The ruins of Mohenjo-Daro, a major Harappan city of about 4,500 years ago and now a World Heritage Site. The Harappans traded extensively with foreign lands, developed sophisticated architecture, building techniques, arts, and symbolic language, and were probably the most egalitarian of ancient societies. When the declining monsoon caused their crops to fail starting around 4,000 years ago, the Harappans migrated to the foothills where smaller-scale farming was still possible. Their great cities, including Mohenjo-Daro, were abandoned and the civilization eventually disappeared. (Public domain)[back]
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