DMH KFossils, Metazoa, embryos, Cambrian, Olivooides, Markuelia, China, Siberia,% % / 1 : , &Berney, C. Pawlowski, J. Zaninetti, L. 2000 Z TElongation factor 1-alpha sequences do not support an early divergence of the Acoela Mol. Biol. Evol. 17 1032-1039 ( "Boore, Jerrfey L. Brown, Wesley M. 1994 : 3Mitochondrial genomes and the phylogeny of mollusks Nautilus Suppl. 2 61-78 The Nautilus DMH 2 ,Mollusca, mtDNA, genome, phylogeny, 18S rRNA T NBig trees from little genomes: mitochondrial gene order as a phylogenetic tool Boore, J. L. Brown, W. M. 1998 Curr Opin Genet Dev 8V 6 668-74 Gene arrangement comparisons are a powerful tool for phylogenetic studies, especially those focused on ancient relationships. Recent reports using metazoan mitochondrial genomes address evolutionary relationships as well as rates and mechanisms of rearrangement. Mitochondrial systems serve as a model for larger-scale comparisons of whole organismal genomes and a stimulus for developing methods for reconstructing the patterns of rearrangement. @ 9Animal:; DNA, Mitochondrial:; Genome:; Human:; Phylogeny:g x qUsing Smart Source Parsing Dec Issn 0959-437x Refs.: 50 English Journal article; review; review, tutorial MedlineV Boore, J.L.` 1999 " Animal mitochondrial genomes Nucl Acid Res` 27 8d 1767-1780` Nucleic Acids Research t2251 COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; TRANSFER-RNA GENES; COMPLETE DNA-SEQUENCE; SCALLOP PLACOPECTEN-MAGELLANICUS; ANEMONE METRIDIUM SENILE; CONTROL-REGION; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; PHYLOGENETIC POSITION; SARCOPHYTON GLAUCUM; CONSERVED FEATURESL P JBoore JL, Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, 830 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor,MI 48109 USA Boore, J. L. In preparation aThe echiuran Urechis caupo has a mitochondrial gene arrangement similar to those of annelid worms Boore, J. L. Staton, J. L. in press {The mitochondrial genome of the sipunculid Phascolopsis gouldii supports its association with Annelida rather than Mollusca + ? Mol. Biol. Evol. C B( l Line Conserved Sequence DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics Exons Introns Mice Molecular Sequence Data *Phylogeny Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Transcription Factors/*genetics 8 P Amino Aciquence 1\
8Popodi, E., J.C. Kissinger, M.E. Andrews, and R.A. Raff. 1996 D >Sea urchin hox genes: Insights into the ancestral Hox cluster. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13(8) 1078-1086` j creviews Hox genes found in echinoderms, tunicates, amphioxus, chordates, arthropods and C. elegans. *r; filed with Wray, G. 6 /Prince, V.E., Joly, L., Ekker, M., and Ho, R.K. 1998 bZebrafish hox genes: genomic organization and modified colinear expression patterns in the trunk. Development 125 3 407-420 @ 9Raff, Rudolf A. Marshall, Charles R. Turbeville, James M. 1994 P IUsing DNA sequences to unravel the Cambrian radiation of the animal phyla Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25 351-375K KMH B ;Metazoa, 18S, evolution, review, phyla, Cambrian, radiation # " s rF / p 11455434 z sIsolation of genes involved in ascidian metamorphosis: epidermal growth factor signaling and metamorphic competence Although embryonic development in ascidians has been studied for over a century, the signals involved in coordinating post-larval development and metamorphosis are just beginning to be investigated. In this paper, we demonstrate that transcription is necessary for both the acquisition of metamorphic competence and the completion of the initial events of metamorphosis in Boltenia villosa. Transcripts expressed during metamorphic competence were isolated by a suppressive PCR subtraction of Boltenia villosa larval cDNAs. One of these transcripts is homologous to cornichon. Cornichon has a crucial but undefined role in epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling during Drosophila embryogenesis. In situ hybridization demonstrates that Boltenia cornichon (Cnib) is expressed in the anterior papillary region of larvae as they gain competence. Our hypothesis is that Cnib acts to potentiate EGF signaling, thereby allowing Boltenia larvae to respond to cues for metamorphosis. Further research into the role of Cnib in urochordate metamorphosis may provide insight into the function of cornichon in other organisms. A better molecular understanding of urochordate metamorphosis will also provide a foundation for exploring the role of metamorphosis in chordate evolution. ' Box 351800, Zoology Department and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA bjswalla@u.washington.edu; Friday Harbor Laboratories, 620 University Road, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA Davidson, B. Swalla, B. J. eng Journal Article0 Dev Genes Evol 2001 Apr 211 4 190-4. l ede Rosa, R. Grenier, J. K. Andreeva, T. Cook, C. E. Adoutte, A. Akam, M. Carroll, S. B. Balavoine, G. 1999 F @HOX genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome evolution Nature 399d 772-776 KMH $ abdominal, polychaete, annelid 8 2Degnan, B. M. Souter, D. Degnan, S. M. Long, S. C. 1997 Induction of metamorphosis with potassium ions requires development of competence and an anterior signalling centre in the ascidian Herdmania momus. & Development, Genes and Evolution 206 370-376E Duboule, Denis, ed. 1994 & Guidebook to the Homeobox Genes Oxford Oxford University Press 2840 1 f _Eeckhaut, I. McHugh, D. Mardulyn, P. Tiedemann, R. Monteyne, D. Jangoux, M. Milinkovitch, M. C. 2000 < 6Myzostomida: a link between trochozoans and flatworms? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267p 1383-1392d 0 *Eernisse, D.J. Albert, J.S. Anderson, F.E. 1992 j dAnnelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: a phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan phylogeny Systematic Biology 41 305-330 Sys. Biol. a Q @ Pd 3 5 0 , %Knezevic, V. De Santo, R. Mackem, S. 1997 Two novel chick T-box genes related to mouse Brachyury are expressed in different, non-overlapping mesodermal domains during gastrulation. - 6 Development 124 411-419 Knoll, A. Carroll, S. B. 1999 R KEarly animal evolution: Emerging views from comparative biology and geology Science 284d 2129-2137 KMH HOX, fossils Lake, J. A. 1990 Origin of Metazoa Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 763-766 KMH metazoa, 18S, rDNA 8 1Lans, Deborah Wedeen, Cathy J. Weisblat, David A.% 1993 PCell lineage analysis of the expression of an engrailed homolog in leech embryos . 7 Development 117l 857-871d Developmentd DMH F @Leech, Hirudinea, engrailed, cell lineage, annelid, segmentation Z TLocascio, A., Aniello, F., Amoroso, A., Manzanares, M., Krumlauf, R., and Branno, M. 1999 jPatterning the ascidian nervous system: structure, expression and transgenic analysis of the CiHox3 gene. ^ d Development 126 4737-4748 j cMackey, L. Y., Winnepenninckx, B., De Wachter, R., Backeljau, T., Emschermann, P. and Garey, J. R.` 1996 R K18S rRNA suggests that entoprocta are protostomes, unrelated to ectoprocta. J. Mol. Evol. 42 552-559 8 1Manzanares, Miguel Marco, Roberto Garesse, Rafael% 1993 pGenomic organization and developmental pattern of expression of the engrailed gene from the brine shrimp Artemia i Development 118< 1209-1219 Developmentd DMH sCrustacea, Artemia franciscana, genomic organization, developmental pattern, engrailed gene, homeobox, segmentation $ McEdward, L. R. Janies, D. A.N 1993 : 3Life cycle evolution in Asteriods: What is a larva?c Biol. Bull. 184r 255-268` 6/ The diversity of larval forms and developmental patterns in asteroid echinoderms has become increasingly apparent over the past 10-15 years. However, the classification of developmental patterns has been ambiguous because the patterns have not been defined as unique sets of ecological and developmental character states. In addition, character states have not been defined consistently. Thus attempts to understand the evolutionary changes in development (e.g., heterochrony and heterotopy in morphogenesis) that underlie larval diversity have been hampered. We propose a multifactor classification of asteroid developmental patterns that uses an explicit set of characters that provide information on habitat (e.g. pelagic or benthic) and mode of nutrition (e.g. feeding or nonfeeding) of developing the young, as well as the type of morphological development (indirect= larval; direct= nonlarval). We conclude that direct development is exceptionally rare. All asteroids whose development has been studied, except Pteraster tesselatus, have the indirect type of development. We also propose definitions of some important terms that have been used inconsistently in the literature (e.g. larva, metamorphosis, indirect development, and direct development). Our definitions take into account the continuous nature of development and the evolutionary diversification of onto genetic sequences. These definitions are intended to provide a clear conceptual basis for analyzing asteroid life cycle evolution. We argue that ancestral steroid life cycle involved pelagic larval development with both bipinnarian and brachiolarian stages. We then present a series of hypotheses for six types of evolutionary transitions in development that can account for the diversity of larval forms and developmental patterns in starfish.h ` ysiology Evolution Female Fertilization Gastrula/physiology/ultrastructure Hybrid Cells/physiology/ultrastructure Male Monophenol Monooxygenase/genetics Morphogenesis/genetics Muscles/*embryology/enzymology Myosin/genetics RNA Probes RNA, Messenger/metabolism Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, Smith, J. 2 ,T-box genes: what they do and how they do it Animal DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Human Models, Molecular Protein Conformation Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics pjBrachyury is the founder member of the T-box family of transcription factors, which is characterized by a DNA-binding domain of approximately 200 amino acids. Members of the T-box gene family play important roles in the development of both vertebrate and invertebrate embryos, including the control of gastrulation, development of the heart, and perhaps even the decision as to whether to form arm or leg. An understanding of how the T-box genes act requires analysis of how their expression is controlled, identification of their target genes, and an insight into how different family members exert different effects. ' Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK NW7 1AA. jim@nimr.mrc.ac.uk 10203826 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10203826 http://www.biomednet.com/library/fulltext/TIG.tigs0499_01689525_v0015i04_00001693 Trends Genet 1999 15 4 154-8. 11260711 P IAn exceptionally preserved vermiform mollusc from the Silurian of England Studies of the origin and radiation of the molluscs have yet to resolve many issues regarding their nearest relatives, phylogeny and ancestral characters. The Polyplacophora (chitons) and the Aplacophora are widely interpreted as the most primitive extant molluscs, but Lower Palaeozoic fossils of the former lack soft parts, and the latter were hitherto unrecognized as fossils. The Herefordshire Lagerstatte is a Silurian (about 425 Myr bp) deposit that preserves a marine biota in remarkable three-dimensional detail. The external surface of even non-biomineralized cuticle was preserved by entombment in volcanic ash, subsequent incorporation into concretions, and infilling of the fossils with sparry calcite. Here we describe, from this deposit, a complete vermiform mollusc, which we interpret as a plated aplacophoran. Serial grinding at intervals of tens of micrometres, combined with computer-based reconstruction methods, renders the fossils in the round. ' \ VEarth Sciences Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. 0 *Sutton, M. D. Briggs, D. E. Siveter, D. J. eng Journal Articlel ~ wAnimal England *Evolution *Fossils Image Processing, Computer-Assisted *Mollusca/classification Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Nature 2001 Mar 22 410 6827 461-3.s to the name Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914. The new classification does not use Linnaean categories, and the Polychaeta comprises two clades, the Scolecida and Palpata. The Palpata has the clades Aciculata and Canalipalpata. The Aciculata contains the Phyllodocida and Eunicida. The Canalipalpata has three clades; the Sabellida (including the Siboglinidae) Spionida and Terebellida. The position of a number of families requires further investigation. (C) 1997 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Using Smart Source Parsing N GRuiz-Trillo, I. Riutort, M. Littlewood, T. J. Herniou, E. A. Bagua, J.@ 1999 \ UAcoel flatworms: Earliest extant bilaterian metazoans, not members of platyhelminthes Science 283 1919-1923+ . 'Shubin, Neil Tabin, Cliff Carroll, Sean 1997 6 0Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs Nature 388 639-648d Nature ` Yarthropods, insects, onychophorans, appendages, Hox, Sonic, Hedgehog, engrailed, Ubx, Dpp ^ >> ?bAnimal Base Sequence Chordata, Nonvertebrate/embryology/genetics Comparative Study DNA Primers/genetics DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Larva/genetics/growth & development Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Sea Urchins/embryology/genetics Species Specificity Starfish/*embryology/*genetics/growth & development Support, Non-U. ( !Rouse, Greg W. Fauchald, Kristianr 1995 " The articulation of annelids Zool. Scrip. 24 4 269-301d Zoological Scripta DMHL Annelida, articulation, phylogeny, Metazoa, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Sipuncula, Mollusca, Echiura, Polychaeta, Vestimentifera, Pogonophora, Clitellata, Euarthropoda, Onychophorao Rouse, G. W. Fauchald, K. 1997 Cladistics and polychaetes < 5Rouse, G. W. Sch Biol Sci, A. Sydney, Nsw, Australia, Zoologica Scripta0 26 2 139-204Y t2036 (vol) NHA series of cladistic analyses assesses the status and membership of the taxon Polychaeta. The available literature, and a review by Fauchald and Rouse (1997), on the 80 accepted families of the Polychaeta are used to develop characters and data matrices. As well as the polychaete families, non-polychaete taxa, such as the Echiura, Euarthropoda, Onychophora, Pogonophora (as Frenulata and Vestimentifera), Clitellata, Aeolosomatidae and Potamodrilidae, are included in the analyses. All trees are rooted using the Sipuncula as outgroup. Characters are based on features (where present) such as the prostomium, peristomium, antennae, palps, nuchal organs, parapodia, stomodaeum, segmental organ structure and distribution, circulation and chaetae. A number of analyses are performed, involving different ways of coding and weighting the characters, as well as the number of taxa included. Transformation series are provided for several of these analyses. One of the analyses is chosen to provide a new classification. The Annelida is found to be monophyletic, though weakly supported, and comprises the Clitellata and Polychaeta. The Polychaeta is monophyletic only if taxa such as the Pogonophora, Aeolosomatidae and Potamodrilidae are included and is also weakly supported. The Pogonophora is reduced to the rank of family within the Polychaeta and reverts to the name Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914. The new classification does not use Linnaean categories, and the Polychaeta comprises two clades, the Scolecida and Palpata. The Palpata has the clades Aciculata and Canalipalpata. The Aciculata contains the Phyllodocida and Eunicida. The Canalipalpata has three clades; the Sabellida (including the Siboglinidae) Spionida and Terebellida. The position of a number of families requires further investigation. (C) 1997 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Using Smart Source Parsing N GRuiz-Trillo, I. Riutort, M. Littlewood, T. J. Herniou, E. A. Bagua, J.@ 1999 \ UAcoel flatworms: Earliest extant bilaterian metazoans, not members of platyhelminthes Science 283 1919-1923+ combs reduced (Scr), Deformed (Dfd), proboscipedia (pb), and orthodenticle (otd) confirm direct correspondence of head segments. The chelicerate deutocerebral segment has not been reduced or lost. We make further inferences concerning the evolution of heads and Hox genes in arthropods.f Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 95 18 10671-5 Telford, M. J. 2000 2 ,Turning Hox "signatures" into synapomorphies Evol. Devel. 2 360-264 Evolution and Development Knoll, Andrew H. Kostriken, R. Kristensen, R.M.H Kuehn, M. R.8 Kumar, Sudhir Lake, J. A.X Lake, James A. \H Lane, David J. \H Lans, Deborah Lartillot, N. Lasker, Howard R. Lespinet, O.X Lindberg, D. R.) Linford, Lawrence S.H Littlewood, T. J. Liva, Stephanie M. \H XTLocascio, A., Aniello, F., Amoroso, A., Manzanares, M., Krumlauf, R., and Branno, M.0 Long, S. C.8 Lowe, C.f Lowe, L.f Mable, B. K.X Mackem, S. 8 hcMackey, L. Y., Winnepenninckx, B., De Wachter, R., Backeljau, T., Emschermann, P. and Garey, J. R. Mackey, Laura Y.H Makabe, K. W. Mallatt, J.8 Mansour, Tag E.) Manzanares, Miguel) Marco, Roberto) Mardulyn, P.X Marshall, Charles R.H Martindale, M. Q. Maruyama, Y. K. McEdward, L. R. McHugh, D. X McHugh, DamhnaitH Mihulka, S.X Milinkovitch, M. C.\H Miyamoto, M. M.\H Mochizuki, K. Monteyne, D.X Moon, S. Y.X Morisawa, M.8 Mortiz, C. X Muller, C. W. Naito, M. Nehls, M. Nielsen, Claus \H Nishida, H.8 Nishida, T.8 Nishimiya-Fujisawa, C.P Nishino, A.8 Noce, T.f Nsw9T Nusslein-Volhard, C. Ny%3T Oakley, T. H. Olsen, G. J.X Olsen, Gary J. \H Omland, K. E. Pace, Norman R.\H Palumbi, Stephen R.\H Panganiban, G. (#Papaioannou, V.E., and Silver, L.M. Passamaneck, Y.\H Patel, Nipam H.) Patel, Nipam H. et al.` Pawlowski, J. Peel, John SX Peterson, K.8 Peterson, K. J.\H 83Peterson, K.J., Arenas-Mena, C., and Davidson, E.H. LHPeterson, K.J., Cameron, R.A., Tagawa, K., Satoh, N., and Davidson, E.H.0 Poe, StevenX Polz, M.V <8Popodi, E., J.C. Kissinger, M.E. Andrews, and R.A. Raff.` Postlethwait, J. 4/Prince, V.E., Joly, L., Ekker, M., and Ho, R.K., Prud'homme, B. \H Raff, Elizabeth C. \H Raff, Rudolf A.\H Rannala, B.X Reid, D.G. X Rennebeck, G. Rice, M. E.8 Riemer, D. 8 Riutort, M.8 Rivera, Maria C.H Rochester Roehl, H. Rouse, G. W.X Rouse, Greg W. \H Ruiz-Trillo, I. Russ, A.f Ruvinsky, I.8 Saitoh, B. 8 Sakai, Y. Sasaki, H. 8 Satoh, G. Satoh, N. Satou, Y. Sch Biol Sci, A.H Scharf, Nikolaj\H Schier, A. F. Schulte-Merker, S. @;Schumpert, B., Keefer, A., Wright, C.V.E., and Swalla, B.J.=p Sedgwick, S. G. Shen, M. M.8 Sherbon, B.8 Shoguchi, E.8 Shubin, Neil8 Silver, L. M. Sirotkin, H. I. Siveter, D. J.ɝ Smith, J. Smith, J. C.8 Souter, D. 8 Staton, J. L. Steiner, G.X Sterrer, W.X Stys, PavelX Sullivan, J.8 Sutton, M. D. Swalla, B. J. Swofford, D. L.\H Swofford, David L. \H Sydney%9V Tabin, C. J.8 Tabin, Cliff8 Tagawa, K. 8 Takahashi, H. Takamura, K.8 Takatori, N.8 Talbot, W. S. Technau, U.8 Telford, M. J. \H Telford, Maximilian J.J9 Thomas, R. H. Tiedemann, R. Tiez, D.V Tsunekawa, N. 4/Turbeville, J. M., Schulz, J.R., and Raff, R.A., Turbeville, James M.H Turbeville, James. M. Usa3T Valentine, J. W.H Valentine, JamesH Van de Peer, Y.\H van Eeden, F. J. M. Van Name, W. G. Vogan, K. J.8 Vogler, A. P. Wada, H.V 83Wada, H., Garcia-Fernandez, J., and Holland, P.W.H. Waddell, P. J. \H Walker, M. 8 Wang, J.f Wattler, S.8 Weber, K. Webster, Philippa J. Wedeen, C. J. Wedeen, Cathy J. Weisblat, David A.) Weston, K. M. Wheeler, W. C. \H Willaims, Nic A. Winchell, C.J. Winnepenninckx, B. \H Winnepenninckx, B. M. H. Winnepenninckx, B.M.H.J9 Winnepenninckx, Birgitta Wittbrodt, J. Woollard, A.8 Wray, C. G.8 Wray, G. A X Wray, G. A.8 Wright, C. V. Xiao, Shuhai8 Yasui, K. et al. Yasuo, H. Yasuo, H., and Satoh, N.P Yoon, C.f Yost, H. J.8 Zaninetti, L. Zhang, Yun 8 Zhao, Yue Zhou, X.f Zimek, A. Zrzavy, J. X Zrzavy, JanX - , .V +8 ) Halanych, Kenneth M. 1995 ` ZThe phylogenetic position of the pterobranch hemichordates based on 18S rDNA sequence data Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 4L 1L 72-76d , %Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution DMH bHemichordata, Pterobranchia, Rhabdopleura normani, 18S rDNA, phylogeny, molecular, , Deuterostomia ) * 1 Halanych, Kenneth M. 1996 \ VTesting hypotheses of chaetognath origins: long branches revealed by 18S ribosomal DNA Syst. Biol. 45 2 223-246d Systematic Biology DMH d ]Chaetognatha, origins, 18S rDNA, phylogeny, cladistic analysis, hypotheses, trees, molecular, Halanych, Kenneth M. 1996 }Convergence in the feeding apparatuses of lophophorates and pterobranch hemichordates revealed by 18S rDNA: An interpretation Biol. Bull. 190d 1-5 Biological Bulletin KMH b \convergence, lophophore, pterobranch, brachiopod, bryozoan, phoronid, conjuction, congruence Kenneth M. Halanych 1998 0 )Phylogenetic Considerations for Metazoans American Zoologist 38 145-155 & Halanych, K. M. Passamaneck, Y. $ in press P IA brief review of metazoan phylogeny and future prospects in Hox-research Amer. Zool.[ . \ x N ]H d> c Z b: ( V OAdoutte, A. Balavoine, G. Lartillot, N. Lespinet, O. Prud'homme, B. de Rosa, R. 2000 < 6The new animal phylogeny: Reliability and implications : 4Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97 9 4453-4456 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA d ^Phylogeny; Nucleotide sequence animals G 07260 Taxonomy, systematics and evolutionary genetics `YDNA sequence analysis dictates new interpretation of phylogenic trees. Taxa that were once thought to represent successive grades of complexity at the base of the metazoan tree are being displaced to much higher positions inside the tree. This leaves no evolutionary "intermediates" and forces us to rethink the genesis of bilaterian complexity.n L E25 Apr 2000 Issn 0027-8424 English Journal Article Genetics Abstracts . 'Aerne, B.L., C.D. Baader, and V. Schmid` 1995 kLife stage and tissue- specific expression of the homeobox gene Cnox1-Pc of the Hydrozoan Podocoryne carneap Y d e Developmental Biologye 169 547-556r *r Aguinaldo, Anna Marie A. Turbeville, James. M. Linford, Lawrence S. Rivera, Maria C. Garey, James R. Raff, Rudolf A. Lake, James A. 1997 N HEvidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals Nature 387 489-493 Nature DMH> < 5Nematoda, Arthropoda, 18s rDNA, phylogenetic analysis & Aguinaldo, A. M. A. Lake, J. A. 1998 ( "Evolution of multicellular animals Amer. Zool. 38 6 878-887 American Zoologist KMH $ ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa, 18s X Rhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9276934 0 )Agulnik, S. I. Ruvinsky, I. Silver, L. M. 8 1Three novel T-box genes in Caenorhabditis elegansd Amino Acid Sequence Animal Base Sequence Caenorhabditis elegans/*genetics Comparative Study DNA, Helminth/*genetics DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics Evolution, Molecular Fetal Proteins/genetics *Genes, Structural, Helminth Mice Molecular Sequence Data *Multigene Family Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Alignment Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. The T-box gene family consists of members that share a unique DNA binding domain. The best characterized T-box gene, Brachyury or T, encodes a transcription factor that plays an important role in early vertebrate development. Seven other recently described mouse T-box genes are also expressed during development. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, four T-box genes have been characterized to date. In this study, we describe three new C. elegans T-box genes, named Ce-tbx-11, Ce-tbx-12, and Ce-tbx-17. Ce-tbx-11 and Ce-tbx-17 were uncovered through the sequencing efforts of the C. elegans Genome Project. Ce-tbx-12 was uncovered through degenerate PCR analysis of C. elegans genomic DNA. Ce-tbx-11 and Ce-tbx-17 are located in close proximity to the four other previously described T-box genes in the central region of chromosome III. In contrast, Ce-tbx-12 maps alone to chromosome II. Phylogenetic analysis of all known T-box domain sequences provides evidence of an ancient origin for this gene family. ' n gDepartment of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544-1014, USA. SAGULNIK@WATSON.PRINCTON.EDUs 9276934m Genome 1997 40 4t 458-64.m F @Arenas-Mena, C., Martinez, P., Cameron, R.A., and Davidson, E.H. 1998 OExpression of the Hox gene complex in the indirect development of a sea urchin. > 7Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 95 13062-13067 Z Shttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11343117s * $Arendt, D. Technau, U. Wittbrodt, J. 0 *Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut Amino Acid Sequence Animal *Body Patterning Cloning, Molecular *Evolution Evolution, Molecular Gene Expression Homeodomain Proteins/genetics Intestines/anatomy & histology Larva/anatomy & histology Molecular Sequence Data Mouth/anatomy & histology Phylogeny Polychaeta/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics >7Bilateria are subdivided into Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Indirect development through primary, ciliary larvae occurs in both of these branches; however, the closing blastopore develops into mouth and anus in Protostomia and into anus only in Deuterostomia. Because of this important difference in larval gut ontogeny, the tube-shaped guts in protostome and deuterostome primary larvae are thought to have evolved independently. To test this hypothesis, we have analysed the expression of brachyury, otx and goosecoid homologues in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii, which develops by means of a trochophora larva- the primary, ciliary larva prototypic for Protostomia. Here we show that brachyury expression in the ventral portion of the developing foregut in Platynereis and also otx expression along ciliated bands in the mouth region of the trochophora larva parallels expression in primary larvae in Deuterostomia. In addition, goosecoid expression in the foregut of Platynereis mirrors the function in higher Deuterostomia. We present molecular evidence for the evolutionary conservation of larval foreguts and mouth regions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Our data indicate that Urbilateria, the common bilaterian ancestors, developed through a primary, ciliary larva that already possessed a tripartite tube-shaped gut.i ' | uEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany.c 11343117 Nature 2001 409 6816 81-5. & Averof, Michael Patel, Nipam H.f 1997 T MCrustacean appendage evolution associated with changes in Hox gene expression< Nature 388 682-686 Nature 4 -arthropods, crustaceans, Ubx, AbdA, engrailed 2 +Balavoine, Guillaume Telford, Maximilian J.0 1995 r kIdentification of planarian homeobox sequences indicates the antiquity of most Hox/homeotic gene subclasses` Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 7227-7231 8 2Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA > 8Plathyminth, Antennapedia-like genes, zootype, phylogeny Dlox1, Dlox2 (Denrocoelum lacteum) Pfox1, Pfox2, Pfox3 (Polycelis felina) Pnox1a, Pnox1b, Pnox2, Pnox3, Pnox7, Pnox8 (Polycelis nigra) ! 8 H v Balavoine, Guillaume 1996 Identification of members of several homeobox genes in a planarian using a ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction technique Nucleic Acids Res. 24 80 1547-1553d Nucleic Acids Research \ Pnox1b (Polycelis nigra) Balavoine, Guillaume 1997 p jThe early emergence of platyhelminths is contradicted by the agreement between 18S rRNA and Hox genes data C. R. Acad. Sci 320d 83-94 & Comptes Rendus de l'Academie --- F ?Hox genes, platyhelminths, metazoan phylogeny, gene duplication * #Balavoine, Guillaume Adoutte, Andr 1998 ( !One or three Cambrian Radiations? Science 280 397-398d Science KMH . (Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia ! ol n m Cloney, R.A. 1982 6 /Ascidian larvae and the events of metamorphosis Amer. Zool. 22 817-826 *r; Conklin, E.W. 1905 8 2Organization and cell-lineage of the ascidian egg. @ :Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Series 2, Vol. XIII 1-119 + XII plates *r;, > 7Conlon, F. L. Sedgwick, S. G. Weston, K. M. Smith J. C. 1996 Inhibition of Xbra transcription activation causes defects in mesodermal patterning and reveals autoregulation of Xbra in dorsal mesoderm. q v Development 122 2427-2435 ( !Conway Morris, Simon Peel, John S 1995 v oArticulated halkieriids from the lower cambrian of north greenland and their role in early protostome evolution H BPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biology 347 1321 305-358d t2040 TEREBRATALIA-TRANSVERSA BRACHIOPODA; BRYOZOAN MEMBRANIPORA-MEMBRANACEA; WIWAXIA-CORRUGATA MATTHEW; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; SHALE-TYPE FAUNAS; BURGESS SHALE; PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP; OPINE OXIDOREDUCTASES; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ANIMAL PHYLOGENY Articulated halkieriids of Halkieria evangelista sp, nov. are described from the Sirius Passet fauna in the Lower Cambrian Buen Formation of Peary Land, North Greenland. Three zones of sclerites are recognizable: obliquely inclined rows of dorsal palmates, quincuncially inserted lateral cultrates and imbricated bundles of ventro-lateral siculates. In addition there is a prominent shell at both ends, each with radial ornamentation. Both sclerites and shells were probably calcareous, but increase in body size led to insertion of additional sclerites but marginal accretion of the shells. The ventral sole was soft and, in life, presumably muscular. Recognizable features of internal anatomy include a gut trace and possible musculature, inferred from imprints on the interior of the anterior shell. Halkieriids are closely related to the Middle Cambrian Wiwaxia, best known from the Burgess Shale: this clade appears to have played an important role in early protostome evolution. From an animal fairly closely related to Wiwaxia arose the polychaete annelids; the bundles of siculate sclerites prefigure the neurochaetae whereas the dorsal notochaetae derive from the palmates. Wiwaxia appears to have a relic shell and a similar structure in the sternaspid polychaetes may be an evolutionary remnant. The primitive state in extant polychaetes is best expressed in groups such as chrysopetalids, aphroditaceans and amphinomids. The homology between polychaete chaetae and the mantle setae of brachiopods is one line of evidence to suggest that the latter phylum arose from a juvenile halkieriid in which the posterior shell was first in juxtaposition to the anterior and rotated beneath it to provide the bivalved condition of an ancestral brachiopod. H. evangelista sp. nov. has shells which resemble those of a brachiopod; in particular the posterior one. From predecessors of the halkieriids known as siphogonuchitids it is possible that both chitons (polyplacophorans) and conchiferan molluscs arose. The hypothesis of halkieriids and their relatives having a key role in annelid-brachiopod-mollusc evolution is in accord with some earlier proposals and recent evidence from molecular biology. It casts doubt, however, on a number of favoured concepts including the primitive annelid being oligochaetoid and a burrower, the brachiopods being deuterostomes and the coelom being an archaic feature of metazoans. Rather, the annelid coelom arose as a functional consequence of the transition from a creeping halkieriid to a polychaete with stepping parapodial locomotion. V P/Gm Review SC Morris, Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England 4 -Cunningham, C. W. Omland, K. E. Oakley, T. H. 1998 H AReconstructing ancestral character states: a critical reappraisal TREE 13 361-366 Cunningham, C. W. 1999 h aSome limitations of ancestral character-state reconstruction when testing evolutionary hypotheses Syst. Biol.- 48 665-674@ t ^ & ' %: $^ * #Eernisse, Douglas J Kluge, Arnold G 1993 x rTaxonomic congruence versus total evidence, and amniote phylogeny inferred from fossils, molecules, and morphology & Molecular Biology and Evolution 10 6 1170-1195d t2050 Taxonomic congruence and total evidence are competing paradigms in phylogenetic inference. Taxonomic congruence focuses on deriving a consensus from the results obtained from separately analyzed data sets, whereas total evidence uses character congruence in the search for the best-fitting hypothesis for all of the available character evidence. Explicit or implicit use of taxonomic congruence is usually employed when an investigator either has both molecular and morphological data sets or has different gene-, rRNA-, or protein-sequence data sets available. Indeed, a taxonomic congruence rationale is frequently used as the basis for exploring classes of data, thus allowing comparison between the phylogenetic signal emerging from a particular data set and those of other such classes. Problematic aspects of employing the taxonomic congruence approach include the potentially misleading and arbitrary choices of both a consensus method and the division of characters into subsets. If the goal of an analysis is to provide the best estimate of genealogy afforded by the available character evidence, then taxonomic congruence is substantially more arbitrary than a total evidence approach. The theoretical advantages of phylogenetic estimates based on total evidence are argued in the present study and are illustrated with an example of amniote relationships. We report conflicting results from total evidence and taxonomic congruence approaches, with analyses of previously reported data from both fossil and living amniotes and from bath morphology and molecules, the latter including available 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and protein sequences. We conclude that a more highly resolved and robust phylogenetic hypothesis of amniotes, the traditional one, emerges when a total evidence approach is employed. H A/MT DJ Eernisse, Univ Michigan, Museum Zool,Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Eernisse, Doug J. 1997 6 /Arthropod and annelid relationships re-examined " Fortey, R. A. Thomas, R. H.n Arthropod Relationships London Chapman and Hall 6 0Systematics Association Special Volume Series 55 43-56 KMH 2 ,Articulata, Eutrochozoa, 18S, taxon sampling Erwin, Douglas H. 1991 4 -Metazoan phylogeny and the Cambrian radiationd TREE 6 4 131-134d DMH 6 0Metazoa, molecular phylogeny, Cambrian radiation 6 0Erwin, Douglas Valentine, James Jablonski, David 1997 & The origin of animal body plans Amer. Sci. 85 2 126-137d American Scientist DMH < 5Body plans, origin, fossils, Cambrian, Neoproterozoicl X Rhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9744277 r lFeldman, B. Gates, M. A. Egan, E. S. Dougan, S. T. Rennebeck, G. Sirotkin, H. I. Schier, A. F. Talbot, W. S. ^ WZebrafish organizer development and germ-layer formation require nodal- related signalsA Amino Acid Sequence Animal Blastocyst/physiology Body Patterning/*genetics Chromosome Mapping Embryonic Induction/*genetics Gastrula/physiology Germ Layers/*physiology Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics Molecular Sequence Data Mutation Ovum/metabolism *Signal Transduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics/*physiology Zebrafish. The vertebrate body plan is established during gastrulation, when cells move inwards to form the mesodermal and endodermal germ layers. Signals from a region of dorsal mesoderm, which is termed the organizer, pattern the body axis by specifying the fates of neighbouring cells. The organizer is itself induced by earlier signals. Although members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and Wnt families have been implicated in the formation of the organizer, no endogenous signalling molecule is known to be required for this process. Here we report that the zebrafish squint (sqt) and cyclops (cyc) genes have essential, although partly redundant, functions in organizer development and also in the formation of mesoderm and endoderm. We show that the sqt gene encodes a member of the TGF-beta superfamily that is related to mouse nodal. cyc encodes another nodal-related proteins, which is consistent with our genetic evidence that sqt and cyc have overlapping functions. The sqt gene is expressed in a dorsal region of the blastula that includes the extraembryonic yolk syncytial layer (YSL). The YSL has been implicated as a source of signals that induce organizer development and mesendoderm formation. Misexpression of sqt RNA within the embryo or specifically in the YSL induces expanded or ectopic dorsal mesoderm. These results establish an essential role for nodal-related signals in organizer development and mesendoderm formation.t ' Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA. 9744277 Nature 1998 395 6698 181-5. Felsenstein, J. 1985 H AConfidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap Evolution 39 783-791` KMH nonparametric bootstrap Felsenstein, J. 1993 , &PHYLIP, Phylogenetic inference package Seattle, Washington 6 0Department of Genetics, University of Washington 3.5c KMH methods, program |Z { | z yular Geography Larva/genetics/*growth & development *Phylogeny Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Urochordata/embryology/*genetics/*growth & development1\@ P Animalࣰ@ 1\
& & {F414C260-6AC0-11CF-B6D1-00AA00BBBB58}oft Movie L ; D 0 D
X w (F v| u 4< Field, Katharine G.
Olsen, Gary J.
Lane, David J.
Giovannoni, Stephen J.
Ghiselin, Michael T.
Raff, Elizabeth C.
Pace, Norman R.
Raff, Rudolf A.
1988 0 )Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom
Science0
239 748-753 Science
DMH , &Molecular phylogeny, Metazoa, 18S rRNA Fujimura, M.
Takamura, K.
2000 Characterization of an ascidian DEAD-box gene, Ci-DEAD1: specific expression in the germ cells and its mRNA localization in the posterior-most blastomeres in early embryos Dev. Genes Evol.
210 2 64-72 Z Shttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11088013r Galliot, B. N HConserved and divergent genes in apex and axis development of cnidarians Animal
Base Sequence
*Body Patterning
Cnidaria/*embryology/*genetics
Conserved Sequence
*Evolution, Molecular
*Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Head/embryology
Regeneration
Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tn Despite their radial organization and their sister group position in the life tree, cnidarian species express during morphogenesis a large number of genes that are related to bilaterian developmental genes. Among those, homologs to forkhead, emx, aristaless, goosecoid, brachyury, wnt and nanos genes are regulated during apical patterning in cnidarians, suggesting that key components of early organizer activity were conserved across evolution and recruited for either anterior, axial, or dorso-ventral patterning in bilaterians. In contrast, the expression patterns of the cnidarian Hox-related genes suggest that the apical-basal axis of the cnidarian polyp and the anterior-posterior axis of bilaterians do not differentiate following homologous processes.8 ' Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland. brigitte.galliot@zoo.unige.chm 11088013 Curr Opin Genet Dev
2000 10 6 629-37.o D =Giribet, G.
Distel, D. L.
Polz, M.
Sterrer, W.
Wheeler, W. C.
2000 Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology Syst. Biol.p 49 539-562 Graybeal, A.
1998 R KIs it better to add taxa or characters to a difficult phylogenetic problem? Syst. Biol.
47 1
9-17
KMHd 4 .simulation, taxa, characters, sampling, signal 7646666` V PMultiple origins of anural development in ascidians inferred from rDNA sequences Ascidians exhibit two different modes of development. A tadpole larva is formed during urodele development, whereas the larval phase is modified or absent during anural development. Anural development is restricted to a small number of species in one or possibly two ascidian families and is probably derived from ancestors with urodele development. Anural and urodele ascidians constitute a model system in which to study the evolution of development, but the phylogeny of anural development has not been resolved. Classification based on larval characters suggests that anural species are monophyletic, whereas classification according to adult morphology suggests they are polyphyletic. In the present study, we have inferred the origin of anural development using rDNA sequences. The central region of 18S rDNA and the hypervariable D2 loop of 28S rDNA were amplified from the genomic DNA of anural and urodele ascidian species by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees inferred from 18S rDNA sequences of 21 species placed anural developers into two discrete groups corresponding to the Styelidae and Molgulidae, suggesting that anural development evolved independently in these families. Furthermore, the 18S rDNA trees inferred at least four independent origins of anural development in the family Molgulidae. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the D2 loop sequences of 13 molgulid species confirmed the 18S rDNA phylogeny. Anural development appears to have evolved rapidly because some anural species are placed as closely related sister groups to urodele species. The phylogeny inferred from rDNA sequences is consistent with molgulid systematics according to adult morphology and supports the polyphyletic origin of anural development in ascidians. ' L EBodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis 94923, USA.e 2 ,Hadfield, K. A.
Swalla, B. J.
Jeffery, W. R. eng
Journal Article Amphibia/*classification/genetics
Animal
Anura/classification/*genetics/growth & development
Base Sequence
DNA, Ribosomal/*genetics
Larva
Molecular Sequence Data
*Phylogeny
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/*genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/*genetics
Sequence Alignment
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Species Specificity
Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Urodela/classification/geneticsH
J Mol Evol
1995
Apr 40 4 413-27.a z tHalanych, Kenneth M.
Bacheller, John D.
Aguinaldo, Anna Marie A.
Liva, Stephanie M.
Hillis, David M.
Lake, James A.
1995 T MEvidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals Science
267
1641-1643H Science
DMH > 8Lophophorata, Protostomia, 18S rDNA, molecular phylogeny z ~ }
" O@ J DHolland, Linda Z.
Kene, Mamata
Willaims, Nic A.
Holland, Nicholas D.
1997 Sequence and embryonic expression of the amphioxus engrailed gene (AmphiEn): the metameric pattern of transcription resembles that of its segment-polarity homolog in Drosophila C J Development
124
1723-1732 Development
DMH Aamphioxus, engrailed, segmentation, metamery, AmphiEn, Drosophila . 5 7 Z Shttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10898962 V OHotta, K.
Takahashi, H.
Asakura, T.
Saitoh, B.
Takatori, N.
Satou, Y.
Satoh, N.a ` YCharacterization of Brachyury-downstream notochord genes in the Ciona intestinalis embryoo Amino Acid Sequence
Animal
Cell Cycle/genetics
Cell Cycle Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
Cell Differentiation/genetics
Cell Size/genetics
Ciona intestinalis/*embryology/genetics/metabolism
Cytoskeleton/genetics/metabolism
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Molecular Sequence Data
Notochord/embryology/metabolism
Sequence Alignment
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
T-Box Domain Proteins/*genetics/metabolismp The notochord has two major roles during chordate embryogenesis, as a source of inductive signals for the patterning of neural tube and paraxial mesoderm and as a supportive organ of the larval tail. Despite the recent identification of mutations that affect the notochord development in vertebrate embryos, little is known about genes that are expressed in the differentiating notochord itself. In the urochordate ascidian Ciona intestinalis, Brachyury (Ci-Bra) plays a key role in notochord differentiation. In a previous study, we isolated cDNA clones for nearly 40 potential Ci-Bra target genes that are expressed in notochord cells (H. Takahashi et al., 1999, Genes Dev. 13, 1519-1523). Here we characterized 20 of them by determining the complete nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs. These genes encode a broad spectrum of divergent proteins associated with notochord formation and function. Two genes encode ascidian homologs of the Drosophila Prickle LIM domain proteins and another encodes the ERM protein, all 3 of which appear to be involved in the control of cytoskeletal architecture. In addition, genes for netrin, leprecan, cdc45, ATP:citrate lyase, ATP sulfurylase/APS kinase, protein tyrosine phosphatase, beta4- galactosyltransferase, fibrinogen-like protein, divergent tropomyosin- like proteins, and Drosophila Pellino-like protein were identified. The observation of the netrin gene expression in the notochord may provide the first molecular evidence that the ascidian notochord is a source of signals as in vertebrates. In addition, the present information should be used to identify nonchordate deuterostome tissues homologous to the notochord as well as genes which are expressed in the notochord cells of vertebrate embryos. ' l fDepartment of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan. 10898962 Dev Biol
2000
224m 1a 69-80. 11145870 : 4The evolution of anural larvae in molgulid ascidians Ascidians are urochordates, marine invertebrates with non-feeding motile chordate tadpole larvae, except in the family Molgulidae. Urodele, or tailed, Molgulids have typical ascidian chordate tadpole larvae possessing tails with muscle cells, a notochord, and a dorsal hollow nerve cord. In contrast, anural (or tail-less) Molgulids lack a tail and defining chordate features. Molecular phylogenies generated with 18S and 28S ribosomal sequences indicate that Molgulid species fall into at least four distinct clades, three of which have multiple anural members. This refined and expanded phylogeny allows careful examination of the factors that may have influenced the evolution of tail-less ascidians. ' Biology Department, Institute for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.M > 7Huber, J. L.
da Silva, K. B.
Bates, W. R.
Swalla, B. J. eng
Journal Article Animal
Ecology
*Evolution, Molecular
Geography
Larva/genetics/*growth & development
*Phylogeny
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Urochordata/embryology/*genetics/*growth & developmento Semin Cell Dev Biol
2000
Decn 11 6 419-26.P : 3Huelsenbeck, John P.
Hillis, David M.
Jones, Robert0
1996 X QParametric bootstrapping in molecular phylogenetics: Applications and performanceH
, %Ferraris, Joan D.
Palumbi, Stephen R. < 6Molecular Zoology: Advances, strategies, and protocols New York Wiley-Liss, Inc. 19-45
KMH0 : 4Parametric, bootstrap, simulation, parameters, model B ;Huelsenbeck, John P.
Bull, James J.
Cunningham, Clifford W.
1996 . 'Combining data in phylogenetic analysisp
TREE 11 152-158
KMH 6 0Comibinability, heterogeneity, combined analysis <L ; : 9 8 D 6 7 ww ww c Vw ww ww wwwwww ww ww ww ww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww McHugh, Damhnait
1997 N HMolecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 8006-8009 < 5Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA.
DMH] > 8Annelida, Pogonophora, Echiura, DNA, molecular phylogeny XRThe Annelida, which includes the polychaetes and the clitellates, has long held the taxonomic rank of phylum. The unsegmented, mud dwelling echiuran spoon worms and the gutless, deep sea pogonophoran tube worms (including vestimentiferans) share several embryological and morphological features with annelids, hut each group also has been considered as a separate metazoan phylum based on the unique characters each group displays, Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the nuclear gene elongation factor 1 alpha place echiurans and pogonophorans within the Annelida. This result, indicating the derived loss of segmentation in echiurans, has profound implications for our understanding of the evolution of metazoan body plans and challenges the traditional view of the phylum level diversity and evolutionary relationships of protostome worms.
McHugh, D.
2000 & Molecular phylogeny of Annelida
Can. J. Zool. 78 1873-18844 " Canadian Journal of Zoology 8 1Mochizuki, K.
Nishimiya-Fujisawa, C.
Fujisawa, T.r
2001 fUniversal occurrence of the vasa-related genes among metazoans and their germline expression in Hydra. ` e Dev. Genes Evol.
211 299-308 $ Muller, C. W.
Herrmann, B. G.o
1997 \Crystallographic structure of the T domain-DNA complex of the Brachyury transcription factor > G Nature
389 884-888 Nielsen, Claus
1977 @ 9The relationships of Entoprocta, Ectoprocta,and Phoronida Amer. Zool.
17 149-150 American Zoologist
KMH @ 9Entoprocts, ectoprocts, bryozoans, phoronids, life-cycles Nielsen, Claus
1985 : 4Animal phylogeny in the light of the trochaea theory Biol. J. Linn. Soc.d 25 243-299 0 )Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
KMH trochaea, phylogeny, cilia Nielsen, Claus
1987 Z TStructure and function of metazoan ciliary bands and their phylogenetic significance
Acta Zool. 68 4 205-262 Acta Zoologica (Stockh.)
KMHp & phylogeny, cilia, ciliary bandsd Nielsen, Claus
1995 > 8Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla Oxford Oxford University Press
467
: 4Nielsen, Claus
Scharf, Nikolaj
Eibye-Jacobsen, Danny
1996 . (Cladistic analyses of the animal kingdom Biol. J. Linn. Soc.p 57 385-410 0 )Biological Journal of the Linnean Societyp
DMH
n hAnimalia, cladistic analysis, phylogeny, Protostomia, Deuterostomia, Spiralia, Aschelminthes, Articulata[ef\fgZhf]jiWinasyux}ng}y`uq]qnXlji{{s~zrwlq{ourxcnxit~gmkoUzDinCYcCYc@T]>R\BU_?R[@V\BX_ D >Winnepenninckx, Birgitta
Backeljau, Thierry
De Wachter, Rupert
1995 D =Phylogeny of protostome worms derived from 18S rRNA sequences Mol. Biol. Evol. 12 4 641-649 & Molecular Biology and Evolution
DMH Protostome worms, phylogeny, 18S rRNA, molecular phylogeny, Annelida, Pogonophora, Vestimentifera, Nemertea, Sipuncula, Echiura. D >Winnepenninckx, Birgitta
Backeljau, Thierry
De Wachter, Rupert
1996 N GInvestigation of molluscan phylogeny on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences Mol. Biol. Evol. 13 10 1306-1317 & Molecular Biology and Evolutionq
DMH | vMollusca, molecular phylogeny, 18S rRNA, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Caudofoveata, relationships < 6Winnepenninckx, B. M. H.
Van de Peer, Y.
Backeljau, T.
1998 P JMetazoan relationships on the basis of 18S sequences: A few years later... Amer. Zool. 38 888-906` 6 /Winnepenninckx, B.M.H.
Reid, D.G.
Backeljau, T.
1998 T MPerformance of 18S rRNA in littorinid Phylogeny (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda)
J Mol Evol 47 5d 586-596 $ Journal of Molecular Evolution t2127d .(18S rRNA; Littorinidae; molecular phylogeny; morphological phylogeny; Littorina; Littoraria; Nodilittorina; Melarhaphe; RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; GENUS LITTORINA; DNA-SEQUENCES; COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; EVOLUTIONARY RATES; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; TREES; PROSOBRANCHIA; CONSTRUCTION ^ WBMH Winnepenninckx, Royal Belgian Inst Nat Sci, Vautierstr 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium < 5Winnepenninckx, B.M.H.
Backeljau, T.
Kristensen, R.M.=
1998 . 'Relations of the new phylum Cycliophorad Nature
393 18 june 1998 636-638 t1994 B ;Winnepenninckx, B.
Steiner, G.
Backeljau, T.
De Wachter, R.
1998 F ?Details of gastropod phylogeny inferred from 18S rRNA sequences , %Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9 1` 55-63 t1975 Woollard, A.
Hodgkin, J. ~ xThe caenorhabditis elegans fate-determining gene mab-9 encodes a T-box protein required to pattern the posterior hindgut Amino Acid Sequence
Animal
Body Patterning/*genetics
Caenorhabditis elegans/*embryology/*genetics
Cell Nucleus/physiology
Cloning, Molecular
Drosophila/genetics
*Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
*Genes, Helminth
Human
Male
Mice
Molecular Sequence Data
Promoter Regions (Genetics)
Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
Sequence Alignment
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Tail
Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/metabolismg zsCaenorhabditis elegans mab-9 mutants are defective in hindgut and male tail development because of cell fate transformations in two posterior blast cells, B and F. We have cloned mab-9 and show that it encodes a member of the T-box family of transcriptional regulators. MAB-9 localizes to the nucleus of B and F and their descendents during development, suggesting that it acts cell autonomously in the posterior hindgut to direct cell fate. T-box genes related to brachyury have also been implicated in hindgut patterning, and our results support models for an evolutionarily ancient role for these genes in hindgut formation.c ' z tMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB), Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK. woollard@bioch.ox.ac.uk 10716947 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10716947
http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/14/5/596
http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/5/596/ Genes Devl
2000 14 5P 596-603. R KWray, C. G.
Jacobs, D. K.
Kostriken, R.
Vogler, A. P.
Baker, R.
DeSalle, R.
1995