-life for MeHg in this organ are in accord with this postulate as is the 1:1 stoichiometric relationship between mercury and selenium in the liver.4-Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 11 Jul EnglishSelenium; Mercury; Methylmercury; Bioaccumulation; Arctic; marine mammals; Marine fauna; Demethylation; Liver; dimethylmercury; Marine Animals; Electron Capture Gas Chromatography; Tissue Analysis; Seals; Regression Analysis; Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry; Marine pollution; Mammalia Mammals; Arctic P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24163 Metabolism; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; X 24166 Environmental impactt4394351i20051262jdCharacterization and isolation of microsatellite loci from the endangered North Atlantic right whale.(Waldick, R. C. Brown, M. W. White, B. N.Animal Atlantic Ocean Base Sequence Conservation of Natural Resources DNA/genetics/isolation & purification DNA Primers *Microsatellite Repeats Molecular Sequence Data Polymerase Chain Reaction Skin/chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Whales/*genetics Mol Ecol 19998n101763-5.o\VWalker, W. Riseborough, R. W. Jarman, W. M. de Lappe, B. W. Tefft, J. A. DeLong, R. L. 1989^XIdentification of tris(chlorophenyl)methanol in blubber of harbor seals from puget sound Chemosphere18 9/10 1799-1804n~PCB and heavy metal residues in livers and muscles of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from Rhode Island waters60Wang, J. S. Lee, T. C. Wolke, R. E. Saila, S. B.0)Toxicological and Environmental ChemistryhToxicol. Environ. Chem.d55 1-4l 19-30o2+A total of 414 Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), a bottom-dwelling fish, were caught from Warwick Neck, Whale Rock (both in Narragansett Bay) and Quonochontaug Pond (a southern coastal lagoon) of Rhode Island for the analysis of pollutants. Residues of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Hg (mercury) and As (arsenic) were determined on individual or pooled liver and muscle samples of the species. Mean concentrations of all the analyzed pollutants for liver and muscle from Warwick Neck (near the mouth of the Providence River) considered as a relatively polluted area, were ranked highest among the three sites. The relationship between different seasons or collecting sites and PCB or Pb residues in both tissues were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Levels of PCB residues in the liver and muscle were also found to be correlated (p < 0.05) with the fish body size (length and weight). PCB and Hg residues in the muscle were all below the US FDA tolerance levels of 2.0 and 1.0 mu g g super(-1) (wet wt), respectively. 1996 English 1996PCB compounds; heavy metals; Pseudopleuronectes americanus; bioaccumulation; muscles; liver; USA, Rhode Island; aquatic organisms; pollution monitoring; muscle; polychlorinated biphenyls; flounder; PCB; Pseudopleuronectes americanus; ANW, USA, Rhode Island Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; X 24163 Metabolism; X 24153 Metabolism; X 24120 Food, additives & contaminants4004215m}Protective Effects of Selenium Against Mercury Toxicity in Cultured Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella plagiodon) Renal Cells*#Wang, A. Barber, D. Pfeiffer, C. J. 2001`YArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.].n414c403-409 Marine mammals are known for their low susceptibility to mercury toxicity, and selenium may play a role in this protection against mercury intoxication. To gain insight into mechanisms by which selenium might inhibit mercury toxicity in cetacean cells, we investigated the effects of sodium selenite on cell proliferation and cell death (including apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis) of control and mercuric chloride-treated Atlantic spotted dolphin renal cells (Sp1K cells). Concurrent exposure to 80 mu M Na2SeO3 provided full protection against the decrease in cell proliferation induced by 20 mu M HgCl2. Pretreatment with Na2SeO3 increased the protective effects of selenium administered later in conjunction with mercury, but pretreatment alone did not provide protection against mercury given alone. Furthermore, Na2SeO3 administered after the exposure to HgCl2 did not protect cells. These data suggest that the coexistence of Na2SeO3 and HgCl2 was essential for the protective effects of Na2SeO3 against the toxicity of HgCl2 in Sp1K cells, and may involve selenium-mercury binding. This is supported by the results of an experiment in which earlier premixed mercury and selenium solutions were less cytotoxic than freshly mixed solutions. Furthermore, HgCl2 induced apoptosis in Sp1K cells, as revealed by nuclear specific dye (7-AAD) incorporation and cell flow cytometry, and this was prevented by the concurrent exposure to Na2SeO3. Inhibition of mercury-induced apoptosis in marine mammal cells, provided by selenium, may contribute to the in vivo protection. This study is the first report that addresses the mechanism of mercury-selenium antagonism in cultured cetacean cells at the cellular level.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Nov EnglishB{Renal toxicity in rats after oral administration of mercury-contaminated boiled whale livers marketed for human consumptiond(!Endo, T. Haraguchi, K. Sakata, M.o 2003<6Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology443n 412-6nVPSome people living in Japan have traditionally eaten the internal organs of small cetaceans (toothed whales and dolphins), and a mixed package of boiled liver, kidney, lung, and so on is still marketed for human consumption. Recently, we reported that these organs are highly contaminated with mercury. In this study, we investigated the absorption, distribution, excretion, and biochemical parameters in serum and urine after a single oral administration of boiled whale liver containing 1980 microg/g of total mercury and 23.5 microg/g of methyl mercury to rats (0.2 g boiled liver/100 g rat). The single administration of the boiled liver resulted in marked increases of the mercury concentration in the rat kidney, urinary volume, and the urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosanidase, albumin, and sodium, suggesting the renal toxicity caused by inorganic mercury. Furthermore, the administration increased lactate dehydrogenase activity and creatinine, potassium, and phosphorus concentrations in serum. About 95% of total mercury dose was excreted in feces and less than 0.05% was excreted in the urine. Thus, the absorption rate of mercury from the boiled whale liver appears to be about 5% or slightly higher. These data indicate that the human consumption of boiled whale liver may cause acute intoxication by the contaminated inorganic mercury.,&Using Smart Source Parsing Apr EnglishjdAdministration, Oral; Animal; Feces: chemistry; Food Chain; Food Handling; Kidney: chemistry; Kidney: drug effects; Kidney: physiopathology; Liver: chemistry; Male; Mercury: analysis; Mercury: toxicity; Mercury: urine; Mercury Poisoning: physiopathology; Mercury Poisoning: urine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Urinalysis; Whales: metabolism12712303Engelhardt, FR 1982\VHydrocarbon metabolism and cortisol balance in oil-exposed ringed seals, Phoca hispidaComp. Biochem. Physiol. 72C133-136 TNZones of impact around icebreakers affecting beluga whales in the Beaufort SeaErbe, C. Farmer, D. M.RLJournal of the Acoustical Society of America [J. Acoust. Soc. Am.]. Vol. 1083  pt. 1n,&A software model estimating zones of impact on marine mammals around man-made noise is applied to the case of icebreakers affecting beluga whales in the Beaufort Sea. Two types of noise emitted by the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Henry Larsen are analyzed: bubbler system noise and propeller cavitation noise. Effects on beluga whales are modeled both in a deep-water environment and a near-shore environment. The model estimates that the Henry Larsen is audible to beluga whales over ranges of 35-78 km, depending on location. The zone of behavioral disturbance is only slightly smaller. Masking of beluga communication signals is predicted within 14-71-km range. Temporary hearing damage can occur if a beluga stays within 1-4 km of the Henry Larsen for at least 20 min. Bubbler noise impacts over the short ranges quoted; propeller cavitation noise accounts for all the long-range effects. Serious problems can arise in heavily industrialized areas where animals are exposed to ongoing noise and where anthropogenic noise from a variety of sources adds up.& pp. 1332-1340. Sep 2000. English 2000vpAmbient noise; Noise (sound); Ice breakers; Pollution effects; Biological stress; Marine mammals; Auditory stimuli; Vocalization behaviour; Underwater noise; Delphinapterus leucas; PNW, Beaufort Sea Cetaceans; White whale; Beluga whale Marine Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology4796868 RKFalandysz, J. Yamashita, N. Tanabe, S. Tatsukawa, R. Rucinska, L. Skora, K.e 1994rkCongener-Specific Data on Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Tissues of Common Porpoise from Puck Bay, Baltic SeaC"Arch Environ Contam Toxicolh<6Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology263A267-272S|vORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; COPLANAR PCBS; WATERS; DIBENZOFURANS; DIOXINS; PCDDS; PCDFS; MINK; marine mammals; cetaceansxrJ Falandysz, Univ Gdansk, Dept Chem, Environm Chem & Technol Res Grp, Ul J Sobieskiego 18, PL-80952 Gdansk, PolandPolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCFs) in harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena and herring Clupea harengus$Polichlorowane dibenzo-p-dioksyny (PCDDs) i polichlorowane dibenzofurany (PCDFs) w morswinach Phocoena phocoena i sledziach Clupea harengusd]Falandysz, J. Florek, A. Bergqvist, P. A. Kulp, S. E. Strandberg, B. Strandberg, L. Rappe, C. 1997HBBromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna [Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol.].301 95-98The study involved determination of the residual levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in the blubber of two male and two female harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena collected dead from the Gulf of Gdansk in 1991-1992 and in whole herrings Clupea harengus collected in 1992. PCDDs and PCDFs were determined using HRGC-HRMS after nondestructive extraction and clean-up via dialysis through semipermeable polyethylene membrane. The lipid-weight-based concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs as well as their TCDD TEQs were much lower in the blubber of the harbour porpoises than in herring, indicating that the pollutants were metabolized by that marine mammal species.*$Using Smart Source Parsing pp PolishztPolychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins; Polychlorinated dibenzofurans; Marine pollution; Poland, Gdansk Gulf; Marine fish; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; PCB; Pollution effects; Clupea harengus; Phocoena phocoena Atlantic herring; Harbor porpoise X 24156 Environmental impact; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; X 24153 Metabolism4347508M L2LEMartineau, D Lagace, A Beland, P Higgins, R Armstrong, D Shugart, L R 1988iPathology of stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada % : J. Comp. Pathol.98287-311ZTMartineau, D. De Guise, S. Fournier, M. Shugart, L. Girard, C. Lagace, A. Beland, P. 1994xqPathology and toxicology of beluga whales from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. Past, present and futureSci Total Environd 154P 2-3201-215.950638880*Animal DNA Damage Digestive System Diseases/chemically induced/veterinary Female History of Medicine, 20th Cent. Male Neoplasms/chemically induced/veterinary Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis/toxicity Quebec Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical/history *Whales/metabolism*$An indigenous population of 450-500 beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabiting the St. Lawrence Estuary has been exposed chronically for more than 50 years to a complex mixture of industrial pollutants including organochlorinated compounds (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals. From 1983 to 1990, we have necropsied 45 well preserved carcasses out of a total of 120 beluga whales reported dead over this period. Of these 45 animals, nine were affected by 10 malignant neoplasms. Fifteen animals (33%) were affected by pneumonia. Milk production was compromised in eight of 17 mature females (41%), by inflammatory changes (seven animals) and cancer (one animal) which affected the mammary glands. Opportunistic bacteria were found in pure culture, and/or in significant amounts in at least two organs in 20 belugas (44%). The concentrations of both total PCBs and highly chlorinated PCB congeners were much higher in St. Lawrence animals than in Arctic beluga whales. OC-induced immunosuppression has been repeatedly demonstrated in a wide variety of animal species. Therefore, it is probable that the immune functions of St. Lawrence beluga whales are impaired. Benzo[a]pyrene adducts were detected in 10 of the 11 St. Lawrence beluga whales of which tissues (six livers, 10/11 brains) were analyzed by a method based on HPLC. No such adducts were found in four Arctic animals. Since benzo[alpha]pyrene is one of the most potent chemical carcinogens known to man, these compounds might be responsible for some of the cancers observed in that population. Overall, our findings contrast vividly with those of others who found that cancers are exceedingly rare in free-ranging odontocete populations and that the major causes for mortalities in these populations are bacteria, parasites, and trauma. U ^WSponge halogenated natural products found at parts-per-million levels in marine mammalsSeveral unknown, abundant brominated compounds (BCs) were recently detected in the blubber of dolphins and other marine mammals from Queensland (northeast Australia). The BCs were interpreted as potential natural products due to the lack of anthropogenic sources for these compounds. This study investigated whether some of the BCs accumulated by diverse marine mammal species are identical with natural BCs previously isolated from sponges (Dysidea sp.) living in the same habitat. Isolates from sponges and mollusks (Asteronotus cespitosus) were compared with the signals detected in the mammals' tissue. Mass spectra and gas chromatography retention times on four different capillary columns of the isolates from sponges and mammals were identical in all respects. This proves that the chemical name of the compound previously labeled BC-2 is 4,6-dibromo-2-(2',4'-dibromo)phenoxyanisole and that the chemical name of BC-11 is 3,5-dibromo-2-(3',5'-dibromo,2'-methoxy)phenoxyanisole. Using a quantitative reference solution of BC-2, we established that the concentrations of the brominated metabolites found in the marine mammals are frequently >1 mg/kg. The highest concentration (3.8 mg/kg), found in a sample of pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), indicates that BC-2 is a bioaccumulative, natural organohalogen compound. This is supported by the concentrations of the BCs in our samples being equal to the highest concentrations of anthropogenic BCs in any environmental sample. The quantitative determination of BC-2 in blubber of marine mammals from Africa and the Antarctic suggests that BC-2 is widespread. These results are direct proof that marine biota can produce persistent organic chemicals that accumulate to substantial concentrations in higher trophic organisms.oLFVetter, W. Stoll, E. Garson, M. J. Fahey, S. J. Gaus, C. Muller, J. F.4-Adipose Tissue/chemistry/metabolism Africa Animal Anisoles/analysis/*isolation & purification Antarctic Regions Australia Biological Factors/analysis/*isolation & purification Cetacea/*metabolism Mass Fragmentography Mollusca/chemistry/metabolism Porifera/*chemistry/metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't0Environ Toxicol Chem 200221102014-9.~wNon-polar halogenated natural products bioaccumulated in marine samples. II. Brominated and mixed halogenated compoundsVetter, W. Jun, W. 2003 Chemosphere [Chemosphere] 522r423-431b:3Several identified and potential natural brominated bioaccumulative compounds were studied in this work. 4,6-dibromo-2-(2 super('),4 super(')- dibromo)phenoxyanisole (BC-2) previously detected in Australian marine mammals and isolated from sponges, was synthesized. Two byproducts (a tetrabromo isomer and a tribromo congener) were investigated as well. The byproducts of the synthesis were not identified in the environmental samples investigated. Previously described natural brominated compounds (BC-1, BC-2, BC-3, BC-10, BC- 11, MHC-1) and anthropogenic brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE- 100, BDE-154) were detected in a sample of human milk. The sample was from a woman from the Faeroe Islands who frequently consumed fish as well as whale blubber and meat. The most abundant compound originated from the natural tetrabromo phenoxyanisole BC-3 which may have a 3:1 distribution of bromine on the two phenyl units. This sample also accumulated a dibromochloroanisole, as well as a previously unknown mixed halogenated compound (MHC-X) and an unknown, most likely aromatic brominated compound. Co-elutions on a DB-5 column were found for BDE-99 and BC-11 as well as BDE-154 and the unknown brominated compound. This suggests that quantification of these two compounds has to be carried out carefully. Two samples of lower trophic level, namely Baltic cod liver and Mexican mussel tissue, were investigated as well. The cod liver samples contained BDE congeners but also abundant signals for the natural 2,3,3 super('),4,4 super('),5,5 super(')-heptachloro-1 super(')-methyl-1,2 super(')-bipyrrole Q1 and tribromoanisole (TBA). The mussel sample contained Q1, TBA, another halogenated anisole, BC-1, BC-2, and BC-3, as well as additional, potential natural brominated compounds in the elution range of tribromophenoxyanisoles.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Jul EnglishLFMarine organisms; Bioaccumulation; Bromine compounds; Liver; halogenated compounds; brominated diphenyl ethers; Sponges; Halogen compounds; Pollution effects; Metabolites; Gadus morhua; Mollusca; Porifera; Mytilidae; Australia Coasts; ANE, Baltic Sea; Mexico; ANE, Atlantic, Faeroe Is. Atlantic cod; Mollusks; marine fish; marine molluscs; Sponges Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q1 01186 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; O 1030 Invertebrates; O 1050 Vertebrates, Urochordates and Cephalochordates5618318V  issue/chemistry \ 08P8`ؐPP8P8ꀠ8PP8\P8UXY1`H$H"2\"3Ypؿ8 Animale Tissue/chemistry \ 00P8P8`ؐPP8P8ꀠ8PP8\P8UXY1`H"H"2\"3YpؿzsDetermination and mass spectrometric investigation of a new mixed halogenated persistent component in fish and sealAn unknown component that caused an intense signal in sample extracts of fish tissue was enriched and investigated using a variety of mass spectrometric techniques coupled to gas chromatographic separation. With the help of electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (ECNI-MS) and electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) it was established that the component carries 2Br and 3Cl atoms and forms a molecular ion at m/z 396. A concentrated solution of this mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1) was investigated by gas chromatography interfaced to electron impact high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/EI-HRMS). Using full scan and SIM techniques, the molecular formula of MHC-1 was established to be C10H13Br2Cl3. This points toward MHC-1 having a monoterpene backbone. No chemical with this molecular formula has been synthesized, but two components with this composition have been earlier isolated from marine algae.s("Vetter, W. Hiebl, J. Oldham, N. J.~Alkenes/*analysis/chemistry Animal Bromine Compounds/*analysis/chemistry Chlorine Compounds/*analysis/chemistry Cyclohexanes/*analysis/chemistry Drug Interactions Fishes/*metabolism Mass Fragmentography Molecular Structure Seals/*metabolism Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization Vinyl Compounds/*analysis/chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis Water Pollution/analysisEnviron Sci Technoll 200135214157-62.. Symptoms were not observed at a grey seal moult site on the east coast of England in March 1993 and 1994. Grey seals moulting in Shetland during the time of the oil spill may have been acutely affected by exposure to hydrocarbons, but without sufficient baseline data on the occurrence of respiratory distress in grey seals it is difficult to determine the proportion attributable to other causes.i~xConference Int. Conf. on Marine Mammals and the Marine Environment, Lerwick, Shetland (Scotland), 20-21 Apr 1995 English 1996British Isles, Scotland, Shetland; oil spills; oil pollution; environmental impact; Halichoerus grypus; pollution effects; marine mammals; seals; ecological effects; environmental effects; water pollution effects; Halichoerus grypus; ANE, British Isles, Scotland, Shetland Braer; Braer oil spill Marine X 24156 Environmental impact; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology /Toxicology; SW 3030 Effects of pollution4005861 ltnIn vitro biotransformation of organohalogens by sperm whale microsomes in relation to the CYP-isozymes present,%Boon, J. P. Lewis, W. E. Goksoeyr, A. 2000:3Marine Environmental Research [Mar. Environ. Res.].50 1-5Microsomes were isolated from three male sperm whales stranded alive on the coasts of the Netherlands or Denmark. Iso-enzymes of cytochrome P450 were characterized immunochemically by Western Blotting. All three animals showed bands of CYP1A, CYP3A and CYP4A, but CYP2B was lacking. The microsomes of the sperm whales were able to metabolize 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (CB-15), 2,7 dichloro-p-dibenzodioxin, and 1,2,3,7,8 pentachlorodibenzofuran. In contrast, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (CB-77), four individual chlorobornanes (CHBs) and three polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were persistent in the in vitro assays. Microsomes of a harbour seal were able to metabolize the same compounds as the sperm whale microsomes, but CB-77 and two individual CHBs (CHB-32 and CHB-62) were also metabolized. In addition to the bands identified in the sperm whales, harbour seal microsomes also showed clear bands of CYP2B.ztUsing Smart Source Parsing p. 64. Jul-Dec Special Issue: Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 10). EnglishCytochrome; Marine organisms; Coastal zone; Enzymes; Biochemistry; Immunoassays; Halogenated compounds; Toxicology; Cetacea; Netherlands; Denmark; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; Detoxification; Halogenated hydrocarbons; Cytochromes; Isoenzymes; Immunity; Animal metabolism; Stranding; Microsomes; CYP1A protein; CYP3A protein; CYP4A protein; organohalogens; biotransformation; Physeter catodon; Phoca vitulina; ANE, Netherlands; ANE, Denmark Microsomes; CYP1A; CYP3A; CYP4A; Western blotting; Harbor seal; Sperm whale; Physeter macrocephalus Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q4 27410 Enzymesi48716464^99072286VOZylka, M. J. Shearman, L. P. Levine, J. D. Jin, X. Weaver, D. R. Reppert, S. M.r.(Molecular analysis of mammalian timelessVPAmino Acid Sequence Animal Base Sequence Cloning, Molecular Dimerization Gene Expression Insect Proteins/biosynthesis/*chemistry/*genetics Male Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Molecular Sequence Data Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics Organ Specificity Protein Binding Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/chemistry@:We cloned the mouse cDNA of a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila timeless (tim) gene and designated it mTim. The mTim protein shows five homologous regions with Drosophila TIM. mTim is weakly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) but exhibits robust expression in the hypophyseal pars tuberalis (PT). mTim RNA levels do not oscillate in the SCN nor are they acutely altered by light exposure during subjective night. mTim RNA is expressed at low levels in several peripheral tissues, including eyes, and is heavily expressed in spleen and testis. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed an array of interactions between the various mPER proteins but no mPER-mTIM interactions. The data suggest that PER-PER interactions have replaced the function of PER-TIM dimers in the molecular workings of the mammalian circadian clock. Neuron 1998215P1115-22SLeffect of octylphenol was a reduction in daily sperm production and efficiency of sperm production at the 2 ng/g dose. A new approach to studying physiologically relevant doses of environmental endocrine disruptors is discussed, particularly with regard to the development of the reproductive organs, the brain, and behavior.AToxicol Ind Health 199814 1-2 239-60JCToxaphene, PCB, DDT, and Chlordane Analyses of Beluga whale blubberhbWade, T. L. Chambers, L. GardinallNon-polar halogenated natural products bioaccumulated in marine samples. I. 2,3,3('),4,4('),5,5(')-Heptachloro-1(')-methyl-1,2(')-bipyrrole (Q1)This presentation adds new spectroscopic and analytical data on the natural product Q1 that was recently identified by synthesis as 2,3,3('),4,4('),5,5(')-heptachloro-1(')-methyl-1,2(')-bipyrrole. Solid state magic angle spinning 13C NMR data of Q1 is presented as an option for structural proof. Furthermore, the UV spectrum of neat Q1 (absorption maximum at 223 nm) was recorded and, with NMR spectroscopic data, confirmed a twisted bipyrrole ring system. A quantitative standard of Q1 was prepared which allowed to correct previous concentration estimates relative to the electron capture detector response factor of trans-nonachlor. As a result, the actual Q1 response was only 0.65+/-15% of the response factor of trans-nonachlor. Therefore, actual Q1 levels are about 50% higher than the previous estimates. With this result the highest (corrected) Q1 concentration determined to date in the blubber of marine mammals from Australia is 14 mg/kg lipid. Analysis of Q1 and trans-nonachlor in specimens from the German North Sea coast suggests that harbor seals are more able to metabolize Q1 than harbor porpoises. Finally, we calculated that 79 congeners of Q1 (i.e. lower chlorinated 1(')-methyl-1,2(')-bipyrroles) are theoretically possible and present their structures.i$Vetter, W. Jun, W. Althoff, G. Chemospherei 2003522 415-22.o  p^XRoss, P.S. de Swart, R.L. Reijnders, P.J.H. Vanloveren, H. Vos, J.G. Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. 1995Contaminant related suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody responses in harbor seals fed herring from the Baltic SeaeEnviron Health Perspectd 1032162-167d(!Environmental Health Perspectivesdelayed-type hypersensitivity; harbor seals; immunosuppression; organochlorines; PHOCINE DISTEMPER VIRUS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; MASS MORTALITY; CANADIAN SEALS; VITULINA; ORGANOCHLORINE; DIBENZOFURANS; DIOXINS; FISH; MORBILLIVIRUSb[ADME Osterhaus, Erasmus Univ Rotterdam, Osterhaus, POB 1738, 3000 Dr Rotterdam, NetherlandshLFContaminant-induced immunotoxicity in harbour seals: Wildlife at risk?NGRoss, P. De Swart, R. Addison, R. Van Loveren, H. Vos, J. Osterhaus, A. Toxicology 1122157-169a AugoPersistent, lipophilic polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) accumulate readily in the aquatic food chain and are found in high concentrations in seals and other marine mammals. Recent mass mortalities among several marine mammal populations have been attributed to infection by morbilliviruses, but a contributing role for immunotoxic PHAHs, including the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was not ruled out. We addressed this issue by carrying out a semi-field study in which captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were fed herring from either the relatively uncontaminated Atlantic Ocean or the contaminated Baltic Sea for 2 years. We present here an overview of results obtained during this study. An impairment of natural killer (NK) cell activity, in vitro T-lymphocyte function, antigen-specific in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses, and in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody responses to ovalbumin was observed in the seals fed the contaminated Baltic herring. Additional feeding studies in PVG rats using the same herring batches suggested that an effect at the level of the thymus may be responsible for changes in cellular immunity, that virus-specific immune responses may be impaired, and that perinatal exposure to environmental contaminants represents a greater immunotoxic threat than exposure as a juvenile or adult. Together with the pattern of TCDD toxic equivalents of different PHAHs in the herring, these data indicate that present levels of PCBs in the aquatic food chain are immunotoxic to mammals. A review of contaminant levels in free-ranging harbour seals inhabiting polluted areas of Europe and North America suggests that many populations may be at risk to immunotoxicity. This could result in diminished host resistance and an increased incidence and severity of infectious disease.English 1996reviews; PCB; polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins; polychlorinated dibenzofurans; Phoca vitulina; immune system; natural killer cells; lymphocytes T; environmental factors; PCB compounds; toxicity; PCDD; PCDF; polychlorinated biphenyls; seals; wildlife; bioaccumulation; mortality; immunology; pollution effects; Phoca vitulina immune system; immunotoxicity Marine X 24156 Environmental impact; P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms4002801jdSuppression of natural killer cell activity in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) fed Baltic Sea herringrkRoss, P. S. De Swart, R. L. Timmerman, H. H. Reijnders, P. J. H. Vos, J. G. Van Loveren, H. Osterhaus, Adme-Aquatic ToxicologyAquat. Toxicol. 341x 71-84nMass mortalities among marine mammal populations in recent years have raised questions about a possible contributory role of contaminants accumulated through the marine food chain. While viruses were shown to be the primary cause of the outbreaks, an immunotoxic action by organochlorine chemicals in affected animals could not be ruled out. We carried out a 212-year immunotoxicological experiment in which two groups of 11 harbour seals each were fed herring from either the relatively contaminated Baltic Sea or the relatively uncontaminated Atlantic Ocean. Seals in the Baltic Sea group accumulated 3-4 times higher levels of Ah-receptor-mediated 2,3,7,8-TCDD Toxic Equivalents in blubber than did their Atlantic counterparts following 2 years on the respective diets. Blood was sampled a total of 17 times during the course of the experiment for immunological evaluation, during which time the natural cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from seals fed Baltic Sea herring declined to a level approximately 25% lower than that observed in seals fed Atlantic herring (P < 0.01). Natural killer (NK) cell activity has not been previously described for a marine mammal species. We characterized the natural cytotoxic activity of harbour seal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and found this to be interleukin-2 (IL-2) responsive, sensitive to antibody anti-asialo GM1, and it was higher against a virus-infected target cell, like NK cells described for other mammals. As NK cells are leukocytes which play an important role in the first line of defence against viruses, the observed impairment of NK cell activity in the seals feeding on the Baltic Sea herring suggests that exposure to contaminants may have an adverse effect on the defence against virus infections in seals inhabiting polluted waters in Europe. This may therefore have affected the severity of the infections, the survival rates and the spread of infections during recent epizootics. 1996 English 1996morbillivirus; organochlorine compounds; contaminants; immunosuppression; natural killer cells; Phoca vitulina; season; food chains; water pollution; Baltic Sea; Atlantic Ocean; TCDD; marine mammals; pollution effects; seals; mammals; foods; biomagnification; pollutants; marine pollution; immunology; toxicity tests; ANE, Baltic; ANE, Atlantic X 24156 Environmental impact; P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms3846175  Klamer19981 Klamer19988;Klasson-Wehler1994: Klaverkamp1984! Klaverkamp1994Kleivane1998X Klobes20018 Klungsoeyr1985 Klungsoyr1997S Klungsyr1986Klunsoyr19979< Knap19839 Knap198890Knowlton1986/Knowlton19948T Koczanski1378 Koczanski1996 Koczanski2000 Koczanski2002 Koczansky20005 Koeman19899 Koenig19999 Koenig19999 Kohn1987n Koistinen1593 Koistinen2001l Kolk1992e9Koopman-Esseboom2001 Kopec1998H Koster19922* Koster1993, Koster19939- Koster19933y Koster1993 Koster19933 Koster19959 Koster19955 Koster19969 Koudele1987 Kovacs19959 Kovacs19977 Kovacs20010t Kovacs20020o Koyama20020Z Krahn1999 Krahn1999 Krahn1999 Krahn2000 Krahn2001 Krahn2001t Krahn2002g Krahn20030 Kraus19861 Kraus1990. Kraus1991+ Kraus1991, Kraus1991 Kraus1992- Kraus1994/ Kraus1994 Kraus1998 Kress2002 Kress2003 Krone1999 Krone2002o Kubiak19944r Kubiak19959s Kubiak19959y Kubiak19966Kubokawa1995 Kubota2001Kucklick2002 Kudo20022 Kuehl1995 Kuehl1995Kuhnlein1995Q Kuiken20011 Kulp1997 Kumar1998 Kumar2001O Kumar2002d Kumaran1993 Kumari2002 Kunito2001o Kunito20020) Kuroki19949; Kuroki1994l Kurzel1985 La Mar19909!La Penta19866 Labelle1999 Labelle2000 Labelle2001O Labelle2002J Lagace19869K Lagace19871L Lagace19889 Lagace19933M Lagace19944 Lahvis1993 Lahvis1995 Lahvis1995N Lair1995 Lair1997 Lair1998  Lake1995 Lake1995 Laliberte1993 Laliberte1997# Lambertsen19844 Lambertsen1987F Lange2001& Langis19959*Langland1993&Langlois19952 Lankester1990 Lanzillotta1071Lapierre1999Lapierre1999Lapointe20011[ Lapseritis2002] Lapseritis2003 Lardinois2003g Larsen19922? Larsen19922 Larsen2000 Lata20022} Lau2002s Lauer2003 Law1258 Law1992 Law1992 Law1995 Law1997 Law1997 Law1997 Law1999Q Law2001 Law2001 Law2002W Le1781 Le2000h Leaver2000x Leaver2000 Lebeuf2000t Lebeuf20020 Ledje1999# Lee1996Lefebvre20002Lefebvre20002Lefebvre2002 Leibold1992 Lein19888O Lemberger2002%Lenghaus1994Leonards19977Leonards19979Leonards1998e Leonzio1992 Leonzio1992 Leonzio1998 Leonzio2002 Lepoint2000T Letcher1378 Letcher1995p Letcher1995 Letcher1995 Letcher1995 Letcher1995 Letcher1996 Letcher1997 Letcher1998 Letcher2000 Letcher20009 Letcher2001 Letcher2003  Levin1999 Levine19989 Lewis1997 Lewis199789 Lewis1997 Lewis199789 Lewis199719989 Lewis19979989 Lewis1997 Lewis199789 Lewis199789 Lewis199789 Lewis199789 Lewis199789 Lewis19979989 Lewis19979989 Lewis1997 Lewis1997 Lewis1997 Lewis199789 Lewis1997 Lewis1997 Lewis1997 Lewis19979989 Lewis19979989 Lewis19979989 Lewis199789 Lewis199789 Lewis1997Levine19989 Lewis199789 Lewis199781 Klamer19988;Klasson-Wehler1994: Klaverkamp1984! Klaverkamp1994Kleivane1998X Klobes20018 Klungsoeyr1985 Klungsoyr1997S Klungsyr1986g Klungsyr1986Klunsoyr19979< Knap19839 Knap198890Knowlton1986/Knowlton19948T Koczanski1378 Koczanski1996 Koczanski2000 Koczanski2002d Koczanski2002 Koczansky2000 Koczansky20005 Koeman19899` Koeman19899 Koenig19999 Koenig19999 Kohn1987n Koistinen1593 Koistinen2001 Koistinen2001l Kolk1992e9Koopman-Esseboom2001Koopman-Esseboom2001A Kopec1998H Koster19922* Koster1993, Koster19939- Koster19933y Koster1993 Koster19933 Koster19959 Koster19955 Koster19969 Koudele1987 Kovacs19959 Kovacs19977 Kovacs20010t Kovacs20020I Kovacs20020o Koyama20020Z Krahn1999 Krahn1999 Krahn1999 Krahn2000 Krahn2001 Krahn2001t Krahn2002I Krahn2002g Krahn20030 Kraus19861 Kraus1990. Kraus1991d Kraus1991+ Kraus1991, Kraus1991 Kraus1992- Kraus1994/ Kraus1994 Kraus1998 Kress2002 Kress2003 Krone1999 Krone2002o Kubiak19944r Kubiak19959s Kubiak19959y Kubiak19966Kubokawa1995 Kubota2001Kucklick2002 Kudo20022 Kuehl1995 Kuehl1995 Kuehl1995Kuhnlein1995Q Kuiken20011 Kulp1997 Kumar1998 Kumar2001O Kumar2002c Kumar2002d Kumaran1993 Kumari2002 Kunito2001o Kunito20020) Kuroki19949; Kuroki1994l Kurzel1985 La Mar19909!La Penta19866 Labelle1999 Labelle2000 Labelle2001O Labelle2002J Lagace19869 Lagace19869K Lagace19871T Lagace19871L Lagace19889U Lagace19889 Lagace19933M Lagace19944 Lagace19944 Lahvis1993 Lahvis1995 Lahvis1995 Lahvis1995N Lair1995 Lair1995 Lair1997 Lair1998  Lake1995 Lake1995u Lake1995u Lake1995 Laliberte1993 Laliberte1997# Lambertsen19844 Lambertsen19844 Lambertsen1987F Lange2001& Langis19959*Langland1993&Langlois19952 Lankester1990 Lanzillotta1071Lapierre1999Lapierre1999Lapierre1999Lapointe20011[ Lapseritis2002] Lapseritis2003 Lardinois2003g Larsen19922? Larsen19922 Larsen2000 Lata20022} Lau2002s Lauer2003 Law1258 Law1992 Law1992 Law1995 Law1997 Law1997 Law1997 Law1999Q Law2001 Law2001 Law2002W Le1781 Le2000h Leaver2000x Leaver2000 Lebeuf2000t Lebeuf20020I Lebeuf20020 Ledje1999# Lee1996Lefebvre20002Lefebvre20002Lefebvre2002 Leibold1992 Lein19888O Lemberger2002%Lenghaus1994Leonards19977Leonards19979Leonards1998{Leonards1998e Leonzio1992 Leonzio19925 Leonzio1992 Leonzio1998 Leonzio2002 Lepoint2000T Letcher1378 Letcher1995p Letcher1995 Letcher1995 Letcher1995 Letcher1995 Letcher1996w Letcher1996 Letcher1997 Letcher1998 Letcher2000 Letcher20009 Letcher2001 Letcher2001 Letcher2003  Levin1999 Levine19989 Lewis1997wis1997u $|B;Simms, Wendy Steven Jeffries Michael Ikonomou Peter S. Ross 2000Contaminant-related disruption of vitamin A dynamics in free-ranging harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups from British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA R ` ,&Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry1911 28442849zsVitamin A physiology and its application as a biomarker of contaminant-related toxicity in marine mammals: a reviewSimms, W. Ross, P. S. 2001& Toxicology and industrial health16 7-8d291-302h.(In recent decades, marine mammal populations living in highly polluted areas have experienced incidences of low reproductive success, developmental abnormalities and disease outbreaks. In many of these cases, environmental contaminants were suspected as causal or contributing factors. However, demonstrating a mechanistic link between contaminant exposure and effect in marine mammal populations has proven challenging. Consequently, the development and application of relatively noninvasive biomarkers represents a potentially valuable means of monitoring wildlife populations exposed to elevated levels of contaminants. One touted biomarker is vitamin A (retinol), a "dietary hormone" whose metabolites are required for reproduction, growth, development, immune function, vision and epithelial maintenance. Laboratory studies have shown that many contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), can disrupt vitamin A physiology and alter the distribution of its essential metabolites. Field studies suggest that complex environmental mixtures of these chemicals can also interfere with vitamin A dynamics in free-ranging marine mammals and other fish-eating wildlife. However, circulatory retinol, which is the least invasive measurement of vitamin A status, appears to have variable responses to contaminant exposure. In addition, "normal" circulatory retinol levels have not yet been described for most wildlife species, and not enough is known about the natural physiological events that can alter these concentrations. Confounding factors must therefore be characterized before retinoids can be used as an effective indicator of adverse health effects in marine mammals exposed to elevated levels of environmental contaminants.,&Using Smart Source Parsing Sep EnglishAnimal; Animals, Wild; Biological Markers: analysis; Environmental Exposure: analysis; Environmental Monitoring: methods; Mammals; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Vitamin A: physiology; Water Pollutants: toxicityy11693947 6 60 VPIdentification of novel cytochrome P450 1A genes from five marine mammal species*#Marine mammals, being endangered by the chronic exposure of hydrophobic environmental contaminants as an assorting result of global pollution, are especially focused as indicators for organochlorine pollution. The use of contaminant-induced xenobiotic metabolizers, particularly P450 (CYP) 1A, in marine mammals can be effective as potential biomarkers of the contaminant exposure and/or toxic effects. In this study, we identified the first marine mammalian CYPs. Six novel CYP1A cDNA fragments were cloned from the livers of marine mammal species, minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), largha seal (Phoca largha), and ribbon seal (Phoca fasciata) by the method of reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR); two distinct fragments were from steller sea lion and one fragment each was obtained from the other species. Five of the fragments, one from each species, were classified in the subfamily of CYP1A1, and the other fragment cloned from steller sea lion was designated CYP1A2. Degenerate PCR primers were used to amplify the fragments from liver cDNAs. The deduced amino acid sequences of these fragment CYP1As showed identities ranging from 50.0 to 94.3% with other known vertebrate CYPs in the subfamily of CYP1A, including those from fish, chicken, and terrestrial mammals. The isolated fragments were used to construct a molecular phylogeny, along with other vertebrate CYP1A cDNAs cut down in size to the corresponding region of 265 bp in which those newly determined fragments were cloned. This phylogenetic analysis by the maximum parsimony method using the PHYLIP program suggests two distinct evolutional pathways for aquatic mammalian CYP1As, compatible to a conservative taxonomy. Pinniped genes are clustered together with dog gene, forming a carnivore group, and cetaceans form another branch. Identification of CYP1A genes in marine mammals will be an introductory step to provide new insights into the metabolic or toxicological functions of CYP1As in these animals. nhTeramitsu, I. Yamamoto, Y. Chiba, I. Iwata, H. Tanabe, S. Fujise, Y. Kazusaka, A. Akahori, F. Fujita, S.Aquatic Toxicol 2000512 145-153.0 VPIdentification of novel cytochrome P450 1A genes from five marine mammal species*#Marine mammals, being endangered by the chronic exposure of hydrophobic environmental contaminants as an assorting result of global pollution, are especially focused as indicators for organochlorine pollution. The use of contaminant-induced xenobiotic metabolizers, particularly P450 (CYP) 1A, in marine mammals can be effective as potential biomarkers of the contaminant exposure and/or toxic effects. In this study, we identified the first marine mammalian CYPs. Six novel CYP1A cDNA fragments were cloned from the livers of marine mammal species, minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), largha seal (Phoca largha), and ribbon seal (Phoca fasciata) by the method of reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR); two distinct fragments were from steller sea lion and one fragment each was obtained from the other species. Five of the fragments, one from each species, were classified in the subfamily of CYP1A1, and the other fragment cloned from steller sea lion was designated CYP1A2. Degenerate PCR primers were used to amplify the fragments from liver cDNAs. The deduced amino acid sequences of these fragment CYP1As showed identities ranging from 50.0 to 94.3% with other known vertebrate CYPs in the subfamily of CYP1A, including those from fish, chicken, and terrestrial mammals. The isolated fragments were used to construct a molecular phylogeny, along with other vertebrate CYP1A cDNAs cut down in size to the corresponding region of 265 bp in which those newly determined fragments were cloned. This phylogenetic analysis by the maximum parsimony method using the PHYLIP program suggests two distinct evolutional pathways for aquatic mammalian CYP1As, compatible to a conservative taxonomy. Pinniped genes are clustered together with dog gene, forming a carnivore group, and cetaceans form another branch. Identification of CYP1A genes in marine mammals will be an introductory step to provide new insights into the metabolic or toxicological functions of CYP1As in these animals. nhTeramitsu, I. Yamamoto, Y. Chiba, I. Iwata, H. Tanabe, S. Fujise, Y. Kazusaka, A. Akahori, F. Fujita, S.Aquatic Toxicol 2000512 145-153.; Anthropogenic factors; Phoca vitulina; ANE, Baltic Sea Harbor seal Marine Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms4571688~wHigh PCB Concentrations in Free-Ranging Pacific Killer Whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of Age, Sex and Dietary PreferenceTNRoss, P. S. Ellis, G. M. Ikonomou, M. G. Barrett-Lennard, L. G. Addison, R. F. 2000:3Marine Pollution Bulletin [Mar. Pollut. Bull.]. no.,6r504-515,Blubber biopsy samples were obtained f BPissue/*chemistry\ 08P8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\P@8UXY.H$H"2\"3Yռؿ8 Animale Tissue/*chemistry\ 00P8P8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\P@8UXY.H"H"2\leInterlaboratory comparison study for PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides in beluga whale blubbervoSchantz, M. M. Porter, B. J. Wise, S. A. Segstro, M. Muir, D. C. G. Moessner, S. Ballschmiter, K. Becker, P. R. Chemosphere337 1369-1390g OctnThree laboratories participated in an interlaboratory comparison exercise for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and chlorinated pesticides in Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1588 (Organics in Cod Liver Oil) a whale blubber control material, and six beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) blubber samples. The results are generally in good agreement. The minor disagreement of some of the results may be attributed to differences in detector calibrations, differences in chromatographic separation selectivity for specific compounds, or both. The SRM and control material help to validate the analytical procedures and to verify that these procedures remain in control.English 1996>7PCB; pesticides (organochlorine); Delphinapterus leucas; standards; PCB compounds; pesticides; pollution detection; bioaccumulation; marine mammals; analytical techniques; aquatic animals; polychlorinated biphenyls; laboratories; pollutant identification; DDT; Delphinapterus leucas Marine X 24136 Environmental impact; X 24156 Environmental impact; X 24222 Analytical procedures; X 24230 Legislation & recommended standards; P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH; Q5 01502 Methods and instruments; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 3030 Effects of pollution4037571 i d$PROCESSING, PRODUCTS, MARKETING products ProfilesProgesterone/*bloodDeProgesterone/bloodpheprotected resources protection ProteinProtein Binding Protein Binding/drug effectsoProtein Conformation*0*Protein Isoforms: isolation & purification Protein Isoforms: metabolism4.Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolisma ProteinsProteins/metabolismhe Proteins: ProtozoaProximal: chemistryPS, Antarctic OceanPS, AntarcticaPSE, New ZealandPseudo-nitzschia Pseudo-nitzschia australis Pseudo-nitzschia multiseriesPseudonitzschia australis Pseudopleuronectes americanusPseudorca crassidens PSW, AfricaPSW, Antarctica, KingPSW, ArgentinaPSW, Argentina,PSW, South Africa public Public health0-Public health, medicines, dangerous organisms Public-health Pulmonary Artery/*pathologyog,(Pulmonary Artery/anatomy & histologyo84Pulmonary Artery/anatomy & histology/*embryology0Pups Pusa caspica Pusa hispida Pusa sibirica84Pyelonephritis/*diagnosis/radionuclide imaging/urine0PygmyPygmy sperm whalePygoscelis adeliae Pyrazoles:Pyrazoles: metabolismPyrazoles: toxicity(#Pyrroles/analysis/*pharmacokinetics Pyrroles: analysis Pyrroles: pharmacokineticsQ1(%Q1 01102 Institutes and organizationsQ1 01106 Conferences and("Q1 01186 Physiology, biochemistry,0-Q1 01186 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics0-Q1 01226 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysicsQ1 01246 Physiology, Q1 01261Q1 01281 General("Q1 01286 Physiology, biochemistry,Q1 01301 General("Q1 01326 Physiology, biochemistry,0-Q1 01326 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysicsQ1 01341 General("Q1 01346 Physiology, biochemistry,0-Q1 01346 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics0-Q1 01366 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics Q1 01371Q1 01371 GeneralQ1 01372 Geographical("Q1 01372 Geographical distribution Q1 01376Q1 01376 Physiology,("Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry,0-Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics0,Q1 01382 Ecological techniques and apparatus Q1 01422$Q1 01422 Environmental effectsQ1 01423 BehaviourQ1 01424 Age and growth(%Q1 01425 Nutrition and feeding habits Q1 01441 Population structure Q1 01442 Population dynamics Q1 01443 Population geneticsQ1 01461 PlanktonQ1 01481 Productivity("Q1 01482 Ecosystems and energetics,&Q1 01483 Species interactions: general$Q1 01484 Species interactions:85Q1 01484 Species interactions: parasites and diseasesQ1 01502 MethodsQ1 01502 Methods and$ Q1 01502 Methods and instruments Q1 01504Q1 01504 Effects on Q1 01504 Effects on organismsin free-ranging dolphins. In June of 1991, peripheral blood was obtained from members of a bottlenose dolphin population that resides along the west coast of Florida. Peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to Concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were determined in vitro and compared by regression analysis with contaminant concentrations in whole blood from a small subset of these animals (n = 5). These data indicate that a reduced immune response in these bottlenose dolphins was correlated with increasing whole blood concentrations of several contaminants. Specifically, inverse correlations were found between Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation and tetrachlorinated to octachlorinated biphenyls (r2 values ranged from 0.70 to 0.87). Con A-induced lymphocyte responses also correlated inversely with p,p'DDT (r2 values of 0.73 and 0.79); o.p'-DDE (r2 values of 0.93 and 0.96); and p,p'-DDE (r2 values of 0.73 and 0.81).e81Using Smart Source Parsing May, 103 Suppl Englishn Animal; Atlantic Ocean; Concanavalin A: pharmacology; DDE: blood; DDT: adverse effects; DDT: blood; Dolphins: blood; Dolphins: immunology; Dolphins: physiology; Immune System: drug effects; Immune System: physiology; Linear Models; Lymphocyte Activation: drug effects; Lymphocytes: drug effects; Lymphocytes: immunology; Male; Mediterranean Sea; Phytohemagglutinins: pharmacology; Polychlorinated Biphenyls: adverse effects; Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.7556026 G&o } SvalbardSWSW 0810 General SW 3010SW 3010 Identification($SW 3010 Identification of pollutants SW 3020SW 3020 SourcesSW 3020 Sources andSW 3020 Sources and fate SW 3020 Sources and fate of(%SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution SW 3030SW 3030 EffectsSW 3030 Effects of SW 3030 Effects of pollution SW 5010 SwedenSynchronization$synchronous breathing patterns Synechococcus Synechocystis Synergismsynthetic materialsSystem: genetics systems T 20079T-Lymphocytes/*immunology0-T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology/metabolismT-Lymphocytes/pathologyls TaiwanTaiwan, PacificTaiwan, Taiwan StraitTcb (3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl); PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyl) Metabolism; Ethoxyresorufin-O-Deethylase (Erod); (Bird); (Mammal); (Fish); marine mammals, cetacean, harbor seal; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; MONOOXYGENASE ACTIVITY; MARINE ANIMALS;TCDD40TCDD, fish, P4501A1, carp, porphyrins, porphyria$!TCDD, fish, trout, EROD, toxicityTeeth TeleosteiTemporal variations Teratogens TerminologyteTerr., Arctic ArchipelagoTerr., Mackenzie R. Delta TerritoriesTestis/pathologystests<8Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/*analogs & derivatives/analysisPJTetrachlorodibenzodioxin/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/*pharmacokinetics("Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/*toxicitymmu@:Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/administration & dosage/*toxicity8@;Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/analogs & derivatives/toxicity8 tetrodotoxin TeuthoweniaTexas THEORY ThunnusThunnus alalungaThunnus thynnus4/Thymic Factor, Circulating/analysis/*metabolism thymocytes4.Thymus Gland/cytology/growth & development$ Thymus Gland/cytology/immunology(#Thymus Gland/drug effects/pathologymu Thyroid(%Thyroid Gland/drug effects/physiologyThyroid hormoneThyroid hormonesThyroid Hormones/bloodtct ThyroxineThyroxine/bloodug Time Factors time seriesTime series analysisTinTin (Organic compounds) Tin compoundsTIOMIN Resources, Inc. Tissuetissue analysis Tissue Banks: organization &tissue cultureTissue Distribution tissue loss TissuesTissues (Biological) TitaniumTodarodes sagittatusToes/*abnormalities, Tolerance(%Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinaryTongue/injuries/pathology toxapheneToxaphene/*chemistryiD>Toxaphene/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis@:Toxaphene/analogs & derivatives/analysis/*pharmacokinetics8 Toxaphene:Toxaphene: analysis Toxaphene: pharmacokineticsToxaphene: toxicity Toxicant A Toxicants Toxicity Toxicity (seeToxicity (see alsoToxicity (see also Lethal$!Toxicity (see also Lethal limits)Toxicity testingToxicity testsToxicity tolerance ToxicologyTOXICOLOGY AND HEALTHToxicology/*methods T Toxicology:Toxicology: methodsToxicology: trends ToxinsToxins: pharmacology83Toxoplasma/immunology/*isolation & purification0,&Toxoplasmosis, Animal/blood/*pathology putraceTrace elements,(Trace Elements/analysis/pharmacokineticsTrace Elements:Trace Elements: analysis H+  CarcinogensCardiovascular systemCaretta caretta CarnivoraCarnivora/*metabolismCarnivora/*physiologyCarp/*metabolism Carpscartilaginous fish, bony fish, evolution, actinopterygii, chondrichthyes, agnatha, mammalian radiation, whale evolution, cetaceans Case Reportis Caspian Sea Caspian seal Catalysis CatostomusCatostomus commersoni CattlelluCattle/geneticsCause of DeathP causescDNA$ Cell Communication: drug effects$Cell Communication: physiology cell culture Cell Division/drug effects\Cell Division/immunology/ Cell LineCell morphologyCell proliferationCell SeparationmmCellsCells, Cultured censusCephalochordates CephalopodaCephalorhynchus hectoriCepphus grylleCercopithecus aethiopsoloCerebellum: chemistry Cerebral Cortex: chemistry,&Cervix Neoplasms/pathology/*veterinary Cesium Cetacea$ Cetacea/*anatomy & histology$!Cetacea/*growth & developmentCetacea/*injuriesCetacea/*metabolismysCetacea/*physiologyioCetacea/*virologyCetacea: metabolismCetacea: virologycetacean, whaleP cetacean, whale, ah receptor\ Cetaceans ceteans chains channelscharacteristics and fate characters ChelatesChelating Agents ChelationChelonia mydas Chemicalchemical analysis82Chemical analysis (see also Individual techniques)Chemical compositionchemical kineticsChemical pollutantsChemical pollutionchemical speciationChemical: analysis Chemical: pharmacokineticsChemical: pharmacologyChemical: toxicity Chemicals Chemicals: pharmacokinetics chemistry ChickensuChildChile Chile Coast China SeaChina, Hong KongChina, People'sChina, People's Rep.,$China, People's Rep., Hong Kong chinensis Chirality Chlordan:Chlordan: analysis chlordane Chlorides Chlorinatedchlorinated bornaneChlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorinated organic compoundsChlorinated: analysis Chlorinechlorine compounds,&Chlorine Compounds/*analysis/chemistry chlorobenzenechlorobenzenesHCChlorobenzenes/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysisP8chlorobiphenylschlorobornanes Chlorophyll Chlorophylls$!Chordata, Nonvertebrate/*geneticsChromans: chemistry chromatographic techniquesChromatographyChromatography,Chromatography, Gas<7Chromatography, Gas/methods/statistics & numerical datay$Chromatography, Gas/veterinaryP$Chromatography, Gas: veterinaryChromatography, Gel$Chromatography, Gel: veterinary($Chromatography, High Pressure Liquidf40Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: veterinaryChromatography, Liquidlly ChromiumChromosome Aberrations Chromosome MappingP8chronic response Ciona intestinalis/*geneticse,'Ciona intestinalis/embryology/*genetics^ (;tHendriks, A.J. 1995Modeling response of species to microcontaminants: Comparative ecotoxicology by (sub)lethal body burdens as a function of species size and partition ratio of chemicalsI Ecotoxicol Environ SafetyT,&Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety322103-130DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RESIDUE-BASED INTERPRETATION; MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; EARTHWORMS EISENIA-ANDREI; GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA; ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY; MINK MUSTELA-VISON; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; ORGANIC-CHEMICALSjcAJ Hendriks, Inst Inland Water Mgmt &, Waste Water Treatment, POB 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, NetherlandsoF@Organochlorine residues in whales landed at Durban, South AfricaHenry, J. Best, P. B. Marine Pollution BulletinMar. Pollut. Bull.146223-227The levels of DDT and its metabolites found in the blubber of 29 minke, 6 fin and 1 sei whale landed at the Durban whaling station in 1974 were on average much lower than those found in baleen whales from the North Atlantic, but of the same order as those measured from the Antarctic and North Pacific. In 12 sperm whales examined at Durban the levels of DDT and its metabolites in the blubber were substantially lower than in any other locality so far examined, including the Antactic, but this may partly reflect the comparative youth of the animals sampled. Low levels of dieldrin were found in some minke whales only. No PCB could be detected in any of the whales examined. 1983 English 1983organochlorine compounds; residues; marine organisms; DDT; endrin; pollutant detection; pollution levels; pesticide residues; pesticides (organochlorine); South Africa, Durban Coast; Balaenoptera acutorostrata; Balaenoptera borealis; Balaenoptera physalus; Physeter catodon; PCB; insecticides Cetacea; metabolites; levels Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; H SE5.1 BASIC APPROACHES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORY; D 04803 Pollution effects; X 24133 Metabolism; X 24153 Metabolism; Q1 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 POLLUTION - ORGANISMS0521565JDA note on concentrations of metals in cetaceans from southern AfricaHenry, J. Best, P. 4.Reijnders, P. J. H. Aguilar, A. Donovan, G. P.0)177-194. [J. Cetacean Res. Manag.]. 1999.a&Concentrations of zinc, copper, cadmium, mercury and lead were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in samples of the brain, kidney, liver and muscle tissue from 178 individuals of 323 different cetacean species (4 right whales - Eubalaena australis, 2 pygmy right whales - Caperea marginata, 3 minke whales - Balaenoptera acutorostrata, 3 Bryde's whales - B. edeni, 1 humpback whale - Megaptera novaengliae, 1 sperm whale - Physeter macrocephalus, 11 pygmy sperm whale - Kogia breviceps, 6 dwarf sperm whales - K. simus, 1 southern bottlenose whale - Hyperoodon planifrons, 1 Cuvier's beaked whale - Ziphius cavirostris, 9 Blainville's beaked whales - Mesoplodon densirostris, 5 strap-tooth whales - M. layardii, 2 True's beaked whales - M. mirus, 3 long-finned pilot whales - Globicephala melas, 30 Risso's dolphins - Grampus griseus, 12 bottlenose dolphins - Tursiops truncatus, 5 striped dolphins - Stenella coeruleoalba, 1 pantropical spotted dolphin - S. attenuata, 1 hump-backed dolphin - Sousa chinensis, 21 dusky dolphins - Lagenorhynchus obscurus, 1 hourglass dolphin - L. cruciger, 12 Heaviside's dolphins - Cephalorhynchus heavisidii and 43 common dolphins - Delphinus delphis). All but the hourglass dolphin were strandings or animals taken incidental to fishing operations or under scientific permit in coastal waters of South Africa or Namibia. Highest concentrations of Zn, Cu and Hg were generally found in the liver and of Cd in the kidney. Comparisons of animals pre-and post puberty indicated accumulation of hepatic mercury in the pygmy sperm whale, Risso's dolphin, dusky dolphin and common dolphin. Loss of a metal (zinc) after puberty was only shown in the common dolphin. No individual analyses exceeded proposed (human) tolerance limits for hepatic mercury and hepatic or renal cadmium. 1999TMChemical pollutants and cetaceans. no. 1 Special issue English Book MonographPollution surveys; Pollution monitoring; Stranding; Toxicology; Metals; Zinc; Copper; Cadmium; Mercury; Lead; Bioaccumulation; Liver; Kidneys; Cetacea; PSW, Africa Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms4802066TZ.'Woods, J.E. Otten, L.M.G. Thommes, R.C.b 1995Ontogeny of 17B-Estradiol (E(2))- and estrogen receptor (ER)-immunostained cells in the hypothalamus and adenohypophyseal pars distalis of the chick embryoOGrowth Develop Aging"Growth Development and Aging593 93-10581immunocytochemistry; hypothalamus; adenohypophysis; 17B-estradiol target cells; estrogen receptor; chick embryo; QUAIL COTURNIX-JAPONICA; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; JAPANESE QUAIL; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; TARGET-CELLS; ZEBRA FINCH; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; COPULATORY-BEHAVIOR; BRAIN AROMATASE; MATING-BEHAVIOR2NHJE Woods, Lab Dev Endocrinol, 2621 Tanglewood Dr, Sarasota, FL 34239 USA~Concentrations and interactions of selected essential and non-essential elements in bowhead and beluga whales of Arctic AlaskaNHWoshner, V. M. O'Hara, T. M. Bratton, G. R. Suydam, R. S. Beasley, V. R. 20014.Journal of Wildlife Diseases [J. Wildl. Dis.].374m693-710iRKIn this study, we evaluated concentrations of twelve essential and non-essential elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mo, Se, Ag, and Zn) in tissues of bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) and beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) whales from arctic Alaska (USA) and northwestern Canada. Tissue samples were collected between 1983 and 1997, mostly in 1995-97. The essential elements are reported to develop reference ranges for health status determination, and to help assess known or suspected interactions affecting toxicoses of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). In some tissues, Cd, Hg, and selenium (Se) were present at concentrations that have been associated with toxicoses in some domestic animals. Nevertheless, tissue levels of all elements were within ranges that have been reported previously in marine mammals. While mean Ag concentrations in beluga whale liver were relatively high (15.91 mu g/g ww). Ag was not associated with hepatic Se levels or age, contrary to previous findings. Significant associations included: Cd with age Zn, or Cu; Cu with age, Zn or Ag; and Hg with age, Se, Zn, or Cu. This study found hepatic Hg:Se molar ratios to be consistently lower than unity and different between species. Possible explanations for observed elemental correlations (i.e., interactions) and ancillary mechanisms of Cd and Hg detoxification are discussed.n0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Oct EnglishTissues; Chemical analysis; Cadmium; Mercury; Selenium; Toxicity; Seawater; Heavy metals; Trace metals; Polar environments; Marine pollution; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; Pollutant identification; Trace elements; Histochemistry; Toxicology; Synergism; Balaena mysticetus; Delphinapterus leucas; USA, Alaska; PNW, USA, Alaska; PNW, Canada Bowhead whale; Greenland right whale; Beluga whale; White whale Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24163 Metabolism; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology5346924e>8Hypoxia: from molecular responses to ecosystem responses Wu, R. S. S. 20026/Marine Pollution Bulletin [Mar. Pollut. Bull.].45 1-12 N HHypoxia affects thousands of km super(2) of marine waters all over the world, and has caused mass mortality of marine animals, benthic defaunation and decline in fisheries production in many places. The severity, frequency occurrence and spatial scale of hypoxia have increased in the last few decades. Due to rapid human population growth and global warming, the problem of hypoxia is likely to become worse in the coming years. Molecular responses of marine animals to hypoxia are poorly known. In many animals, a haem protein probably serves as the cellular sensor for oxygen, and reactive oxygen species are generated as signaling molecules. In mammal and fish, a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) has been identified. HIF-1 receives signals from the molecular oxygen sensor through redox reactions and/or phosphorylation, and in turn, regulates the transcription of a number of hypoxia-inducible genes, including genes involved in erythropoiesis, angiogenesis and glycolysis. These molecular responses then cascade into a series of biochemical and physiological adjustments, enabling the animal to survive better under hypoxic conditions. Marine animals respond to hypoxia by first attempting to maintain oxygen delivery (e.g. increases in respiration rate, number of red blood cells, or oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin), then by conserving energy (e.g. metabolic depression, down regulation of protein synthesis and down regulation/modification of certain regulatory enzymes). Upon exposure to prolonged hypoxia, animals must eventually resort to anaerobic respiration. Hypoxia reduces growth and feeding, which may eventually affect individual fitness. Effects of hypoxia on reproduction and development of marine animals, albeit important in affecting species survival, remain almost unknown. Many fish and marine organisms can detect, and actively avoid hypoxia. Some benthos may leave their burrows and move to sediment surface during hypoxia. These behaviorial changes may render the animals more vulnerable to predation. Hypoxia may eliminate sensitive species, thereby causing major changes in species composition of benthic, fish and phytoplankton communities. Decreases in species diversity and species richness are well documented, and changes in trophodynamics and functional groups have also been reported. Under hypoxic conditions, there is a general tendency for suspended feeders to be replaced by deposit feeders; demersal fish by pelagic fish; and macrobenthos by meiobenthos. Microflagellates and nanoplankton also tend to dominate in the phytoplankton community in hypoxic environments. Existing evidence suggest that recovery of benthic communities in temperate region take two to several years. Recovery however, appears to be much quicker in subtropical environments. In natural conditions, hypoxia is often associated with increases in ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and particulate organic materials. The inability to isolate effects of hypoxia from interactions of these compounding factors makes it difficult to attribute many of the observed ecological effects to hypoxia.2,Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 35-45 English(!Hypoxia; Marine organisms; Animals; Pollution effects; Community composition; Benthos; Ecosystem disturbance; Oxygen saturation; Animals (Marine); Biochemistry; Water Pollution Effects; Marine Environment; Oxygen Depletion; Ecological Effects; Marine Animals; Animal Physiology; Animal Behavior; Ecosystems; Species Composition; Biota; Gene expression; Behaviour; Mortality Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicologyl5719537r~ Z B;Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammalsu{Kannan, K. Koistinen, J. Beckmen, K. Evans, T. Gorzelany, J. F. Hansen, K. J. Jones, P. D. Helle, E. Nyman, M. Giesy, J. P. 2001("Environmental science & technology358 1593-8Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a perfluorinated molecule that has recently been identified in the sera of nonindustrially exposed humans. In this study, 247 tissue samples from 15 species of marine mammals collected from Florida, California, and Alaskan coastal waters; and northern Baltic Sea; the Arctic (Spitsbergen); and Sable Island in Canada were analyzed for PFOS. PFOS was detected in liver and blood of marine mammals from most locations including those from Arctic waters. The greatest concentrations of PFOS found in liver and blood were 1520 ng/g wet wt in a bottlenose dolphin from Sarasota Bay, FL, and 475 ng/mL in a ringed seal from the northern Baltic Sea (Bothnian Sea), respectively. No age-dependent increase in PFOS concentrations in marine mammals was observed in the samples analyzed. The occurrence of PFOS in marine mammals from the Arctic waters suggests widespread global distribution of PFOS including remote locations.0)Using Smart Source Parsing Apr 15 English Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood; Alkanesulfonic Acids: pharmacokinetics; Animal; Carnivora; Dolphins; Female; Fluorocarbons: blood; Fluorocarbons: pharmacokinetics; Geography; Liver: chemistry; Male; Seals; Seawater; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Whalesl11329707Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the Baltic and the Mediterranean SeasPIKannan, K. Corsolini, S. Falandysz, J. Oehme, G. Focardi, S. Giesy, J. P.i 2002("Environmental science & technology3615 3210-6 j dPerfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS; C8F17SO3-), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA; C8F17SO2NH2), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS; C6F13SO3-), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; C7F15CO2-) were detected in 175 samples of liver and blood of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), swordfish (Xiphias gladius), common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), common dolphins (Delphinus delphi), fin whales (Balenoptera physalus), and long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) from the Italian coast of the Mediterranean Sea and in livers of ringed seals (Phoca hispida), gray seals (Halichoerus grypus), white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from coastal areas of the Baltic Sea. PFOS was detected in all of the wildlife species analyzed. Concentrations of PFOS in blood decreased in order of bottlenose dolphins > bluefin tuna > swordfish. Mean PFOS concentrations (61 ng/ g, wet wt) in cormorant livers collected from Sardinia Island in the Mediterranean Sea were less than the concentrations of PFOA (95 ng/g, wetwt). PFOS concentrations in cormorant livers were significantly correlated with those of PFOA. FOSA was found in 14 of 19 livers or blood samples of marine mammals from the Mediterranean Sea. The highest concentration of 878 ng FOSA/g, wet wt, was found in the liver of a common dolphin. Livers of ringed and gray seals from the Bothnian Bay in the Baltic Sea contained PFOS concentrations ranging from 130 to 1,100 ng/g, wet wt. No relationships between PFOS concentrations and ages of ringed or gray seals were observed. Concentrations of PFOS in livers of seals were 5.5-fold greater than those in corresponding blood. A significant positive correlation existed between the PFOS concentrations in liver and blood, which indicates that blood can be used for nonlethal monitoring of PFOS. Trend analysis of PFOS concentrations in livers of white-tailed sea eagles collected from eastern Germany and Poland since 1979 indicated an increase in concentrations during the 1990s. Livers of Atlantic salmons did not contain quantifiable concentrations of any of the fluorochemicals monitored. PFOS is a widespread contaminant in wildlife from the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas, while FOSA and PFOA were detected only in certain locations indicating their sporadic spatial distribution..(Using Smart Source Parsing Aug 1 EnglishvpAlkanesulfonic Acids: analysis; Alkanesulfonic Acids: pharmacokinetics; Animal; Baltic States; Birds; Environmental Monitoring; Fishes; Fluorocarbons: analysis; Fluorocarbons: pharmacokinetics; Liver: chemistry; Mammals; Mediterranean Sea; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tissue Distribution; Water Pollutants, Chemical: analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical: pharmacokinetics12188342nds; Growth; Bioaccumulation; Metabolism; Pregnancy; Contaminants; Life cycle analysis; Delphinapterus leucas; hydrophobic compounds; marine mammals; Food consumption; Excretion; Ingestion; Parturition; Pollution effects; Chemical pollutants; Mammalian physiology; Mammals; Marine Animals; Tissue Analysis; Foods; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Delphinapterus leucas pharmacokinetics; White whale X 24153 Metabolism; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; SW 3030 Effects of pollution4648709 ByDHb Alaska marine mammal tissue archival project: Sample inventory and results of analyses of selected samples for organic compounds and trace elementsHBBecker, P. R. Wise, S. A. Schantz, M. M. Koster, B. J. Zeisler, R. NISTIR-4731s4-In 1987, the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) was established as part of the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB) program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The purpose of the AMMTAP was to establish a representative collection of Alaska marine mammal tissues for future contaminant analyses and documentation of long-term trends in environmental quality. Since 1987, specimens have been collected from 65 animals (seven species) from six different sites. The report contains the current sample inventory and the results of the analysis of selected samples for the measurement of inorganic and organic compounds. See also PB88-199732 and PB91-184796. Prepared in cooperation with National Ocean Service, Anchorage, AK. Arctic Environmental Assessment Center.9JCNISTIR-4731, , 1992, 139 pp NTIS Order No.: PB92-143718-GAR Englishn 1992 Reportmarine mammals; bioaccumulation; organic compounds; trace elements; histochemistry; museum collections; environmental monitoring; USA Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION;3037249lLEBiological specimen banking in Arctic research: an Alaska perspectivee:3Becker, P. R. Koster, B. J. Wise, S. A. Zeisler, R. 1993*$The Science of the total environment 140g 69-95 The cryogenic archival of biological specimens for retrospective analysis is of significant value for present and future research on population genetics, pathology, systematics, toxicology and environmental monitoring. This realization is emphasized by the increasing support of this activity by various government agencies, institutions and international groups. The international Arctic community is no exception. Canada has been conducting such activities in association with environmental monitoring programs for many years. Similar efforts appear to be underway in other polar nations. From the perspective of the United States Arctic, the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) was the earliest organized effort to develop an environmental specimen bank specifically designed for longterm archival of biological specimens under cryogenic conditions. The AMMTAP emphasizes use of standardized rigorous sampling and archival protocols, procedures that minimize contamination of samples during collection and maintaining a detailed record of sample history. The development of this specimen bank, recent activities of this project and other cryogenic specimen banks being developed in Alaska are described.4-Using Smart Source Parsing Nov 1, 139 Englishb\Alaska; Animal; Arctic Regions; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution: analysis; Female; Food Analysis; Government Agencies; Human; Male; Mammals; Retrospective Studies; Seals; Seawater; Specimen Handling; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Tissue Banks: organization & administration; Toxicology: methods; Whales8272858uConcentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's), Chlorinated Pesticides, and Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Tissues of Belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, from Cook Inlet, AlaskaBecker, P. R. Krahn, M. M. Mackey, E. A. Demiralp, R. Schantz, M. M. Epstein, M. S. Donais, M. K. Porter, B. J. Muir, D. C. G. Wise, S. A. 20000*Marine Fisheries Review [Mar. Fish. Rev.].623 81-98 Tissues from Cook Inlet beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, that were collected as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), chlorinated pesticides, and heavy metals and other elements. Concentrations of total PCB's ( capital sigma PCB's), total DDT ( capital sigma DDT), chlordane compounds, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dieldrin, mirex, toxaphene, and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) measured in Cook Inlet beluga blubber were compared with those reported for belugas from two Arctic Alaska locations (Point Hope and Point Lay), Greenland, Arctic Canada, and the highly contaminated stock from the St. Lawrence estuary in eastern Canada. The Arctic and Cook Inlet belugas had much lower concentrations ( capital sigma PCB's and capital sigma DDT were an order of magnitude lower) than those found in animals from the St. Lawrence estuary. The Cook Inlet belugas had the lowest concentrations of all ( capital sigma PCB's averaged 1.49 plus or minus 0.70 and 0.79 plus or minus 0.56 mg/kg wet mass, and capital sigma DDT averaged 1.35 plus or minus 0.73 and 0.59 plus or minus 0.45 mg/kg in males and females, respectively). Concentrations in the blubber of the Cook Inlet males were significantly lower than those found in the males of the Arctic Alaska belugas ( capital sigma PCB's and capital sigma DDT were about half). The lower levels in the Cook Inlet animals might be due to differences in contaminant sources, food web differences, or different age distributions among the animals sampled. Cook Inlet males had higher mean and median concentrations than did females, a result attributable to the transfer of these compounds from mother to calf during pregnancy and during lactation. Liver concentrations of cadmium and mercury were lower in the Cook Inlet belugas (most cadmium values were <1 mg/kg and mercury values were 0.704-11.42 mg/kg wet mass), but copper levels were significantly higher in the Cook Inlet animals (3.97-123.8 mg/kg wet mass) than in Arctic Alaska animals and similar to those reported for belugas from Hudson Bay. Although total mercury levels were the lowest in the Cook Inlet population, methylmercury concentrations were similar among all three groups of the Alaska animals examined (0.34-2.11 mg/kg wet mass). As has been reported for the Point Hope and Point Lay belugas, hepatic concentrations of silver were relatively high in the Cook Inlet animals and positively correlated with mercury and selenium concentrations in the liver.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp EnglishvpPollution detection; Pesticides; Aromatic hydrocarbons; PCB; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Bioaccumulation; Fats; Marine mammals; Heavy metals; PCB compounds; Delphinapterus leucas; INE, USA, Alaska, Cook Inlet; USA, Alaska, Cook Inlet Beluga whale; White whale Marine O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION5394849wes|Copper, cadmium and zinc in liver, kidney and muscle tissues of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranded in Florida"Wood, C. M. Van Vleet, E. S. Marine Pollution BulletinMar. Pollut. Bull.3212886-889 DecHeavy metals acquired through the food chain as a result of marine pollution are a potential threat to the coastal bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Recent mass stranding events of bottlenose dolphins in the Gulf of Mexico (1990) and along the United States Atlantic coast (1987-1988) raised concern that environmental pollution may have played a role in these deaths (Scott et al., 1988; Kuehl & Haebler, 1995). The Atlantic coast stranding event is thought to have killed over 50% of the Atlantic nearshore stock of bottlenose dolphins found between Florida and New Jersey. Although cause of death is often difficult to determine in stranding events, toxins were considered to be contributing stressors in the Gulf and Atlantic coast events mentioned above (Brody, 1989; United States House of Representatives, 1989). Since toxic heavy metal concentrations can vary considerably among and within species depending upon factors such as range and lifestage of the individual, it is important to determine baseline data for a particular species or sub-species in as many parts of its range and lifestage as possible. No comprehensive studies of the accumulation of most heavy metals in tissues of bottlenose dolphins have been reported for Florida waters.English 1996copper; cadmium; zinc; liver; kidneys; muscles; bioaccumulation; pollution effects; heavy metals; Tursiops truncatus; USA, Florida; muscle; kidney; water pollution effects; mammals; Tursiops truncatus; ASW, USA, Florida marine mammals; heavy metals Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms /Ecology /Toxicology; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; X 24163 Metabolisml4038904d~,@8PP8 \ 0)P8P8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\P@8UXY.H$H"2\"3Yhؿ8Animal Feed/*virology \ 0`8P8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\P@8UXY.H"H"2\"3Yhؿ8 Baltic Statesvirology \ 0`8P8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\P@8UXY.H$H"2\"3Yhؿ 8 Cytomegalovirus/immunology\ +0`8P8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\P@8UXY.H$H"2\"3Yhؿ8D@Cytomegalovirus Infections/*immunology/*prevention & controlP8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\PN@8UXY.H$H"2\"3Yhؿ@8Fishes/*virologyInfections/*immunology/*p0`8P8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\P@8UXY.H"H"2\"3Yhؿ8Immunity, Naturalnfections/*immunology/*p0`8P8`ؐPP@8P8ꀠ8PP8\P@8UXY.H$H"2\"3hbP.S. Ross R.L. de Swart H.H. Timmerman P.J.H. Reijnders J.G. Vos H. Van Loveren A.D.M.E. Osterhaus 1996jdSuppression of natural killer cell activity in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) fed Baltic Sea herringAquatic Toxicology34 71-84"seals, PCBs, immune function Boon, J.P. Vandermeer, J. Allchin, C.R. Law, R.J. Klunsoyr, J. Leonards, P.E.G. Spliid, H. Storrhansen, E. Mckenzie, C. Wells, D.E., 1997|Concentration-dependent changes of PCB patterns in fish-eating mammals: Structural evidence for induction of cytochrome P450"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol<6Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (!175 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10010 Springer Verlag333e298-311; 0090-4341;SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MARINE MAMMALS; CHLOROBIPHENYL CONGENERS; METABOLISM; FOOD; BIOACCUMULATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CETACEANS; RESIDUES0`ZArticle JP Boon, Netherlands Inst Sea Res, POB 59, NL-1790 Ab Den Burg, Texel, NetherlandsThe use of microsomal in vitro assay to study phase I biotransformation of chlorobornanes (Toxaphene) in marine mammals and birds. Possible consequences of biotransformation for bioaccumulation and genotoxicityBoon, J. P. Sleiderink, H. M. Helle, M. S. Dekker, M. van Schanke, A. Roex, E. Hillebrand, M. T. Klamer, H. J. Govers, B. Pastor, D. Morse, D. Wester, P. G. de Boer, J. 1998`YComparative biochemistry and physiology. Part C, Pharmacology, toxicology & endocrinologye 121M 1-3M385-403MThe factors determining the bioaccumulation of lipophilic compounds in wildlife are often poorly understood, partly because it is difficult to do in vivo experiments with animals such as marine mammals and birds. To evaluate the role of phase I biotransformation in the bioaccumulation process of chlorobornanes (toxaphene), this was studied in in vitro assays with hepatic microsomes of animals that could be sampled shortly after death. The capacity of microsomes to metabolise a technical toxaphene mixture decreased in the order Phoca vitulina (harbour seal) >> Lagenorhynchus albirostris (whitebeaked dolphin) approximately equal to Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan albatross) > Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale). Harbour seal microsomes metabolised the chlorobornane (CHB) congeners CHB-32 and CHB-62; whitebeaked dolphin and Laysan albatross microsomes only metabolised CHB-32. Metabolism of CHB-26 and CHB-50 was never observed. The negative chemical ionisation (NCI-) mass spectra of some of the hydroxylated metabolites were obtained. The number of peaks in the toxaphene residues of wildlife extracts decreased in the order of increasing in-vitro biotransformation capacity. Thus, the results of the in vitro assays and residue analysis were in accordance, although assays with microsomes of more individuals of the same species are required for a more general conclusion at the species level. Finally, the effect of in vitro biotransformation was evaluated in terms of the genotoxic potential using the Mutatox assay. Only technical toxaphene and CHB-32 were genotoxic in the direct assay, whereas the addition of rat S9 fraction or microsomes of harbour seal and albatross decreased the genotoxic response. Thus, organisms with a low ability to metabolise chlorobornanes, such as whales, may be most affected by the carcinogenic properties of toxaphene. A hypothetical reaction which fits the experimental results is discussed. Based on these results it is concluded that in vitro assays with microsomes of wildlife animals which died a natural cause can act as a valuable tool to assess the occurrence and effects of phase I metabolism. Some precautions are discussed, that should be taken to reduce the chance of false negative results.,&Using Smart Source Parsing Nov EnglishAnimal; Biotransformation; Birds; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism; Dolphins; Female; Insecticides, Organochlorine: pharmacokinetics; Insecticides, Organochlorine: toxicity; Male; Mass Fragmentography; Microsomes: enzymology; Microsomes: metabolism; Mutagenicity Tests; Pesticide Residues; Rats; Seals; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Toxaphene: pharmacokinetics; Toxaphene: toxicity; Whales9972480Pissue/metaboli^WGeographical differences and time trends of persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic&Muir, D. C. G. Norstroem, R. J. 19992+Toxicology Letters [Toxicol. Lett.]. suppl.C1n3sThe circumpolar distribution of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) makes them ideal candidates for examining spatial and temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in these populations. The beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is also of interest. PCB concentrations in ringed seal and polar bear show a strong west to east trend with higher levels in east Greenland, Svalbard and Russia. Levels of hexachlorocyclohexanes in ringed seals show the reverse trend, with higher levels in the Canadian archipelago coinciding with much higher levels of this relatively water soluble contaminant in seawater in the North American Arctic. PCB and DDT levels declined in ringed seals in the western Canadian Arctic between 1972 and 1981, but little change in levels occurred in the 1980's and '90's. Levels in beluga whales show little change over a 10-15 yr period (early 1980's to mid-90's), while levels of PCBs in polar bears in the Canadian Arctic appear to have increased from the 1970's to the 1980's, but are now on the decline. Little is known about spatial and temporal trends of other important contaminants such as toxaphene and new emerging POPs such as brominated diphenyl ethers (BDPEs) and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). Recent studies show levels of BDPEs and SCCPs are relatively low compared to PCBs in ringed seals and beluga from the Canadian Arctic.1Conference 37th European Congress of Toxicology -- EUROTOX '99, Oslo (Norway), 27-30 Jun 1999 Using Smart Source Parsing p. Jun EnglishnHalogenated hydrocarbons; Organic compounds; DDT; PCB; Bioaccumulation; Food webs; Delphinapterus leucas; Phoca hispida; Ursus maritimus; Arctic Beluga whale; White whale; Ringed seal; Polar bear Q5 01504 Effects on organismso4718746aurce Parsing pp EnglisheOrganochlorine compounds; Pesticides (organochlorine); PCB; Bioaccumulation; DDT; Hexachlorobenzene; chlordane; Diets; Seasonal variations; Atlantic Ocean; Balaenoptera acutorostrata; Whales; Organic Compounds; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Lipids; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Fats; Pollution effects; Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke whale Marine X 24153 Metabolism; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; X 24133 Metabolismn4419807P haFirst report of a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) death following penetration of a biopsy dart Bearzi, G. 2000LFJournal of Cetacean Research and Management [J. Cetacean Res. Manag.].2t3l217-221a The remote collection of skin and blubber biopsy samples from free-ranging cetaceans is a powerful technique which has been increasingly used by scientists in recent years in a wide range of applications, particularly with respect to genetic and contaminant studies. Biopsy sampling, if carried out responsibly, is known to cause low-level reactions, and is unlikely to produce long-term deleterious effects. However, this technique is not completely devoid of risk for the sampled animals, particularly for smaller odontocetes. This paper reports the death of a common dolphin in the central Mediterranean Sea, following penetration of a biopsy dart and subsequent handling. The dolphin was hit in the dorsal muscle mass below the dorsal fin by a lightweight pneumatic dart fired from a distance of 6m by a variable-power CO sub(2) dart projector. The methods and equipment had been previously successfully used with minimal effect on common dolphins and other species under similar conditions; it was therefore considered to be relatively uninvasive and more likely to reduce disturbance while increasing sample retrieval. However, in the reported event, a dart stuck in the dorsal muscle mass instead of recoiling as expected. Less than 2min after the hit, the dolphin began catatonic head-up sinking, and was recovered by a team member at depth. Basic medical care was given to ensure haemostasis, but the animal died 16min later. Minimal overall bleeding and a small wound in the thick muscle mass were not among the suspected causes of death. This may have been the consequence of either indirect vertebral trauma or stress. Furthermore, the dolphin had a relatively thin (7mm) blubber layer, that may have contributed to the unwanted outcome of the biopsy attempt. The author stresses that scientists should only adopt even mildly intrusive research methods after careful review and risk assessment in the light of the precautionary principle, and that their decisions must be reviewed on a regular basis according to the best available evidence.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp English{Biological sampling; Sampling; Tissues; Mortality causes; Biological stress; Delphinus delphis; MED Marine Q1 01371 General51770670DDT Survey of Alaskan subsistence fish, marine mammal, and invertebrate samples collected 1989-91 for exposure to oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez. Volume 1. Technical memoD=Varanasi, U. Brown, D. W. Hom, T. Burrows, D. G. Sloan, C. A.s"Rept. No.: NOAATMNMFSNWFSC12d^The Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef, Prince William Sound, Alaska on March 24, 1989, spilling millions of gallons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO). During the weeks following the spill, large amounts of oil flowed towards southwestern Prince William Sound, and as a result, many shorelines were oiled. In the study, edible flesh of fish, marine mammals, and shellfish from 22 native subsistence food collection areas and from two reference areas (Angoon and Yakutat) were analyzed for aromatic compounds (ACs). Vertebrates can readily biotransform ACs to metabolites that are concentrated in bile for excretion. This process greatly limits the accumulation of ACs in tissues such as edible flesh. Thus, for fish and marine mammals, bile was first analyzed for the presence of fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) as an indication of exposure to petroleum.XQRept. No.: NOAATMNMFSNWFSC12, , 1993, 122 pp NTIS Order No: PB94131935XSP English 1993 Reportoil pollution; water pollution effects; invertebrates; oil spills; fish; marine animals; pollution effects; marine invertebrates; marine fisheries; INE, USA, Alaska, Alaska Gulf, Prince William Sound, Bligh Reef; marine mammals; marine fish; seafood; shellfish; human food Exxon Valdez SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology3964254v>HBSubacute Atropine Toxicity In A Pygmy Sperm Whale, Kogia BrevicepsPIManire, C. A. Byrd, L. Rhinehart, H. L. Cunningham-Smith, P. Smith, D. R. 2002*$Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine331o 66-72s60Atropine, an anticholinergic agent commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, is reported to cause toxicity associated with its antimuscarinic action. A juvenile pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps, was treated with atropine in an attempt to relieve symptoms similar to pyloric stenosis, as has been used in humans. Two doses of 0.01 mg/kg were given i.m., 12 hr apart, followed by three doses of 0.005 mg/kg i.m. s.i.d. over the next 3 days. Symptoms associated with atropine toxicity developed gradually and included hyperexcitability, a generalized ascending paralysis of body musculature, shallow, rapid respiration, vomiting, aspiration of seawater, and pulmonary edema. Treatment with physostigmine salicylate (two doses of 2 mg i.m., 1 hr apart) was effective in counteracting the paralysis, as well as other symptoms, beginning in as little as 17 min after the first dose, and the whale was back to swimming on its own after 8 hr. All overt symptoms of atropine toxicity were gone in about 24 hr, but there were other possible sequella that lasted much longer.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Mar EnglishToxicity; Marine mammals; Disease control; Atropine; Herbicides; Kogia breviceps Pygmy sperm whale Q1 01484 Species interactions: parasites and diseases; Q3 01587 Diseases of Cultured Organisms; X 24131 Acute exposure5439466b[Tissue distribution of heavy metals in small cetaceans from the southwestern Atlantic OceanTNMarcovecchio, J. E. Moreno, V. J. Bastida, R. O. Gerpe, M. S. Rodriguez, D. H. Marine Pollution BulletintMar. Pollut. Bull.216l299-304e@:Tissue distribution of heavy metals (total mercury, cadmium, zinc and copper) were studied in specimens of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops gephyreus ), Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei ) and pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps ) stranded in SW Atlantic beaches in Argentina. Heavy metal determinations were carried out by atomic adsorption spectrophotometry. Liver is the most important Hg, Zn, and Cu accumulator organ in the studied specimens, while kidney is so for Cd. The importance of the trophic habits and ecological characteristics of each species related to corresponding heavy metal concentrations was emphasized, as well as the animal age vs. pollutant contents relationship. The suitability of using these small cetaceans species as "heavy metals bioindicators" in the considered environment was discussed. 1990 English 1990Argentina, Mar del Plata; bioindicators; Atlantic Ocean, Southwest; heavy metals; indicator species; Tursiops gephyreus; Pontoporia blainvillei; Kogia breviceps; pollution effects; marine pollution; pollution indicators; Cetacea; PSW, Argentina, Mar del Plata bioaccumulation; tissues Marine O 4020 POLLUTION - ORGANISMS; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; Q5 01502 Methods and instruments; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate; X 24166 Environmental impact; X 24163 Metabolism2341935tS lPolychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane, and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol in livers of small cetaceans stranded along Florida coastal waters, USAfb\Watanabe, M. Kannan, K. Takahashi, A. Loganathan, B. G. Odell, D. K. Tanabe, S. Giesy, J. P. 1566HAEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.].196 1566-1574LFConcentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides were determined in the livers of bottlenose dolphins, Atlantic spotted dolphins, and pygmy sperm whales found stranded along the coastal waters of Florida, USA, during 1989 to 1994. The PCBs were the most predominant contaminants followed in order by DDTs, chlordanes, tris(4-chloropheyl)methane (TCPMe), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH), hexachlorobenzene, and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Among the cetaceans analyzed, organochlorine concentrations were greatest in bottlenose dolphins followed by Atlantic spotted dolphins and pygmy sperm whales. Hexa- and heptachlorobiphenyls were the predominant PCB congeners found in the livers of dolphins. Patterns of relative concentrations of PCB congeners varied among individual bottlenose dolphins. A few individuals contained predominant concentrations of octa- (CB-199, 196/201) and nonachlorobiphenyl (CB-206, 208) congeners, which suggested exposure to the highly chlorinated PCB formulation, Aroclor super( registered ) 1268, a contaminant at a coastal site in Georgia bordering northern Florida. The estimated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) of coplanar PCBs in bottlenose dolphins were 170 to 18,000 pg/g, lipid weight (mean: 5,400 pg/g) with mono-ortho congeners 118, 105, and 156 contributing more than 80% of the TEQs. The ratios of CB-169 to CB-126 in cetacean livers were linearly related to total PCB concentrations, which suggested a strong induction of microsomal monooxygenase enzymes in the liver. The hepatic concentrations of TCPMe and TCPMOH in bottlenose dolphins and Atlantic spotted dolphins were greater than those in the blubber of marine mammals of various regions, which suggested the presence of sources for these chemicals along the Atlantic coast of Florida.6/Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Jun 2000 EnglishiD=PCB compounds; Organochlorine compounds; Liver; Pesticides; Coastal waters; Marine organisms; Water pollution; Cetacea; USA, Florida; PCB; Pesticides (organochlorine); Marine pollution; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol; Marine mammals; Stranding; Distribution records; Mortality causes; Bioaccumulation; Chemical pollutants; DDT; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Methane; Pollution effects; Aquatic Animals; Water Pollution Effects; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Marine Animals; Marine Environment; Cetacea; Delphinidae; Tursiops truncatus; Stenella frontalis; Kogia breviceps; ASW, USA, Florida Cetaceans; Pollution effects; Pesticides; PCB; DDT; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol; Livers; Dolphins; Whales; Bottle-nosed dolphin; Atlantic spotted dolphin; Pygmy sperm whale; Killer whales; Pilot whales P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24153 Metabolism; Q1 01372 Geographical distribution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; X 24136 Environmental impact4739400T~b\Heavy metals and selenium in stranded dolphins of the Northern Tyrrhenian (NW Mediterranean)(!Leonzio, C. Focardi, S. Fossi, C.& Science of the Total EnvironmentSci. Total Environ. 119 77-84Heavy metal (Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn) and selenium levels were determined in striped (Stenella coeruleoalba ) and bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus ) stranded along the coast of Tuscany and Latium, Italy in the period 1987-1989. Lead and zinc concentrations were quite low and there was modest accumulation of cadmium in the kidney of both species. Mercury levels were very high, especially in the liver where they reached peaks of 4400 ppm (dry weight) in the striped dolphin and 13,150 ppm (dry weight) in the bottle-nosed dolphin. Selenium levels were also high and were significantly correlated with mercury levels in some organs and tissues. The toxicological significance of the selenium-mercury interaction is discussed. 1992 English 1992pollution effects; heavy metals; selenium; bioaccumulation; mortality causes; stranding; marine mammals; MED; Stenella coeruleoalba; Tursiops truncatus; toxicology; coastal water; Mediterranean Sea; marine pollution; Cetacea; Italy Coast Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 POLLUTION - ORGANISMS; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH; D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate; X 24166 Environmental impact; X 24163 Metabolism2849725Methylsulfone polychlorinated biphenyl and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)1,1-dichloroethylene metabolites in beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence River estuary and western Hudson Bay, CanadahtmLetcher, R. J. Norstrom, R. J. Muir, D. C. G. Sandau, C. D. Koczanski, K. Michaud, R. De Guise, S. Beland, P. 1378LEEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. no.5 1378-1388 Knowledge is limited regarding methylsulfone (MeSO sub(2))-polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and especially MeSO sub(2)-2,2- bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE), metabolites in cetacean species. We hypothesized that the ability of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) to biotransform PCB and DDE compounds, and to form and degrade their MeSO sub(2)-PCB and -DDE metabolites, is related to the capacity for xenobiotic metabolism. Adipose biopsies were collected from male and female beluga whale from distinct populations in the St. Lawrence River estuary (STL) and western Hudson Bay (WHB), Canada, which are contrasted by the exposure to different levels of cytochrome P450 enzyme-inducing, chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants. The PCBs, DDTs, DDEs, 28 MeSO sub(2) metabolites of 14 meta-para chlorine-unsubstituted PCBs, and four MeSO sub(2) metabolites of 4,4'- and 2,4'-DDE were determined. The mean concentrations of total ( capital sigma -) MeSO sub(2)-PCB in male STL beluga (230 ng/g), and ratios of capital sigma -MeSO sub(2)-PCB to capital sigma -PCB (0.05) and capital sigma -precursor-PCB (0.17) were approximately twofold higher, whereas the capital sigma -precursor-PCB to capital sigma -PCB ratio was approximately twofold lower, than in male WHB beluga. Both populations had a low formation capacity for MeSO sub(2)-PCBs with greater than or equal to six chlorines (<4% of capital sigma -MeSO sub(2)-PCBs). The congener patterns were dominated by trichloro- and tetrachloro-MeSO sub(2)-PCBs, and tetrachloro- and pentachloro-MeSO sub(2)-PCBs in WHB and STL animals, respectively. In addition to 2- and 3-MeSO sub(2)-4,4'-DDE, two unknown MeSO sub(2)-2,4'-DDEs were detected. The mean 3-MeSO sub(2)-4,4'-DDE concentration in STL beluga (1.2 ng/g) was much greater than in WHB (<0.01 ng/g) animals. The concentrations of 4,4'-DDE, and not 3-MeSO sub(2)-4,4'-DDE, increased with age in male STL animals. We demonstrated that sulfone formation and clearance is related to metabolic capacity, and thus PCB, DDE, and MeSO sub(2)-PCB and -DDE toxicokinetics differ for STL and WHB beluga. In the past, the capacity of odontocetes for PCB and DDE biotransformation leading to persistent sulfone metabolites has been underestimated. More information is needed for other cetacean species and marine mammals. The results of this study indicate that MeSO sub(2)-PCBs and -DDEs need to be included in the toxicologic risk assessment of PCB and DDT exposure in odontocetes, and perhaps for cetaceans in general.6/Using Smart Source Parsing pp. May 2000 EnglishMarine mammals; Toxicity tolerance; Animal metabolism; Enzymes; Cytochromes; Bioaccumulation; Chemical pollutants; PCB; DDE; Pollution effects; Brackishwater pollution; Estuaries; Marine organisms; Mammalia; PCB compounds; Toxicology; Cetacea; Delphinapterus leucas; Canada, Hudson Bay; Canada, St. Lawrence Estuary; Adipose tissue; DDT; Cytochrome P450; Risk assessment; dimethyl sulfone; Methylsulfone polychlorinated biphenyl; 2,2-Bis(chlorophenyl)1,1-dichloroethylene; Canada, St. Lawrence R.; Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary; Whales; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Water Pollution Effects; Chlorinated Hydrocarbons; Delphinapterus leucas; ANW, Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary; PNW, Canada, Hudson Bay Methlysuphone-PCB; White whale; metabolism Marine; Brackish O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24153 Metabolism; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; SW 3030 Effects of pollution4715428951996760*Letcher, R. J. Norstrom, R. J. Bergman, A.Geographical distribution and identification of methyl sulphone PCB and DDE metabolites in pooled polar bear (Ursus maritimus) adipose tissue from western hemisphere arctic and subarctic regions [published erratum appears in Sci Total Environ 1995 Mar 1;164(1):87]Adipose Tissue/metabolism Animal Arctic Regions Bears/*metabolism Chromatography, Gas DDE/*metabolism Male Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*metabolism Sulfones/metabolismnhThe geographical distribution of methyl sulphone (MeSO2-) PCB and DDE metabolites is unknown for any species in any region. In this study, pooled male polar bear (Ursus maritimus) adipose samples from 12 arctic and subarctic regions from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea were analyzed for PCBs, DDE, and their MeSO2-metabolites. Each adipose pool contained from three to 27 lipid extracts prepared on an equal fat basis. The total (S-) MeSO2-PCB and MeSO2-DDE levels were generally higher in the east (Greenland) and south (Hudson Bay) and ranged from 138 to 633 ng/g lipid and 0.8-11 ng/g lipid, respectively. Five new MeSO2- compounds were identified and/or quantitated, 3M-DDE, 4M-CB64, 3M- and 4M-CB70, and 3M-CB149. The congeners 3M- and 4M-CB101 and 3M- and 4M-CB87 consistently accounted for ca. 50% of the S-MeSO2-PCBs. The MeSO2-PBC congener pattern was independent of geographic variation among the regions, implying that the pattern of atmospheric input and subsequent biomagnification of precursor PCBs is homogeneous in the western hemisphere. The ratio of S-MeSO2-PCBs to accumulating PCBs decreased very gradually (average value of .056 +/- .012) from west to east reflecting the proportion of higher chlorinated PCBs that are not major precursors of MeSO2-PCBs. The 3-MeSO2-DDE/DDE ratio fluctuated among regions with an average value of .033 +/- 0.017 [corrected].Sci Total Environ 1995160-161 409-20V R Isomer-Specific Accumulation and Toxic Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Including Coplanar Congeners, in Cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian Coastal WaterspiMinh, T. B. Nakata, H. Watanabe, M. Tanabe, S. Miyazaki, N. Jefferson, T. A. Prudente, M. Subramanian, A.h 2000`YArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.].393398-410 To elucidate the global distribution and toxicological impacts of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on cetaceans, the present study determined the concentrations of individual PCB congeners, including toxic non-ortho (IUPAC Nos. 77, 126, 169) and mono-ortho (IUPAC Nos. 105, 118, 156) coplanar congeners, in the blubber of 10 species of adult male odontocetes collected from several locations in the North Pacific Ocean and along coastal waters of Japan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and India during 1985-1997. Total PCB concentrations in cetaceans from temperate and cold waters were higher than those in cetaceans from tropical regions. Residue levels were found to be the highest in Fraser's dolphins collected off Kii Peninsula, Japan, and hump-backed dolphins from Hong Kong, reflecting serious marine pollution by PCBs in industrialized Asian countries. Penta- and hexa-chlorobiphenyls were the predominant PCB congeners, accounting for about 70% of the total PCBs. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) of non- and mono-ortho coplanar PCBs in the blubber of cetaceans ranged from 36 (in spinner dolphins from the Philippines) to 510 pg/g wet weight (in hump-backed dolphins from Hong Kong). Toxic evaluation of coplanar PCBs using the TEQ concept indicates an greater impact on cetaceans from mid-latitudes. Toxicity contribution of mono-ortho congener IUPAC 118 was prominent in species from high latitude oceans, such as the Bering Sea and the North Pacific, whereas non-ortho congener IUPAC 126 accounted for the highest contribution in cetaceans from lower latitude regions, such as the Philippines and India. The estimated TEQ concentrations in the blubber of some cetacean species, such as northern right whale dolphin and Pacific white-sided dolphin from the northern North Pacific, Dall's porpoise from the Japan Sea, striped dolphin off Sanriku and Fraser's dolphin off Kii Peninsula, Japan, hump-backed dolphin and finless porpoise from Hong Kong, exceeded the levels associated with immunosuppression in harbour seals.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Sep English cetaceans; Marine Animals; Water Pollution Effects; Bioaccumulation; Toxicity; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Seals; Body fat; PCB; Coastal waters; Marine pollution; fats; Pacific Ocean, North; Asia; pentachlorobiphenyl; Hexachlorobiphenyl; Marine mammals; Males; Lipids; Chemical analysis; Chemical speciation; Pollution effects; Cetacea; Odontocetes; Lagenodelphis hosei; Sousa chinensis; World Oceans blubber; Cetaceans; Fraser's dolphin Marine SW 3030 Effects of pollution; X 24153 Metabolism; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms4770468Recent contamination of persistent chlorinated endocrine disrupters in cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian coastal watersrlMinh, T. B. Prudente, M. S. Watanabe, M. Tanabe, S. Nakata, H. Miyazaki, N. Jefferson, T. A. Subramanian, A. Matsui, S. Shimizu, Y. 1900222558 Elsevier Science Ltd. :3Pergamon, P.O. Box 800 Kidlington Oxford OX5 1DX UKTo elucidate the global distribution and toxicological impacts of persistent organochlorines (OCs) on cetaceans, the present study determined the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides such as DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane compounds (CHLs) and PCBs including toxic coplanar congeners in the blubber of 10 species of adult male odontoceti cetaceans collected from several locations in the North Pacific Ocean and coastal waters of Japan, Hong Kong, Philippines and India during 1985-1997. Concentrations of tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH), which are among the newly identified contaminants, were also determined. Residue pattern was in the order of DDTs greater than or equal to PCBs>CHLs>HCHs>HCB>TCPMOH>TCPMe. Greater DDT concentrations were found in cetaceans from the Japan Sea, coastal waters of Hong Kong and India, indicating serious marine pollution in industrialized Asian nations and current usage of DDTs in tropical regions. In general, cetaceans inhabiting cold and temperate waters contained relatively higher concentrations of PCBs, HCHs, CHLs and HCB as compared with those from tropical regions, reflecting atmospheric transport from the tropical sources to the northern sinks. Latitudinal distribution of TCPMe and TCPMOH in cetaceans from the North Pacific Ocean and Asian coastal waters was similar to that of DDTs, suggesting the less transportable nature of TCPMe and TCPMOH in the marine environment. Penta- and hexa-chlorobiphenyls were the predominant PCB congeners, accounting for about 70% of the total PCBs. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) of non- and mono-ortho coplanar PCBs in the blubber of cetaceans ranged from 36 (in spinner dolphin from Philippines) to 510 pg/g wet wt (in humpbacked dolphin from Hong Kong). Toxic evaluation of coplanar PCBs using TEQ concept indicates an increasing impact on cetaceans from mid-latitudes. Mono-ortho congener IUPAC 118 or non-ortho congener IUPAC 126 was estimated to have the greatest toxicity contribution. The estimated TEQ concentrations in the blubber of some cetacean species exceeded the level associated with immunosuppresion in harbour seals. 2000*$Conference Conference on Hazard Assessment and Control of Environmental Contamination, Shiga, (Japan), 5-8 Dec 1999 Hazard Assessment and Control of Environmental Contaminants. pp. 231-240. Water Science & Technology [Water Sci. Technol.]. Vol. 42, no. 7-8. English Book Monograph; ConferencePollutant persistence; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Bioaccumulation; Pollution effects; Marine Animals; Water Pollution Effects; Seals; Coastal Waters; DDT; Pesticides; Mammalia; endocrine disruptors; Marine organisms; Pollution (Water); Pesticides (see also Bactericides, Weedkillers); Mammalia; ISEW, Philippines; IN, North Pacific endocrine disrupters; Mammals; cetaceans Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution4851230\ Organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris ) and pilot whales (Globicephala melaena ) from the coast of Newfoundland, CanadaRKMuir, D. C. G. Wagemann, R. Grift, N. P. Norstrom, R. J. Simon, M. Lein, J.r<6Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology&Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.e175t613-629iPolychlorinated biphenyls ( Sigma PCB), DDT isomers, chlordanes, toxaphene, chlorobenzenes and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and seven elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn) were determined in tissues of 41 stranded pilot whales (Globicephala melaena ) and 27 ice-entrapped white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris ) from Newfoundland, Canada. Cadmium, Hg, As and Se were higher in pilot whale kidney and liver than in dolphin tissues. Mercury in liver and blubber, and Cd in kidney, of pilot whales were positively correlated with age. Cadmium levels in both species were higher than reported for other cetaceans from Canadian east coast waters. Lead concentrations in dolphin kidney and mucles were 5 times higher than in pilot whales. Levels of Sigma PCB in blubber samples ranged from 31 to 61 mg/kg in female and male dolphins, respectively, and from 5.6 to 12 mg/kg in female and male pilot whales. 1988 English 1988heavy metals; PCB; pesticides (organochlorine); contamination; Canada, Newfoundland; bioaccumulation; Lagenorhynchus albirostris; Globicephala melaena; chlorinated hydrocarbons; ANW, Canada, Newfoundland tissues; organochlorine compounds X 24166 Environmental impact; X 24156 Environmental impact; X 24136 Environmental impact; D 04801 Pollution monitoring and detection; Q1 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 POLLUTION - ORGANISMS1825084HBD.C.G. Muir R. Wagemann N.P. Grift R. J. Norstrom M. Simon J. Lien 1988&0rganochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (Globicephala melaena) from the coast of Newfoundland, Canada^ O i }  &Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.17613-629Lz ityf_Elemental composition of liver and kidney tissues of rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis)nhMackey, E. A. Oflaz, R. D. Epstein, M. S. Buehler, B. Porter, B. J. Rowles, T. Wise, S. A. Becker, P. R. 2003<6Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology444c 523-32XQOn December 14, 1997, 62 rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) stranded on Cape San Blas, on the Florida coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Approximately 30 animals died either on the beach or in rehabilitation facilities. Two were successfully rehabilitated and released. Liver, kidney, blubber, and muscle tissues were collected from 15 animals that died on the beach. Portions of the liver and kidney from each dolphin were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine mass fractions of 37 elements. Levels of several electrolytes (Na, Cl, K, Br, Rb, I, Cs) and of the essential trace elements Fe, Cu, and Zn in both tissues were similar to those found in other Odontoceti. Mass fractions of Ca ranged from 60 mg/kg to 1,200 mg/kg (wet mass basis), indicating significant inhomogeneity in the kidney tissues of several animals. Necropsy reports noted that the kidneys of many of these animals contained fibrous nodules. The measured Ca inhomogeneity may be due to mineralization of the fibrous kidney tissue. Hepatic levels of Hg and Se were at the high end of the ranges generally found in livers of other Odontoceti and were slightly higher in animals with fibrous kidneys than in the others. Mass fractions of Se, Ag, and Hg in liver tissues increased with the size and age of the animals indicating accumulation of these elements in the liver with age. Results also indicate that Se and Hg accumulate in rough-toothed dolphin kidney. Accumulation of these elements with age has been reported commonly for marine mammals and other species.n,&Using Smart Source Parsing May EnglishAdipose Tissue: chemistry; Adipose Tissue: metabolism; Aging: metabolism; Animal; Dolphins: metabolism; Electrolytes: analysis; Electrolytes: pharmacokinetics; Kidney: chemistry; Kidney: metabolism; Liver: chemistry; Liver: metabolism; Mass Fragmentography; Metals, Heavy: analysis; Metals, Heavy: pharmacokinetics; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Tissue Distribution; Trace Elements: analysis; Trace Elements: pharmacokinetics; Water Pollutants, Chemical: analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical: pharmacokinetics12712283 Y ^  Moreno, V. J. Moron, S. G. Morris, R. J. Morrow, M.S. Morse, D. Morse, D. C. Morss, M.S. Moser, M. Mossner, S.Motykiewicz, G.Mueller, J. F. Muir, D C G Muir, D. Muir, D. C.Muir, D. C. G. Muir, D.C.G.Muir, Derek C. G.Muir, Derek C.G. Muller, J. F. Munro, I.C. Muraoka, M. Murayama, T. Murk, A.p Murk, W.p Mussi, B. Nagai, N. Nagasawa, H. Nagel, S. C. Nakajima, K. Nakajima, M. Nakamura, S. Nakanishi, J. Nakata, H. Nakatani, N.Nakatani, Nobutake Nani, B.Napolitano, A. C.Needham, L. L. Neff, J.Nellissen, J. P. Neri, G.Nestmann, E.R. Newman, J. W. Newsted, J. Newsted, J.L. Ni, I.H.p Nicolosi, P. Nielsen, F.Nielsen, J. B. Nielsen, O. Nigro, M. Nishiyama, N. Noble, D. G. Noda, K. Noel, M.Norstroem, R. J. Norstrom, R.Norstrom, R. J.Norstrom, R.J.Norstrom, Ross J. Norton, P. Notarbartolo-Di-sciara, G. Novacek, M.J. Nriagu, J. O. Nyman, M. Nyska, A. O'Hara, T. O'Hara, T. M. O'Shea, T J O'Shea, T. J. O'Shea, T.J. Oakley, L.M. Obendorf, D.Ochrymowych, C. Odell, D. K. Oehme, G. Oehme, Mp Oeien, N. Oflaz, R. D. Ogawa, T. Ohji, Madoka Oldham, N. J. Oliver, C. W. Ollier, G. Olpinski, S. Olsen, H. Olson, B. A. Olson, B.R. Olsson, M Olsson, M. Omara, F. O. Ono, Mp Ono, M. Oostingh, I. Orberg, J. Orr, J.C. Orvell, C. Osowski, S.L. Ostapczuk, P. Osterhaus, A Osterhaus, A.Osterhaus, A. D.Osterhaus, A.D.M.E.XOsterhaus, Adme othersp Othout, R.A. Otten, L.M.G.Outridge, P. M.Overton, E. B. Ovrebo, S.Padgett, G. A.Paez-Osuna, F. Palanza, P.Pallant, S. J. Palmisano, F.Palumbi, S. R. Pande, U. Pandey, R. K. Panigada, S. Pantoja, S. Paradis, M.Paramasivan, O. N. Parish, D. W. Park, C. S. Park, W. K. Parker, K. R. Parlar, H.Parmigiani, S. Parry, D. A. Pars, T.Parsons, E. C. M.Parsons, K. M. Pastene, L.Pastene, L. A. Pastor, D. Pastor, T. Patel, Y.M. Patenaude, NPatenaude, N. J. Paterson, G Paterson, G.Patnode, K. A. Patocka, J.Patterson, D. G., Jr. Patton, G. W. Payne, J. Payne, J. F. Payne, J.F. Payne, Rp Payne, R.Peakall, D. B. Peard, J. Pelletier, E.Pereira, R. A.Perez-Cortes, H.Perkins, C. R. Perkins, J S Persson, E. Pertoldi, C. Pescatore, L. Peterman, P HPeterson, G. S. Petrick, G Petrov, E. A. Petrov, E.A. Petzinger, E.Pfeiffer, C. J.Phillips, I. R. Philo, L. M. Pierce, G. J. Plana, J. Plesha, P. D. Plotz, Jp Podesta, M. Pohajdak, B.Polischuk, S. C. Politi, E. Pomeroy, P.Pomeroy, P. P. Pomeroy, P.P. Porcella, D. Porter, B. J. Portway, V.Portway, V. A.Potworowski, E. F. Povoledo, M. Powell, C. L. Powers, D. A. Prada, K.G. Pranschke, J. Prescott, J H Prescott, J RPrescott, J.H. Pribanic, S.Proverbio, M. R. Prudente, M.Prudente, M. S.Prunier, K. T. Psyllidou-Giouranovits, R. Pyle, P. Qiao, H.C.X pilot whale caught off the coast of the Faroe Islands in 1994 and 1996. Higher total concentrations were found in the pooled samples of young males (3,160 ng/g lipid) and females (3,038 ng/g lipid) compared to adult females (843 ng/g and 1,048 ng/g lipid) and males (1,610 ng/g81Deguise, S. Martineau, D. Beland, P. Fournier, M. 1995qPossible mechanisms of action of environmental contaminants on St. Lawrence beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) [ p Environ Health Perspect 103 Suppl. 4  73-77(!Environmental Health PerspectivesPCBs; organohalogens; beluga whales; cetaceans; reproduction; endocrinology; immunology; tumors; HALOGENATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS-3; NATURAL-KILLER CELLS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PHOCA-VITULINA; ADRENAL-GLAND; VITAMIN-A; DIELDRIN; MICE; SUPPRESSIONeZTS Deguise, Univ Quebec, Toxen, CP 8888, Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, Pq H3C 3P8, CanadaKDeguise, S. J. Bernier M. M. Dufresne Martineau, D. Beland, P. Fournier, M.  &  1996Immune functions in beluga whales (Delphinaperus leucas): evaluation of mitogen-induced blastic transformation of lymphocyted from peripheral blood, spleen and thymus  # 7 0)Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology50$117-126 PCBs; organohalogens; beluga whales; cetaceans; reproduction; endocrinology; immunology; tumors; HALOGENATED AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS-3; NATURAL-KILLER CELLS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PHOCA-VITULINA; ADRENAL-GLAND; VITAMIN-A; DIELDRIN; MICE; SUPPRESSIONZTS Deguise, Univ Quebec, Toxen, CP 8888, Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, Pq H3C 3P8, Canada97013632Immune functions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): evaluation of mitogen-induced blastic transformation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood, spleen and thymusk$A quantitative assay was developed to evaluate mitogen-induced lymphoblastic transformation in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells, splenocytes and thymocytes. Optimal concentrations of four different mitogens (Con-A, PHA, LPS and PWM) were determined with the use of standard curves. Addition of human recombinant IL-2 (rhIL-2) after 48 h in culture with the different mitogens suggests that Con-A, PHA and PWM, but not LPS, stimulate T cells in belugas, as they do in other animal species. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol did not enhance significantly the proliferation of cells stimulated by Con-A, PHA and LPS, while it did with the cells stimulated by PWM and those cultured without mitogen. The proliferative response of cells was suppressed when the culture medium was supplemented by beluga serum instead of fetal calf serum. This assay will be useful to assess the status of the immune functions in different populations of beluga whales as well for further in vitro immunotoxicological experiments. TMDeGuise, S. Bernier, J. Dufresne, M. M. Martineau, D. Beland, P. Fournier, M.& Animal Evaluation Studies Human Immunoassay/methods/*veterinary In Vitro *Lymphocyte Transformation Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology Mitogens/pharmacology Spleen/cytology/immunology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Thymus Gland/cytology/immunology Whales/*immunologyVet Immunol Immunopathol 199650 1-2117-26.8logyNIST SRM 1945, whale blubber, NIST SRM 1974a, organics in mussel tissue, and NIST SRM 1941a, organics in marine sediment as certified reference materials for polychlorinated dioxins and furans in marine ecosystemsTMChambers, L. Gardinali, P. Chambers, H. Wade, T. L. Jackson, T. Brooks, J. M. 2,Fiedler, H. Hutzinger, O. Safe, S. Sakai, S. 25-30Few natural matrix Standard Reference Materials are available for the validation of analytical methods measuring polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in marine ecosystems. The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in NIST SRM 1945, SRM 1974a, and SRM 1941a are of interest because the analysis of marine mammal, mussel tissues and sediments have become important tools in the determination of organochlorine contamination of the environment. Because these SRMs have been demonstrated to be homogenous for other organic contaminants, they would be expected to be reliable standards for validation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in marine mammals, mussels and sediments as well. 1996Conference 14. International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds 1994 -- I, Kyoto (Japan), 21-25 Nov 1994 Chlorinated dioxins, pcb and related compounds 1994--i., 1996 Chemosphere, vol. 32, no. 1 English Book Monograph; Conferencestandards; marine ecosystems; polychlorinated dibenzofurans; polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins; TCDD; organochlorine compounds; whales; marine environment; pollutants; marine sediments; mussels; organic compounds; bioassays; pollution monitoring; PCB; water pollution; sediment pollution; marine mammals; cetacea; Mytilidae polychlorinated aromatics X 24222 Analytical procedures; X 24230 Legislation & recommended standards; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; Q5 01502 Methods and instruments3883991c0*Letcher, R. J. Norstrom, R. J. Bergman, A. 1995An integrated analytical method for determination of polychlorinated aryl methyl sulfone metabolites and polychlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in biological matrices Anal Chem6722 4155-416396229095Animal Chromatography, Gas DDE/*analysis Electrochemistry Environmental Pollutants/*analysis Male Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*analysis Spectrum Analysis, Mass Sulfones/*analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tA simple column chromatography method was developed for separation and cleanup in the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and their methyl sulfone (MeSO2-) metabolites in biological tissues. The method was validated for determination of 11 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 15 tetra- to heptachloro 3- and 4-MeSO2-PCBs, 3-MeSO2- DDE, and tris(4-chlorophenyl)-methanol spiked to herring gull egg, smelt, and polar bear liver and adipose tissue using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). The overall mean recovery relative to the internal standard was 103% +/- 8%, independent of analyte, substrate type, and lipid extract weights up to approximately 0.7 g. Precision of replicate analyses of individual congeners was good. There were no significant residual biogenic or xenobiotic interferences in the aryl methyl sulfone fraction of any substrate. Sensitivity and linearity of molar response of MeSO2-PCBs and MeSO2-DDE was tested for ECD and electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry monitoring the total ion current (TIC) and the molecular ion (SIM). The mean practical quantitation limit among MeSO2-PCBs and 3-MeSO2-DDE was lowest for SIM (2.1 +/- 0.9 pg) and similar for ECD and TIC (24.2 +/- 4.6 and 44.4 +/- 17.1 pg, respectively). Response factors were linear above the practical quantitation limit to at least the nanogram level for all three techniques. In spite of superior sensitivity, there was more inherent variability in the response factors for SIM (approximately 18%-56% CV) than for ECD (approximately 7%-12% CV) or TIC (approximately 11%-18% CV); therefore, ECD or TIC is recommended for quantitative analysis.-45. [J. Cetacean Res. Manag.]. 1999.Postmortem examinations of marine mammals are undertaken for a number of reasons, inter alia: to determine the possible cause of death; to obtain evidence of diseases or pathological changes; and to collect tissue and other samples (e.g. blood and organs) for further research. The latter can provide material for laboratory studies for a variety of subjects including toxicology, immunology, virology, parasitology and histopathology. The collection of associated biological data such as sex, age, length and nutritional status from each specimen is an essential part of any postmortem examination. Without such data it is very difficult if not impossible to interpret the results of the aforementioned studies. 1999TMChemical pollutants and cetaceans. no. 1 Special issue English Book MonographPathology; Disease detection; Biological data; Ecotoxicology; Cetacea Marine Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms4802056,rkerspiPotential impact of oil spills on California sea otters: Implications of the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska*$Brody, A. J. Ralls, K. Siniff, D. B.Marine Mammal ScienceMar. Mamm. Sci.g121r 38-53 Based on the survival of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) held at rehabilitation centers during the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, we built two models of otter mortality. One was based on the relationship between mortality and distance from spill origin, the other was based on the relationship between mortality and time from the spill origin. These models are simplistic and are meant as first steps in arriving at realistic risk estimates and in providing a conceptual framework for relating oil spills and sea otter mortality. Using the distance model, we simulated the impact of an Exxon Valdez event occurring at different locations along the California coast. A spill at the Monterey Peninsula had the greatest impact, exposing 90% of the California sea otter population to oil and killing at least 50% of the individuals. The time model was used to predict the mortality of otters exposed to oil of various ages and for various periods of time. It suggested that efforts to rehabilitate otters should be discontinued 20-30 d after a spill. The limitations of the data available from the Exxon Valdez spill emphasize the importance of being prepared to conduct appropriate research during the next oil spill in sea otter habitat. 1996 English 1996:4oil spills; marine mammals; oil pollution; Enhydra lutris; pollution effects; mortality; water pollution; marine organisms Exxon Valdez Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms /Ecology /Toxicology; D 04803 Pollution effects; X 24190 Polycyclic hydrocarbons; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION3902154pd} Tanabe, S. 1988B P8ӐPUXY.H$H"2\8"3Ӑ"Ӑ׬Yп8|lUAgedt8P80\PԿ0|P8P8`UPP8Y`Կ@׬׬"=`U"> P8ӐPUXY.H"H"2\8"3Ӑ"Ӑ׬Yп8|lImmunochemical and catalytic characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 in the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus),%Boon, J. P. Lewis, W. E. Goksoeyr, A. 2001,%Aquatic Toxicology [Aquat. Toxicol.]. 52 3-4eLiver samples from three live-stranded adult male sperm whales, that could be sampled and frozen in liquid nitrogen within 18 h post mortem, provided an opportunity to learn more about the basic properties of their cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. All samples were catalytically active and showed sharp bands of the different CYP enzymes after Western blotting, indicating that degradation of the proteins was negligible. All three sperm whales showed a similar immunochemical CYP pattern: bands of CYP1A1/2, CYP3A and CYP4A were present, but CYP2B1/2 was not detected. Significant biotransformation of the polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons 4, 4'-dichlorobiphenyl (CB-15), 2,7-dichlorodibenzodioxin and 1,2,3,4,8-pentadibenzofuran was measured in an in vitro biotransformation assay. In contrast, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (CB-77) and two chlorobornanes (CHB-32 and CHB-62) occurring in the insectide toxaphene registered , were not metabolised.<5Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 297-309. 1 May EnglishAromatic hydrocarbons; Pollution effects; Toxicity; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Insecticides; Liver; Biodegradation; Cytochromes; Immunochemistry; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Cytochrome P450; Microsomes; 4,4'-Dichlorobiphenyl; 2,7-Dichlorodibenzodioxin; 1,2,3,4,8-Pentadibenzofuran; Physeter macrocephalus; Animals (Mammals) (Marine); Pesticides (see also Bactericides, Weedkillers); Pollution (Water); Metabolism; Toxicity (see also Lethal limits); Water Pollution Effects; Hydrocarbons; Whales; Mammals; Marine Animals; Physeter macrocephalus marine mammals; Sperm whale Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; X 24240 Miscellaneous; P 6000 TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution; SW 3030 Effects of pollution14861201iphenyl (PCB) congeners and chlorinated pesticides. Concentrations of these compounds in the different tissues were compared and blubber was selected as the primary tissue for organic contaminant analyses for the AMMTAP based on higher levels (1-2 orders of magnitude) in this tissue compared to liver, kidney and muscle. Concentrations for 15 PCB congeners and 12 chlorinated pesticides are reported for 10 different animals of three species (northern fur seal, ringed seal and belukha whale) from five different sites.4-Using Smart Source Parsing Nov 1, 139 EnglishAdipose Tissue: chemistry; Aging; Alaska; Animal; Chromatography, Gas; Comparative Study; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution: analysis; Female; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated: analysis; Insecticides, Organochlorine: analysis; Kidney: chemistry; Liver: chemistry; Male; Muscles: chemistry; Organ Specificity; Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis; Seals; Seawater; Species Specificity; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Whales8272838]2+Kannan, N. Tanabe, S. Ono, M. Tatsukawa, R. 1989,Critical evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity in terrestrial and marine mammals: Increasing impact of non-ortho and mono-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls from land to ocean v {   &Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.<6Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology18850-8574.P450, PCB, whales, PCB-105, PCB-126, TEF, TCDDRLHeavy metals and organochlorine residues in Ganges River dolphins from IndiaD>Kannan, K. Sinha, R. K. Tanabe, S. Ichihashi, H. Tatsukawa, R. Marine Pollution BulletinMar. Pollut. Bull.263159-162The Ganges River dolphin, Platanista gangetica , is predominantly found in the Ganges River and its tributaries in India. The Ganges is heavily polluted by the annual usage and discharge of about 2500 t of pesticides and 1.2 million t of fertilizers in its catchment area. A recent survey documented declining trends in the populations of river dolphins, including the Ganges dolphin. The monitoring of contaminant levels in river dolphins may therefore be an important aspect of their conservation. The present study provides information on the levels of major organochlorines and heavy metals in Ganges River dolphins collected from Patna, India. Four specimens found entangled in fishing nets or drowned were used for analysis. 1993 English 1993heavy metals; aquatic mammals; rivers; India, Ganges R.; Platanista gangetica; freshwater pollution; nature conservation; bioaccumulation; diets; pesticides; PCB; pesticides (organochlorine); organochlorine compounds Freshwater Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; X 24166 Environmental impact; X 24133 Metabolism; X 24133 Metabolism; X 24133 Metabolism; D 04802 Pollution characteristics and fate2914916rlAccumulation pattern of butyltin compounds in dolphin, tuna, and shark collected from Italian coastal watersD=Kannan, K. Corsolini, S. Focardi, S. Tanabe, S. Tatsukawa, R. 1996<6Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology311n 19-23e Tributyltin (TBT) and its breakdown products, mono-(MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) were determined in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus) and blue shark (Prionace glauca) collected from the Italian coast of the Mediterranean Sea in 1992-1993. Concentrations of total butyltin (BTs) in the liver of dolphin (1,200-2,200 ng/g wet wt) were an order of magnitude higher than in the blubber (48-320 ng/g wet wt). TBT was the predominant butyltin species in the blubber while DBT accounted for an higher proportion in the liver of dolphins. Butyltin concentrations in bluefin tuna were lower than those in dolphins, with TBT highest in the muscle and DBT in the liver. Concentrations of BTs in blue sharks were lower than those in dolphin and tuna, with kidney having the highest concentrations. TBT was the predominant form of butyltin derivatives in all the tissues of shark. Accumulation of butyltin compounds in liver /kidney seems to be associated with the presence of proteins such as glutathione.,&Using Smart Source Parsing Jul EnglishAdipose Tissue: metabolism; Animal; Dolphins: metabolism; Italy; Kidney: metabolism; Liver: metabolism; Male; Muscles: metabolism; Sharks: metabolism; Tissue Distribution; Trialkyltin Compounds: pharmacokinetics; Tuna: metabolism; Water Pollutants, Chemical: pharmacokineticso8687986o:aReijnders, P. J. H.  1980~wOrganochlorine and heavy metal residues in harbour seals from the Wadden Sea and their possible effects on reproductionP*#Netherlands Journal of Sea Research'141 30-6582250818Reijnders, P. J.[Diminished fertility in seals in the Netherlands, possibly resulting from exposure to large amounts of polychlorinated biphenyls (author's transl)]4.Animal Comparative Study Denmark English Abstract Female Fertility/*drug effects Germany, West Male Netherlands Pinnipedia/*physiology Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*adverse effects/analysis Population Dynamics Seals/*physiology Water Pollutants/*adverse effects Water Pollutants, Chemical/*adverse effectsThe number of seals in the coastal waters of the Netherlands has been considerably reduced since 1950: in the Wadden Sea, it decreased from 3,000 to 500, in the Delta area, from 1,500 to merely a few animals. Studies on population dynamics during the period from 1974 to 1978 showed that reproduction among the seal population in the Netherlands Wadden Sea is too small compared with the stable population of Schleswig-Holstein. Investigations on the role of environmental factors in diminished reproduction centered on the factor water pollution. Analysis of the various contaminants in the tissues of seals of the Netherlands. Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark, which were found dead, showed tha particularly the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in seals of the Netherlands were significantly higher than they were in German and Danish animals. The epidemiological and experimental findings on the characteristics of these contaminants, in conjunction with the high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and the decrease in reproduction of seals in the Netherlands, led to the hypothesis that polychlorinated biphenyls are the cause of diminished fertility of seals in the Netherlands.pTijdschr Diergeneeskdn 1982 107 10 363-70P.J.H. Reijnders 1986XQReproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters Nature 324456-457B;seals, hormones, PCB, estradiol, progesterone, reproductionpjEcotoxicological perspectives in marine mammalogy: Research principles and goals for a conservation policyReijnders, P. J. H.Marine Mammal ScienceMar. Mamm. Sci.42 91-102~wIn integrating ecotoxicology and marine mammalogy two principal themes are conceivable--the impact of contaminants on marine mammals and the feasibility of monitoring marine pollution with marine mammals. Monitoring should be an alert procedure, carried out with a sensitive sensor. Uncertainties in interpreting analyses and the low susceptibility of marine mammals to short-term changes in pollution, make them inappropriate for pollution monitoring at present. To answer the question whether pollutants affect marine mammals, the occurrence of contaminants and the response of the animals to those chemicals have to be assessed. 1988 English 1988rlmarine pollution; pollution monitoring; wildlife conservation; toxicology; marine mammals; Mammalia; research programs; marine ecology methodology Marine D 04801 Pollution monitoring and detection; D 04705 Conservation; X 24250 Reviews; Q1 01504 Effects on organisms; Q1 01502 Methods and instruments; O 4020 POLLUTION - ORGANISMS; Q2 02442 Methods and instruments1729506F  8P80\PԿ0xР8P8`UPP8Y`Կ@TMThe immunotoxicity of environmental contaminants to marine wildlife: a reviewLFRoss, P. S. De Swart, R. L. Van Loveren, H. Osterhaus, Adme Vos, J. G. 1996<6Annual Review of Fish Diseases [Annu. Rev. Fish Dis.].6c151-165i4-Virus-associated mass mortalities among several marine mammal populations inhabiting industrialized coastal areas have generated an interest in wildlife immunotoxicology. Despite the isolation of previously uncharacterized viruses from victims, a contribution of immunotoxic contaminants to the severity of the outbreaks could not be ruled out. Fish-eating marine mammals, including seals, occupy high trophic levels in the aquatic food chain, and accumulate high levels of contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Such chemicals have been found to be immunotoxic at low doses in studies of laboratory animals. While associations have been established between environmental contaminants and various adverse biological effects in certain free-ranging seal populations, evidence for immunotoxicity has, until recently, been lacking. To this end, we carried out an immunotoxicological study, in which captive harbor seals were fed herring from either relatively uncontaminated sites of the Atlantic Ocean, or from the highly contaminated Baltic Sea. In this review, we summarize the contaminant-related immunosuppression observed in the captive group of seals fed herring from the Baltic Sea, and discuss these results in the context of what is currently known about outbreaks of virus infection, comparative immunology, and environmental contaminants. We also describe two parallel studies, in which laboratory rats exposed as adults or perinatally to the contaminants in the Baltic Sea herring, exhibited immunotoxicity. On the basis of these and other studies, we conclude that complex mixtures of environmental contaminants may represent a real immunotoxic risk to free-ranging marine mammals in many areas of Europe and North America.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp English"Immunity; Toxicity tests; Biological stress; Bioaccumulation; PCB; Literature reviews; Marine mammals; Immunology; Pollution effects; Anthropogenic factors; Phoca vitulina; ANE, Baltic Sea Harbor seal Marine Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms4571688g 4ochlorine compoundsmarine mammalsjcContaminant exposure and effects in pinnipeds: implications for Steller sea lion declines in Alaska,%Barron, M. G. Heintz, R. Krahn, M. M. 2003>7Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.].u 311s 1-3rZSAfter nearly 3 decades of decline, the western stock of Steller sea lions (SSL; Eumetopias jubatus) was listed as an endangered species in 1997. While the cause of the decline in the 1970s and 1980s has been attributed to nutritional stress, recent declines are unexplained and may result from other factors including the presence of environmental contaminants. SSL tissues show accumulation of butyltins, mercury, PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and hexachlorobenzene. SSL habitats and prey are contaminated with additional chemicals including mirex, endrin, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, cadmium and lead. In addition, many SSL haulouts and rookeries are located near other hazards including radioactivity, solvents, ordnance and chemical weapon dumps. PCB and DDT concentrations measured in a few SSL during the 1980s were the highest recorded for any Alaskan pinniped. Some contaminant exposures in SSL appear to be elevated in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea compared to southeast Alaska, but there are insufficient data to evaluate geospatial relationships with any certainty. Based on very limited blubber data, current levels of PCBs may not pose a risk to SSL based on comparison to immunotoxicity tissue benchmarks, but SSL may have been at risk from pre-1990 PCB exposures. While exposure to PCBs and DDTs may be declining, SSL are likely exposed to a multitude of other contaminants that have not been monitored. The impacts of these exposures on SSL remain unknown because causal effects have not been established. Field studies with SSL have been limited in scope and have not yet linked contaminant exposures to adverse animal health or population effects. Several biomarkers may prove useful for monitoring exposure and additional research is needed to evaluate their utility in SSL. We conclude that there are insufficient data to reject the hypothesis that contaminants play a role in the continued decline of SSL, and suggest that a coordinated monitoring program be developed which can be related to key biological, ecological and laboratory toxicity data.:3Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 111-133. Jul EnglishMarine mammals; Census; Nature conservation; Rare species; Mortality causes; Pollution monitoring; Pollution effects; Pollution detection; Bioaccumulation; Chemical pollutants; Tin compounds; Mercury; PCB; DDT; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Pollutants; Contaminants; Water pollution; Population levels; Marine organisms; Wildlife; Endangered species; Population dynamics; Habitat; Tissues; Risk assessment; Eumetopias jubatus; Pinnepedia; INE, USA, Alaska; USA, Alaska Steller's sea lion; Northern sea lion; Pinnipeds; Seals; Sealions Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; X 24156 Environmental impact; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION5665795h q.mz:3Backlin, B.M. Persson, E. Jones, C.J.P. Dantzer, V. 1998Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure produces placental vascular and trophoblastic lesions in the mink (Mustela vison): a light and electron microscopic studyr APMIS APMIS @935 Norre Sogade, PO Box 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen, Denmark Munksgaard Int Publ Ltd4 106r8785-799d 0903-4641nplacenta; mink; reproduction; uterus; polychlorinated biphenyls; pathology; thrombosis; PROGESTERONE-BINDING; AH-RECEPTOR; UTEROGLOBIN; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; RAT; 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL; 2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL; REPRODUCTION; FRACTIONSAhbArticle CJP Jones, Univ Manchester, Dept Pathol Sci, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England|Organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in pinniped milk from the Arctic, the Antarctic, California and Australia.'Bacon, C. E. Jarman, W. M. Costa, D. P. Chemospherel246t779-791-This study presents levels of organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls in pinniped milk samples collected from four geographical regions. These regions include the Arctic, the Antarctic, California and Australia. Twenty milk samples from five species of pinnipeds were analyzed for organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls. Analyzed were carried out by high resolution gas chromatography/electron capture (HRGC/ECD) and high resolution gas chromatography/low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 1992 English 1992milk; organochlorine compounds; PCB compounds; Zalophus californianus; Neophoca cinera; Arctocephalus gazella; Callorhinus ursinus; Arctic; Antarctic; California; Australia; PCB; USA, California; marine mammals; chlorinated hydrocarbons; pollution detection; bioaccumulation; Pinnipedia Mirounga angustirostris; sea lions; seals Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24136 Environmental impact; X 24133 Metabolism; X 24153 Metabolism; X 24156 Environmental impact; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms2698513.( Baker, J.R.  1990 nR Grey seal (halichoerus grypus) milk composition and its variation over lactation. ( Br. Vet. J.   146 $233-238   SSLD>Bandiera, S.M. Torok, S.M. Lin, S. Ramsay, M.A. Norstrom, R.J. 1995haCatalytic and immunologic characterization of hepatic and lung cytochromes P450 in the polar bearCBiochem PharmacolIBiochemical Pharmacology498R 1135-1146 F?cytochrome P450; polar bear; hepatic; microsomal monooxygenases; immunochemical relatedness; arctic ecosystem; LIVER MICROSOMAL CYTOCHROME-P-450; IMMUNOCHEMICALLY RELATED ISOZYMES; MARINE FOOD-CHAINS; CROSS-REACTIVITY; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; URSUS-MARITIMUS; UNTREATED RATS; PURIFICATION; TESTOSTERONE; ANTIBODIESEhbSM Bandiera, Univ British Columbia, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, 2146 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada97280334B;Bandiera, S. M. Torok, S. M. Letcher, R. J. Norstrom, R. J.Immunoquantitation of cytochromes P450 1A and P450 2B and comparison with chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in archived polar bear liver samplese:4Animal Bears/*metabolism Biological Assay Comparative Study Cryopreservation Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/*analysis Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1/*analysis Environmental Monitoring/*methods Female Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/*analysis *Immunoblotting Linear Models Liver/*chemistry/enzymology Male Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tThe present study examined the utility of an immunoblot method for quantitation of cytochrome P450 isozymes in archived liver samples as a bioassay of exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons. Hepatic microsomes were prepared from 44 archived polar bear (Ursus maritimus) liver homogenates that had been stored at approximately -40 degrees C for 9- 10 years and analyzed on blots probed with antibodies to rat cytochromes P450 1A1 and P450 2B1. The results revealed a positive correlation between cytochrome P450 1A and total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in the archived liver samples, suggesting that cytochrome P450 1A was induced in polar bears by environmental exposure to PCBs. Chemosphere 199734 5-71469-79h^WOrganochlorine burdens in blood of ringed and bearded seals from north-western Svalbard82Bang, K. Jenssen, B. M. Lydersen, C. Skaare, J. U. 2001 Chemosphere [Chemosphere]p442w193-203rJCRinged seal (Phoca hispida) and bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) are the main prey of polar bears (Ursus maritimus), and information on organochlorines (OCs) in these pinniped species is important to understand the transport, fate and effects of persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic ecosystem. Thus, OCs were analysed in blood samples of bearded and ringed seals from the coastal ecosystem of the north-western Svalbard archipelago (Kongsfjorden, 78.55 degree N). The relative contribution of OCs could be ranked as follows: Ringed seal females: capital sigma PCB > capital sigma DDT > capital sigma CHL > capital sigma HCH > HCB > Mirex. Ringed seal males: capital sigma PCB greater than or equal to capital sigma DDT > capital sigma CHL > capital sigma HCH greater than or equal to HCB greater than or equal to Mirex. Bearded seal females: capital sigma PCB > capital sigma HCH greater than or equal to capital sigma CHL > capital sigma DDT > Mirex > HCB. Bearded seal males: capital sigma PCB > capital sigma DDT greater than or equal to capital sigma CHL > capital sigma HCH > Mirex greater than or equal to HCB. The concentrations of capital sigma PCB and capital sigma DDT were higher in ringed seals than in bearded seals, whereas capital sigma HCH was higher in bearded than in ringed seals. In ringed seal females and males capital sigma PCB was 337 plus or minus 95 ng/g (n = 6) and 625 plus or minus 443 ng/g (n = 6), whereas capital sigma DDT was 165 plus or minus 47 ng/g (n = 6) and 621 plus or minus 559 ng/g (n = 6), respectively. In bearded seal females and males, capital sigma PCB was 159 plus or minus 132 ng/g (n = 6) and 248 plus or minus 93 ng/g (n = 5), whereas capital sigma DDT was 46 plus or minus 41 ng/g (n = 6) and 161 plus or minus 71 ng/g (n = 5), respectively. The inter-species differences are caused by a higher trophic position of ringed seals in the Svalbard ecosystem compared to bearded seals. OC levels in ringed seals at Svalbard are similar to those reported from the North-American Arctic and in the lower range compared to previously reported data from Svalbard.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Jul English PCB; DDT; Pesticides (organochlorine); Organochlorine compounds; Blood; Polar environments; Chlorinated organic compounds; Blood (see also Haem---); Seals; Toxicity (see also Lethal limits); Polychlorinated biphenyls; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; Body burden; Pesticides; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Pollution effects; Norway; Water Pollution Effects; Animal Physiology; Marine organisms; Blood levels; PCB compounds; Lindane; Physiology; Phoca hispida; Erignathus barbatus; Ursus maritimus; Norway, Svalbard; PNE, Norway, Svalbard; Arctic Ringed seal; Bearded seal; Polar bear X 24153 Metabolism; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24136 Environmental impact5169125LKsue/*chemistry/metabolism 008P8`8PP8p\PԿp8P8.UAnal Chem AnalyticaUXY1\H"H"2\. Bi"3Chem821574833("Vetter, W. Hiebl, J. Oldham, N. J.zsDetermination and mass spectrometric investigation of a new mixed halogenated persistent component in fish and seal`~Alkenes/*analysis/chemistry Animal Bromine Compounds/*analysis/chemistry Chlorine Compounds/*analysis/chemistry Cyclohexanes/*analysis/chemistry Drug Interactions Fishes/*metabolism Mass Fragmentography Molecular Structure Seals/*metabolism Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization Vinyl Compounds/*analysis/chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis Water Pollution/analysisAn unknown component that caused an intense signal in sample extracts of fish tissue was enriched and investigated using a variety of mass spectrometric techniques coupled to gas chromatographic separation. With the help of electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (ECNI- MS) and electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) it was established that the component carries 2Br and 3Cl atoms and forms a molecular ion at m/z 396. A concentrated solution of this mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1) was investigated by gas chromatography interfaced to electron impact high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/EI-HRMS). Using full scan and SIM techniques, the molecular formula of MHC-1 was established to be C10H13Br2Cl3. This points toward MHC-1 having a monoterpene backbone. No chemical with this molecular formula has been synthesized, but two components with this composition have been earlier isolated from marine algae.Environ Sci Technol 200135214157-62.211628074.Vetter, W. Scholz, E. Luckas, B. Maruya, K. A.rkStructure of a persistent heptachlorobornane in toxaphene (b7-1000) agrees with molecular model predictionsa*$Animal Bornanes/*chemistry/isolation & purification Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Liquid Fishes Human Insecticides, Organochlorine/*chemistry Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Mammals Mass Fragmentography Models, Molecular Sensitivity and Specificity Toxaphene/*chemistryA Cl(7) component of technical toxaphene (CTT), previously detected in marine mammals and fish and referred to as "7-1", was isolated from contaminated estuarine sediment using preparative solid-liquid chromatography followed by reversed-phase HPLC. The structure of this compound, elucidated by GC/MS and (1)H NMR, was 2-endo,3-exo,5-endo,6- exo,8,8,10-heptachlorobornane (hereafter referred to as B7-1000). This newly identified CTT eluted in the nonpolar fraction from silica and shares the alternating endo-exo chlorine substitution pattern with other relatively nonpolar, persistent congeners (e.g., B8-1413 and B9- 1679). Based on ECNI-MS response, levels of B7-1000 in tissue samples of various higher organisms including humans were as high as 16% of B8- 1413. Enantioselective determination of B7-1000 using a modified cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase (beta-BSCD) resulted in enantiomer ratios that were depleted in adipose tissue of a marine bird (skua) and Weddell seal blubber (0.3 and 0.5, respectively), but not in elephant seal blubber (1.1). Elucidation of the structure of B7-1000 thus validates previous predictions of persistence based on structure- activity relationships, chromatographic properties, and molecular modeling.J Agric Food Chem` 2001492759-65.F\VCadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in five toothed whale species of the Mediterranean Sea"Frodello, J. P. Marchand, B. 2001*#International journal of toxicology206 339-43The cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc levels were measured in six organs (lung, liver, kidney, skin, muscle, and bone) from 18 specimens of toothed whales, belonging to five species, found stranded along the Corsican coast between November 1993 and December 1998. The five species examined were the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, the common dolphin Delphinus delphis, the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba, the pilot whale Globicephala melas, and the Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus. The values obtained demonstrate that there is a great variability in the accumulation of toxic metals. A comparison of the values with those obtained in other geographical regions also demonstrates an extensive variability in metal levels. The presence of metals in the stomach contents of three of the individuals studied shows that the food source is responsible for a significant input of pollutants to the whales. Measured pollutant levels in whales are thus the result of an accumulation occurring throughout the animal's life.0*Using Smart Source Parsing Nov-Dec EnglishjdAnimal; Cadmium: pharmacokinetics; Comparative Study; Copper: pharmacokinetics; Digestive Tract Contents: chemistry; Dolphins: metabolism; Lead: pharmacokinetics; Mediterranean Sea; Organ Specificity; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tissue Distribution; Water Pollutants, Chemical: pharmacokinetics; Whales: metabolism; Zinc: pharmacokinetics11797815ZSMetal concentrations in the milk and tissues of a nursing Tursiops truncatus female,&Frodello, J. P. Viale, D. Marchand, B. 20026/Marine Pollution Bulletin [Mar. Pollut. Bull.].446551-576hbMetal concentrations measured in the organs of beached whales are published regularly. Few of these, however, describe metal levels in nursing females. In the present study, mercury, lead, copper and zinc levels were measured in the milk and tissues of a female Bottlenose dolphin. Results reveal that metal pollutants pass from the tissue into the milk.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Jun EnglishMarine organisms; Milk; Tissues; Mercury; Lead; Copper; Zinc; Organs; Females; Nursing; Breast milk; Metals; Marine mammals; Lactation; Pollution detection; Bioaccumulation; Heavy metals; Stranding; Water Pollution; Fate of Pollutants; Animal Tissues; Chemical Analysis; Data Collections; Pollution (Water); Animals (Mammals) (Marine); Tissues (Biological); Milk products; Chemical analysis (see also Individual techniques); Tursiops truncatus; MED, France Bottle-nosed dolphin; dolphins P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24166 Environmental impact; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollutiong5434148a ! `Tsigouri, A. D. Tufft, L. H. Tuomisto, J.Tuomisto, J. T. Tuukkanen, J. Tynan, C. T. Upham, B. L. Upshall, C. Urano, A. Urian, K. W. Uthe, J. F. Vahter, M.van Amerongen, G. van Bavel, B.van Binnendijk, R.XVan Dam, G. H.van de Bildt, M. W.Xvan den Berg, M.van den Brink, Nico W.van der Meer, J.van der Vliet, H.van der Weiden, M.E.J.Van Dolah, F. M.Van Hezik, C. M. E.Van Loveren, HVan Loveren, H.Van Loveren, J.van Schanke, A.Van Vleet, E. S.Vandermeer, J.Vandervoort, C. Vanhattum, B.Vanloveren, H.Vanstraalen, N.M. Varanasi, U. Vedder, J. Vedder, L. J. Vedder, L.J.Verbrugge, D. A.Verbrugge, D.A. Vernier, P. Vetter, L.J. Vetter, W Vetter, W. Via, C. S. Via, C.S. Viale, D. Viluksela, M. Vinther, M. Visser, I. K. Voit, E. O.vom Saal, F. S. Vongraven, D. Vos, H. W. Vos, H.W. Vos, Jp Vos, J. Vos, J. G. Vos, J.G.Voutsinou-Taliadouri, F. Wade, T. L. Wagemann, R. Wagner, G. P. Wakimoto, T Wakimoto, T.Waldick, R. C. Walker, C. K. Walker, W. Walloe, L. Walton, M. Wang, A. Wang, J. S. Wang, R. Wartanien, A Watanabe, H. Watanabe, I. Watanabe, M. Watanabe, S.Watanabe, T.X. Watkins, J. Watson, W. S. Weaver, D. R.Weichbrodt, M. Weihe, P. Weisbrod, A VWeisbrod, A. V. Wekell, J. C. Welch, H. Wells, D. E. Wells, D.E. Wells, R. S. Wells, R.S.Welshons, W. V. Wensvoort, P. Wester, P. G.Westmore, J. B. Weydert, M. Whale, G.Whalen, Kristen E.X Whaley, J. E. Whaley, M. W. Wheatley, B.Whetstine, J. R. White, A. W. White, B N White, B. N. White, Rp White, R. White, R. D. White, R.D.Whitehead, H P Widegren, B. Wiig, Op Wiig, O.p Willemsen, L. Willes, R.F. Willhaus, T.Williams, D. E. Wilson, B. Wilson, J. Y. Wilson, S. Wingfors, H. Wise, S. A. Wise, S.A. Wltang, O. Wolf, D. Wolfe, D. A. Wolke, R. E. Wong, C. S. Wood, C. Wood, C. M. Wood, W.P.Woodhouse, C. D. Woodin, B R Woodin, B. R. Woodin, B.R.Woodley, T. H. Woodruff, D. Woods, J.E. Worthy, G. Woshner, V.Woshner, V. M. Wright, B. A. Wu, R. S. S. Xiao, J.p Xiong, De-Qi Yamamoto, Y. Yamashita, N. Ylitalo, G.Ylitalo, G. M. Yogui, G. T.Yoneyama, B.S. York, G. W. Young, Dp Young, T. L. Yueh, M. F. Zaidel, L. Zajicek, J LZambonin, P. G. Zanardelli, MZanardelli, M. Zarzur, S. Zeeman, M.G. Zegers, B. N. Zeinstra, T. Zeisler, R.Zenteno-Savin, T. Zhou, J. L.Ziccardi, M. H. Zinck, M. E. Zizzo, N. Zook, Dp Zorn, H. M. Zylka, M. J.zpAbortion, Veterinary/*complications/pathology Animal Calculi/etiology/pathology/*veterinary *Dolphins Female Fetus/*radiography Male Pregnancy Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary Vaginal Diseases/etiology/pathology/*veterinary J Wildl Dis 1991273e 421-7.XROrganochlorine levels in North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis ) blubber<6Woodley, T. H. Brown, M. W. Kraus, S. D. Gaskin, D. E.<6Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology&Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.211141-145l}Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total DDT (DDT + DDE + DDD), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, chlordanes, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were found in blubber biopsies from endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis ) in the Bay of Fundy and on Browns-Baccaro Banks. Analyses included four sex and age cTNTrace element concentrations in whole fish from North Lantau waters, Hong KongParsons, E. C. M. 1999>7ICES Journal of Marine Science [ICES J. Mar. Sci.]. no.5791-794RSeventy-six fish specimens were collected from 10 trawl stations in heavily polluted North Lantau waters. Whole fish were homogenized and analysed for 11 trace elements. Concentrations of some metals were high, notably mercury (up to 66 mu g g super(-1) dry weight) and lead (up to 180 mu g g super(-1) dry weight). These levels may represent a health hazard to the local population of Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis) inhabiting these waters.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Oct EnglishMarine pollution; Trace elements; Pisces; Mercury; Lead; Sousa chinensis; Hong Kong, Lantau; Marine fish; Marine mammals; Bioaccumulation; Heavy metals; Pollution effects; Pollution detection; Coastal waters; Sousa chinensis; ISEW, China, People's Rep., Hong Kong, Lantau I. Humpedback dolphins Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q5 01504 Effects on organismse4674671 z1 Busbee, D. L. Busbee, D.L. Bush, B.p Busman, M.Bustamante, P.Butkiewicz, D. Buzitis, J. Byrd, L. Byrne, C. Cacho, E. Cadenas, E. Cairns, V. W.Calabrese, E. J.Calambokidas, JCalambokidas, J.Calambokidis, J.Calkins, D. C.Calkins, D. G. Calzada, N. Campana, A.Campbell, B. D.Campbell, B.D.Campbell, L. A. Canadas, A. Canton, J. H. Cantos, G.Cardellicchio, N. Carlini, R. Carr, J. L. Carrier, G. Carter, T. J. Caruso, A.Carvalho, M. L.Carvan III, M.J.Carvan, M. J., IIICarvan, Michael J.X Casini, C. Casini, S. Casper, D.Castellini, M.Castellini, M. A. Caswell, H.Catsiki, V. A. Caurant, F. Ceci, E.Cetrulo, C. L. Cha, Y. N. Chambers, H. Chambers, L. Chan, H. M. Chan, M. K. Chang, R. R. Chatt, A. Chavez, F. P. Chen, M. H. Chen, Z. Chiba, I. Chikhi, L. Chittim, B. Cho, H. J. Chorazy, M. Chou, C. L. Chou, L. S.Christiaen, L.Christie, S. J.Churnside, J. H. Cipriano, F.Clapham, P. J. Clapham, P.J. Clark, C. W. Clarke, S. C. Clausen, B. Clayton, J.W. Clegg, E.D. Clement, R. Cobb, G.P. Cockcroft, V.Cockcroft, V. G. Cofino, W.P. Colborn, T. Coletta, A. Coletta, S. Comba, M. E. Cooke, J G Cooke, P. S. Cooke, S. R. Cooper, L. W. Cooper, R.L. Cordaro, J. Corey, R.D. Corpe, H. M. Corsolini, S. Costa, D. P. Costas, E. Cota, G. F. Cotter, J. Craig, A. S. Crisp, T.M. Cronin, MM Cruger, c.Cubbage, J. C.Cunningham-Smith, P. Curtis, L. R. Dabin, W. Dallaire, A. Dam, M. Dantzer, V.Darrel-Rew, A. Das, K. Dauby, P. Davis, W. J. Dawson, G.A. Dawson, S. De Boer, J. De Guise, S. de Klerk, A.De Kock, A. C. De Koning, J.de Lappe, B. W.de Montellano, P. R. O.de Ruiter, E. M.De Ruiter-Dijkman, E. M. de Ruiter-Dijkman, Elze M./ de Swartp de Swart, R De Swart, R.De Swart, R. L.de Swart, R.L.De Vogelaere, A. Debacker, V. Debes, F. Decataldo, A.DeGange, A. R. Degas, V. Deguise, S. Dekker, M. DeLong, R. DeLong, R. L. DeMarch, B. Demiralp, R.Denison, M. S. Denizeau, F. Derocher, AE DeSalle, R. Desjardins, CDesjardins, C. Devoogt, P. Dewailly, E.Dewhurst, C. F. Di Leo, A. Di Pietro, A.Di Sciara, G. N.Diamond, S. A. Dick, J. G.Dickerson, R. L. Dickson, D. Dietz, Rp Dietz, R. Disciara, G NDisciara, G. N. Dodemont, R. Dodson, J. J.Dolphin, C. T. Dols, J.p Dolvin, S. Domingo, M. Donais, M. K.Donovan, G. P. Dore, M.p Doroff, A. M.Doucette, G. J. Dubeau, H. Dubey, J. P. Duck, C. D. Duffe, J.Duffield, D. A.zDuffield, Deborah A. UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-40CJYDY-D/1/ed8641b0c2ed42a023d1f9fdf59e9b27 Duffy, L. K. Duffy, N.Dufresne, M. M.Duignan, P. J.Duinker, J. C. Duinker, J.C. Dunn, B.P. Early, Gp Early, G. Early, G.A.Eberhardt, L. L. Echols, S. Edlund, M. Edwards, A Egan, M. G.Eijgenraam, F.Eikenberry, E. F. Ekker, M. Ekrol, N. Elliott, J.E. Ellis, G. M. Endo, T.Engelhardt, FREpstein, M. S. Erbe, C. Eriksen, E.F. Ernest, D. Ernest, D. W. et al. Evans, M. G.Evans, P. G. H.of these two compounds between seals and cetaceans. Correlations between the concentrations of tris-chlorophenyl compounds with other persistent organochlorines such as HCHs, CHLs, DDTs and PCBs were significant, suggesting their accumulation nature similar to these organochlorines.Conference 2. Int. Conf. on Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology, Hong Kong (P.R. China), Jun 1998 Using Smart Source Parsing 1-12, pp. 383-392. Jan-Dec English2+Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Bioaccumulation; Fats; China, People's Rep., Hong Kong; Coastal Waters; Lipids; DDT; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Toxicity; Organochlorine compounds; Marine pollution; Contamination; PCB compounds; Chlordane; Hexachlorobenzene; Hong Kong; Sousa chinensis; Neophocaena phocaenoides; Cetacea; marine mammals; Neophocaena phocaenoides; Sousa chinensis; ISEW, China, People's Rep., Hong Kong cetaceans Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION4621707 l(,(ISW, Kenya, Coast, Kwale, Wasini ChannelItaly Italy Coast Italy, Italy, ApuliaItaly, Mediterranean Sea Italy, Puglia Italy, SienaIWCJ 02862 InfectionJapan Japan,Japan, Ayukawa0*Japan, Honshu, Iwate Prefect., Otsuchi BayJapan, Otsuchi Bay Japan, Taiji jubatus JuvenilesK K 03039 AlgaeK 03099 Pollution84Kainic Acid/analogs & derivatives/analysis/poisoning0 Kattegat Kenya, Coast Keratinocytes/ultrastructure\ KidneyKidney Tubules,,(Kidney Tubules, Proximal: ultrastructureKidney/analysismp Kidney/analysis/drug effects/ Kidney:Kidney: chemistryKidney: drug effectsKidney: metabolismKidney: ultrastructure KidneysKiller Cells, Natural$!Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology("Killer Cells, Natural/drug effectsmmu$Killer Cells, Natural/pathologyog(#Killer Cells, Natural: drug effects Killer whale Killer whales kineticsKogiaKogia brevicepsKongKrill laboratories LactationLactation/*immunologyLactation/blooddLactation/physiologytLagenodelphis hoseiLagenorhynchusLagenorhynchus acutus Lagenorhynchus albirostris LagenorhyncusLagenorhyncus acutus Lampreysi Largha sealLarus argentatusLarus hyperboreus Larva/growth & developmentete$Larynx/*anatomy & histology LasersLawrence Estuary Lawrence GulfLaysan albatrossLeadLead/*toxicitypopLead:Lead: pharmacokinetics Legal aspectslegislation and sociology$Leiomyoma/pathology/*veterinaryerLeiomyoma/veterinaryo Length-weight relationshipsLeptonychotes weddelli LesionsLethal Dose 50s/dLethal effectsLethal limits) leucas Leukocyte Count/veterinaryogy Leukocytes(#Leukocytes/*drug effects/immunologyloLeukocytes/*immunologynarLeukocytes/drug effectss/Leuprolide/metabolism levelsLidar Life cycleLife cycle analysis Life history Ligandsse Ligurian Sea Limits limits) lindaneLindane/*analysis@7Science of the Total Environment [Sci. Total Environ.].  273i 1-3mThe concentrations of Hg, Sn, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Mn, Fe and Cu were determined in the liver, kidney and muscle of 24 common dolphins stranded on the Portuguese coast between 1995 and 1998. Nitric acid was used to extract the metals from the tissues for analysis by inductively-coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES). Those metals with relatively higher concentrations included Fe, Zn and Hg, particularly in liver. Other metals including Cr, Ni and Cd tended to show much lower levels, or were even undetected (e.g. Co). Different metals seemed to show different temporal trends, although due to substantial variations of the mean concentrations for each year obtained, such temporal pattern has to be studied further. Total Hg concentration in the kidney, muscle and particularly liver, were higher in females than in males. Total Hg concentrations in all the organs increased with body length of dolphins, whilst those of Zn and Cu in muscle decreased with dolphin length. A strong correlation was found between essential metals Zn and Cu in muscle, possibly resulting from sequestration of these metals by metal-lothionein. In addition, significant co-associations existed between the same metal (e.g. Hg, Sn and Zn) in different organs.:4Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 61-76. 12 Jun EnglishLiver; Males; Females; Body size; Kidneys; Muscles; Stranding; Bioaccumulation; Heavy metals; Iron; Zinc; Mercury; Marine pollution; Coastal waters; Portugal; Tissues; Kidney; Organs; Marine organisms; Delphinus delphis; Delphinidae; ANE, Portugal marine mammals; Dolphins; Killer whales; Pilot whales; Saddle-backed dolphin Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; X 24163 Metabolism; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION5170202f22113781NGZiccardi, M. H. Mazet, J. A. Gardner, I. A. Boyce, W. M. Denison, M. S.Validation of a cell culture bioassay for detection of petroleum exposure in mink (Mustela vison) as a model for detection in sea otters (Enhydra lutris)kOBJECTIVE: To validate a luciferase bioassay, which is based on a recombinant mouse hepatoma cell line, for the detection of exposure to petroleum in mustelid species. ANIMALS: 122 American mink (Mustela vison) and 15 sea otters (Enhydra lutris). PROCEDURES: Mink were exposed to Bunker C fuel oil or Alaska North Slope crude oil externally as a single exposure or internally via low dose concentrations in their ration for 6 months. Serum samples were analyzed for cytochrome P450 1A1 induction by quantification of luciferase activity in the bioassay. Mink liver specimens were also evaluated for cytochrome P450 1A1 induction by quantification of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity. Serum collected from exposed and unexposed sea otters was also analyzed using the luciferase bioassay. RESULTS: Serum samples from mink externally exposed to petroleum had significantly increased luciferase activities at 1 week after exposure. Serum samples taken at later time points or from mink exposed to either product in the ration did not cause significant luciferase induction. Samples from otters exposed to petroleum had significantly higher luciferase induction as compared with samples from otters not exposed to petroleum at 2 and 8 years after the spill. Cytochrome P450 1A1 activity in liver specimens collected from mink that were internally exposed through diet was significantly increased at the conclusion of our study. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The luciferase bioassay is a sensitive and specific method for determining recent exposure to petroleum in mink. The lack of luciferase activity in serum samples collected from mink greater than 1 week after experimental exposure was likely attributable to lower overall petroleum exposure in our trial, compared with natural exposures.e Am J Vet Res 2002637 963-8.:3Laser safety thresholds for cetaceans and pinnipeds0*Zorn, H. M. Churnside, J. H. Oliver, C. W. 20002,Marine Mammal Science [Mar. Mamm. Sci.]. no.1186-20060An increase in the use of oceanographic lidar has raised concern over laser safety for marine mammals. We were able to address some of these concerns by combining information about current laser safety standards, retinal damage mechanisms for humans, and research on eye anatomy for humans, cetaceans, and pinnipeds. To estimate the irradiance at the retina, the image size at the retina and pupil diameter must be known. We estimate the smallest spot size using retinal resolution or visual acuity for six species of cetaceans and five species of pinnipeds. A sensitivity ratio was calculated for each species using the ratio of the irradiance at the retina of the marine mammal to the irradiance at the retina of humans. The sensitivity ratio was used to suggest exposure limits for the various species. Because the human eye is more sensitive than either the cetacean or pinniped eye, we conclude that laser energies that are eye-safe for humans will also be safe for marine mammals, and higher laser irradiances may be permissible if illumination of humans is avoided.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Jan EnglishLidar; Lasers; Retinas; Injuries; Pinnipedia; Cetacea Cetaceans; Whales Q5 01523 Conservation, wildlife management and recreation; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology4677550 tion effects heavy metals|Tris (4-chlorophenyl) methane and tris (4-chlorophenyl) methanol in marine mammals from the Estuary and Gulf of St. LawrencePILebeuf, M. Bernt, K. E. Trottier, S. Noel, M. Hammill, M. O. Measures, L.h 20002+Environmental Pollution [Environ. Pollut.]. 1111 29-43Levels of tris (4-chlorophenyl) methanol (TCPM) and its presumed precursor tris (4-chlorophenyl) methane (TCPMe) are reported in marine mammals from the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. These compounds were measured in blubber samples of seals and whales using ion trap mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. Detectable concentrations of both TCPM and TCPMe were observed in all of the samples analysed. Concentrations of these compounds varied with species ranging from 1.7 to 153 and from 1.3 to 50.6 ng/g lipid wt. for TCPM and TCPMe, respectively. TCPM was from 1.3 to 10 times more concentrated than TCPMe. The highest levels of both TCPM and TCPMe were observed in adult male beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary, while adult female beluga whales from the same area showed levels similar to those in the seals examined. Among the four seal species investigated, TCPM and TCPMe levels were the highest in grey (Halichoerus grypus) and hooded (Cystophora cristata) seals, and lowest in harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Intermediate levels were found in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina); however, their concentrations might be underestimated considering the younger mean age of these animals. Ratios of both 4,4'-DDE/ capital sigma DDT and TCPM/ capital sigma TCP were very similar between animals from the same species. Strong correlations between capital sigma TCP and capital sigma DDT were also observed for each species of mammals, most likely indicating that both capital sigma TCP and capital sigma DDT are bioaccumulated in marine mammals. The relationships between capital sigma DDT and capital sigma TCP also demonstrate that capital sigma TCP are less bioaccumulated than capital sigma DDT by the marine mammal species examined.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp EnglishChlorinated hydrocarbons; Bioaccumulation; Pollution effects; DDT; DDE; Pollution surveys; Lipids; Fats; Marine mammals; Marine organisms; Mammalia; Mass spectrometry; Halichoerus grypus; Cystophora cristata; Phoca groenlandica; Phoca vitulina; Delphinapterus leucas; Canada, St. Lawrence Estuary; Canada, St. Lawrence Gulf; tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol; tris(4-chlorophenyl) methane; Marine ecosystems; Pollution; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane; Delphinapterus leucas; Phoca vitulina; Halichoerus grypus; Cystophora cristata; Phoca groenlandica; ANW, Canada, St. Lawrence Gulf; ANW, Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol; tris(4-chlorophenyl) methane; White whale; Beluga whale; Gray seal; Hooded seal; Harp seal; Harbor seal; blubber Marine Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24156 Environmental impact; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology4787115ws WhaliAccumulation and tissue distribution of mercury and selenium in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Mediterranean Sea (southern Italy)<5Cardellicchio, N. Decataldo, A. Di Leo, A. Misino, A. 20022+Environmental Pollution [Environ. Pollut.]. 116P2n265-271rTissues and organs from Stenella coeruleoalba stranded along the Apulian coasts (southern Italy) during the period April-July 1991 were analyzed for their mercury and selenium content. Analysis showed considerable variations in the mercury concentration in the examined organs and tissues. The highest concentrations of mercury were found in the liver (from 2.27 to 374.50 mu g g super(-1) wet wt.). After the liver, lung, kidney, muscle and brain were the most contaminated, while the lowest mercury contamination was found in the melon. As mercury, the liver also showed the highest selenium levels. Liver samples were also analyzed for their methyl mercury contents. The role of selenium in detoxification process of methyl mercury has been discussed. Mercury concentrations related to geographic variations and pollution of the marine environment have been examined. The possible implications between mercury accumulation and dolphin death have also been discussed.,%Using Smart Source Parsing pp EnglishMercury; Selenium; Bioaccumulation; Tissues; Organs; Marine organisms; Liver; Mortality; Dimethylmercury; Lung; Geographical variations; Marine pollution; Kidney; Muscles; Brain; Coastal waters; Metals; Water pollution; Italy, Apulia; Mediterranean Sea; Water Pollution Effects; Fate of Pollutants; Marine Mammals; Animal Tissues; Chemical Composition; Methylmercury; Animal physiology; Detoxification; Mercury compounds; Pollution detection; Body burden; Pollution effects; Chemical pollution; Mortality causes; Stranding; Pollution (Water); Tissues (Biological); Animals (Mammals) (Marine); Mercury-197; Mercury (Organic); Stenella coeruleoalba; Italy, Apulia; Mediterranean Sea; Italy; MED, Italy, Puglia Striped dolphin Marine P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; X 24163 Metabolism; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; O 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology; Q5 01504 Effects on organisms; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution; X 24166 Environmental impact5327807Cm3w ziz82White, R.D. Hahn, M.E. W.L. Lockhart J.J. Stegeman 1994}Catalytic and immunochemical characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochromes P450 in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) g | *#Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 126 45-574-beluga, whale, marine mammals, P4501A, P4502BIn vitro metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and pilot whale (Globicephala melas) and relationship to cytochrome P450 expressionJDWhite, R. D. Shea, D. Schlezinger, J. J. Hahn, M. E. Stegeman, J. J. 2000NHComparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP 126 3i 267-84We measured rates of oxidative metabolism of two tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) congeners by hepatic microsomes of two marine mammal species, beluga whale and pilot whale, as related to content of selected cytochrome P450 (CYP) forms. Beluga liver microsomes oxidized 3,3',4,4'-TCB at rates averaging 21 and 5 pmol /min per mg for males and females, respectively, while pilot whale samples oxidized this congener at 0.3 pmol/min per mg or less. However, rates of 3,3',4,4'-TCB metabolism correlated with immunodetected CYP1A1 protein content in liver microsomes of both species. The CYP1A inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone inhibited 3,3',4,4'-TCB metabolism by 40% in beluga, supporting a role for a cetacean CYP1A as a catalyst of this activity. Major metabolites of 3,3',4,4'-TCB generated by beluga liver microsomes were 4-OH-3,3',4',5-TCB and 5-OH-3,3',4,4'-TCB (98% of total), similar to metabolites formed by other species CYP1A1, and suggesting a 4,5-epoxide-TCB intermediate. Liver microsomes of both species metabolized 2,2',5,5'-TCB at rates of 0.2-1.5 pmol/min per mg. Both species also expressed microsomal proteins cross-reactive with antibodies raised against some mammalian CYP2Bs (rabbit; dog), but not others (rat; scup). Whether CYP2B homologues occur and function in cetaceans is uncertain. This study demonstrates that PCBs are metabolized to aqueous-soluble products by cetacean liver enzymes, and that in beluga, rates of metabolism of 3,3',4,4'-TCB are substantially greater than those of 2,2',5,5'-TCB. These directly measured rates generally support the view that PCB metabolism plays a role in shaping the distribution patterns of PCB residues found in cetacean tissue.l,&Using Smart Source Parsing Jul English$Animal; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism; Dolphins: metabolism; Female; Male; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating: metabolism; Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Whales: metabolism11048677Whitehead, H P Payne, R  1981TNNew techniques for assessing populations of right whales without killing them.FAO Fisheries Series5 189-209.0*Wiig, O Derocher, AE Cronin, MM Skaare, JU 199882Female pseudohermaphrodite polar bears at Svalbard"Journal of Wildlife Diseases344792-796dDuring research on polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard in April 1996, we captured two yearlings with a normal vaginal opening and a 20 mm penis containing a baculum. The penis was located caudal to the location in a normal male and was concealed within the vaginal opening by a single pair of labia. The urethral opening was situated laterally about 5 mm from the distal end of the penis. Neither of the yearlings showed signs of a Y chromosome, so both bears were regarded as female pseudohermaphrodites. On separate occasions in two bears, we recorded aberrant genitalia morphology with a high degree of clitoral hypertrophy in Svalbard, which we also classified as female pseudohermaphroditism. The observed rate of female pseudohermaphroditism in this area was 1.5% (4/269). Pseudohermaphroditism in this polar bear population could result from excessive androgen excretion by the mother caused by a tumor, or it could be a result of endocrine disruption from environmental pollutants.< HAAD>Willes, R.F. Nestmann, E.R. Miller, P.A. Orr, J.C. Munro, I.C. 1993|Scientific Principles for Evaluating the Potential for Adverse Effects from Chlorinated Organic Chemicals in the EnvironmentRegul Toxicol Pharmacol182313-356,&Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI POPULATION; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; ASSISTED STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY; SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA; CHICK-EDEMA DISEASE; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; natural products; reviewZSReview RF Willes, Cantox Inc, 308-2233 Argentia Rd, Mississauga L5N 2X7, on, Canada^WEpidermal diseases in bottlenose dolphins: impacts of natural and anthropogenic factorsWilson, B. Arnold, H. Bearzi, G. Fortuna, C. M. Gaspar, R. Ingram, S. Liret, C. Pribanic, S. Read, A. J. Ridoux, V. Schneider, K. Urian, K. W. Wells, R. S. Wood, C. et al., 1423~xProceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences [Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B: Biol. Sci.]. no.Experimental studies have highlighted the potential influence of contaminants on marine mammal immune function and anthropogenic contaminants are commonly believed to influence the development of diseases observed in the wild. However, estimates of the impact of contaminants on wild populations are constrained by uncertainty over natural variation in disease patterns under different environmental conditions. We used photographic techniques to compare levels of epidermal disease in ten coastal populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) exposed to a wide range of natural and anthropogenic conditions. Epidermal lesions were common in all populations (affecting >60% of individuals), but both the prevalence and severity of 15 lesion categories varied between populations. No relationships were found between epidermal disease and contaminant levels across the four populations for which toxicological data were available. In contrast, there were highly significant linear relationships with oceanographic variables. In particular, populations from areas of low water temperature and low salinity exhibited higher lesion prevalence and severity. Such conditions may impact on epidermal integrity or produce more general physiological stress, potentially making animals more vulnerable to natural infections or anthropogenic factors. These results show that variations in natural environmental factors must be accounted for when investigating the importance of anthropogenic impacts on disease in wild marine mammals.n@:Using Smart Source Parsing pp. 1077-1083. May 1999 EnglishAnimal diseases; Skin; Lesions; Pollution effects; Environmental effects; Tursiops truncatus Bottle-nosed dolphin Marine Q1 01484 Species interactions: parasites and diseases; O 1070 Ecology/Community Studies4662616tO XN96076216xrIntestinal adenocarcinomas in two beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the estuary of the St. Lawrence River4.Martineau, D. Lair, S. De Guise, S. Beland, P.Adenocarcinoma/pathology/*veterinary Animal Canada Case Report Fresh Water Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology/*veterinary Male Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Whales Can Vet J  1995369 563-5.\VCancer in Wildlife, a Case Study: Beluga from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canadad]Martineau, D. Lemberger, K. Dallaire, A. Labelle, P. Lipscomb, T. P. Michel, P. Mikaelian, I.  2002D>Environmental Health Perspectives [Environ. Health Perspect.]. 110;3i285-292;d^A population of approximately 650 beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabits a short segment of the St. Lawrence estuary (SLE). Over 17 years (1983-1999), we have examined 129 (or 49%) of 263 SLE beluga carcasses reported stranded. The major primary causes of death were respiratory and gastrointestinal infections with metazoan parasites (22%), cancer (18%), and bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections (17%). We observed cancer in 27% of examined adult animals found dead, a percentage similar to that found in humans. The estimated annual rate (AR) of all cancer types (163/100,000 animals) is much higher than that reported for any other population of cetacean and is similar to that of humans and to that of hospitalized cats and cattle. The AR of cancer of the proximal intestine, a minimum figure of 63 per 100,000 animals, is much higher than that observed in domestic animals and humans, except in sheep in certain parts of the world, where environmental contaminants are believed to be involved in the etiology of this condition. SLE beluga and their environment are contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced by the local aluminum smelters. The human population living in proximity of the SLE beluga habitat is affected by rates of cancer higher than those found in people in the rest of Quebec and Canada, and some of these cancers have been epidemiologically related to PAHs. Considered with the above observations, the exposure of SLE beluga to PAHs and their contamination by these compounds are consistent with the hypothesis that PAHs are involved in the etiology of cancer in these animals.0*Using Smart Source Parsing pp. Mar EnglishPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Water pollution; Cancer; Wildlife; Intestine; Animals (Mammals) (Marine); Pollution (Water); Estuaries; Diseases (Malignant); Protozoa; Diseases (Infectious); Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary; Marine Mammals; Water Pollution Effects; Diseases; Infection; Mortality; Pollution effects; Smelters; Aluminum; Industrial pollution; Carcinogens; Stranding; Carcasses; Intestines; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Aluminium; Industrial wastes; Animal diseases; Aetiology; Epidemiology; Delphinapterus leucas; Canada, Quebec; Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary; ANW, Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary Beluga whale; White whale; smelters; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Marine X 24156 Environmental impact; AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution; SW 3030 Effects of pollution; P 1000 MARINE POLLUTION; Q1 01376 Physiology, biochemistry, biophysics; Q5 01504 Effects on organismso5397508m)$