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WHOI geologist Liviu Giosan (in blue) and Florin Filip of the University of Bucharest collect sediment from a trench in the Indus River floodplain in 2002. Analysis of these and other sediment samples indicated that annual floods of the Indus and its tributaries have become sporadic and less predictable over the past few thousand years, due to weakening of the Indian monsoon. Loss of predictable floods led to collapse of the ancient Harappan civilization, which depended on the floods for irrigation. (Photo by Peter Clift)[back]
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