Don Koelsch checks the electronics on the Near Ocean Bottom Explosives Launcher (NOBEL) on the research vessel Atlantis II in the 1990s. Koelsch helped develop NOBEL, which was the first system to successfully detonate multiple high-explosive charges at full ocean depths. Energy generated by the explosions could be detected by an array of seismometers, allowing geologists to glimpse the structure of Earth's crust beneath the seafloor. (Photo by James Broda, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)[back]
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