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Actinometrical
observations on the ice. Image courtesy Ecoshelf
and Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia.
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History
Introduction
The following is a synopsis of the history
of geographic and scientific exploration of the Arctic. Our
goal is to provide a brief but entertaining account about how
our present knowledge of the Arctic Ocean has been acquired
throughout the ages.
In the interests of brevity, we include most of the major oceanographic
expeditions of the ice-covered central basins, but many other
important expeditions are excluded, such as land-based ethnological,
biological, and geological studies. In particular, modern scientific
investigations of the Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, Hudson Bay,
Labrador Sea, and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas are not included.
A considerable amount of effort has been made to ensure that
information presented in this history is objective and accurate,
but the compilers of this document are not historians, so readers
are referred to the references for more thorough descriptions.
-Rick Krishfield and Andrey Proshutinsky
Credits:
Graphics (photographs, maps, pictures, slides) and text material
related to the history of Arctic exploration by Russia, Former
Soviet Union and Russian Federation were prepared by the Ecoshelf
company, St. Petersburg, Russia. Text related to the North
American and European exploration of the Arctic was written
by Rick Krishfield. Images are credited according to their source.
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